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The Thracian language (/ˈθreɪʃən/) is an extinct and poorly attested language, spoken in ancient times in Southeast Europe by the Thracians. The linguistic affinities of the Thracian language are poorly understood, but it is generally agreed that it was an Indo-European language.

The point at which Thracian became extinct is a matter of dispute. However, it is generally accepted that Thracian was still in use in the 6th century AD: Antoninus of Piacenza wrote in 570 that there was a monastery in the Sinai, at which the monks spoke Greek, Latin, Syriac, Egyptian, and Bessian – a Thracian dialect.

A classification put forward by Harvey Mayer, suggests that Thracian (and Dacian) belonged to the Baltic branch of Indo-European, or at least is closer to Baltic than any other Indo-European branch. However, this theory has not achieved the status of a general consensus among linguists. These are among many competing hypotheses regarding the classification and fate of Thracian.

Geographic distribution

The Thracian language or languages were spoken in what is now Bulgaria, Romania, North Macedonia, Northern Greece, European Turkey and in parts of Bithynia (North-Western Asiatic Turkey).

Remnants of the Thracian language

Little is known for certain about the Thracian language, since no text has been satisfactorily deciphered. Some of the longer inscriptions may be Thracian in origin but they may simply reflect jumbles of names or magical formulas.

Enough Thracian lexical items have survived to show that Thracian was a member of the Indo-European language family.

Besides the aforementioned inscriptions, Thracian may be attested through personal names, toponyms, hydronyms, phytonyms, divine names, etc. and by a small number of words cited in Ancient Greek texts as being specifically Thracian.

There are 23 words mentioned by ancient sources considered explicitly of Thracian origin and known meaning. Of the words that are preserved in ancient glossaries, in particular by Hesychius, only three dozen can be considered "Thracian". However, Indo-European scholars have pointed out that "even the notion that what the ancients called "Thracian" was a single entity is unproven." The table below lists potential cognates from Indo-European languages, but most of them have not found general acceptance within Indo-European scholarship. Not all lexical items in Thracian are assumed to be from the Proto-Indo-European language, some non-IE lexical items in Thracian are to be expected.

Inscriptions

The following are the longest inscriptions preserved. The remaining ones are mostly single words or names on vessels and other artifacts. No translation has been accepted by the larger Indo-European community of scholars.

Ezerovo inscription

Only four Thracian inscriptions of any length have been found. The first is a gold ring found in 1912 in the village of Ezerovo (Plovdiv Province of Bulgaria); the ring was dated to the 5th century BC. The ring features an inscription in a Greek script consisting of 8 lines, the eighth of which is located on the rim of the rotating disk; it reads without any spaces between: ΡΟΛΙΣΤΕΝΕΑΣΝ / ΕΡΕΝΕΑΤΙΛ / ΤΕΑΝΗΣΚΟΑ / ΡΑΖΕΑΔΟΜ / ΕΑΝΤΙΛΕΖΥ / ΠΤΑΜΙΗΕ / ΡΑΖ // ΗΛΤΑ

Dimitar Dechev (Germanised as D. Detschew) separates the words as follows:

ΡΟΛΙΣΤΕΝΕΑΣ

Rolisteneas

ΝΕΡΕΝΕΑ

Nerenea

ΤΙΛΤΕΑΝ

tiltean

ΗΣΚΟ

ēsko

ΑΡΑΖΕΑ

Arazea

ΔΟΜΕΑΝ

domean

ΤΙΛΕΖΥΠΤΑ

Tilezypta

ΜΙΗ

miē

ΕΡΑ

era

ΖΗΛΤΑ

zēlta

ΡΟΛΙΣΤΕΝΕΑΣ ΝΕΡΕΝΕΑ ΤΙΛΤΕΑΝ ΗΣΚΟ ΑΡΑΖΕΑ ΔΟΜΕΑΝ ΤΙΛΕΖΥΠΤΑ ΜΙΗ ΕΡΑ ΖΗΛΤΑ

Rolisteneas Nerenea tiltean ēsko Arazea domean Tilezypta miē era zēlta

I am Rolisteneas, a descendant of Nereneas; Tilezypta, an Arazian woman, delivered me to the ground.

Kyolmen inscription

A second inscription, hitherto undeciphered, was found in 1965 near the village of Kyolmen [bg], Varbitsa Municipality, dating to the sixth century BC. Written in a Greek alphabet variant, it is possibly a tomb stele inscription similar to the Phrygian ones; Peter A. Dimitrov's transcription thereof is:

ΙΛΑΣΝΛΕΤΕΔΝΛΕΔΝΕΝΙΔΑΚΑΤΡΟΣΟ

ΕΒΑ·ΡΟΖΕΣΑΣΝΗΝΕΤΕΣΑΙΓΕΚΟΑ

ΝΒΛΑΒΑΗΓΝ

i.e.

ilasnletednlednenidakatroso

eba·rozesasnēnetesaigekoa

nblabaēgn

Duvanlii inscription

A third inscription is again on a ring, found in Duvanlii [bg], Kaloyanovo Municipality, next to the left hand of a skeleton. It dates to the 5th century BC. The ring has the image of a horseman with the inscription surrounding the image. It is only partly legible (16 out of the initial 21):

ΗΥΖΙΗ

ēuziē

.....

.....

ΔΕΛΕ

dele

/

/

ΜΕΖΗΝΑΙ

mezēnai

ΗΥΖΙΗ ..... ΔΕΛΕ / ΜΕΖΗΝΑΙ

ēuziē ..... dele / mezēnai

The word mezenai is interpreted to mean 'Horseman', and a cognate to Illyrian Menzanas (as in "Juppiter/Jove Menzanas" 'Juppiter of the foals' or 'Juppiter on a horse'); Albanian mëz 'foal'; Romanian mînz 'colt, foal'; Latin mannus 'small horse, pony'; Gaulish manduos 'pony' (as in tribe name Viromandui 'men who own ponies').

Classification

Due to a paucity of evidence required to establish a linguistic connection, the Thracian language, in modern linguistic textbooks, is usually treated either as its own branch of Indo-European, or is grouped with Dacian, together forming a Daco-Thracian branch of IE. Older textbooks often grouped it also with Illyrian or Phrygian. The belief that Thracian was close to Phrygian is no longer popular and has mostly been discarded.

Much of the information in the following table is either outdated or entirely incorrect and can be contested by looking at a dictionary of any of the languages in question or any of the four major textbooks of Indo-European. Some of the biggest issues: Tocharian collapsed voiceless, voiced, and voices aspirates into voiceless stops; Armenian doesn't have aspirated voiceless stops (but rather ejective); the anaptyctic vowels of Germanic, Balto-Slavic, and Italic that developed from syllabic resonants are all different (but are shown as being the same because the table is badly constructed and -oR- does not equal -uR-); we know what happened with the dental clusters medially in Hittite and it's -zz-, it is unclear what the '+/-' for the labiovelars in Indo-Iranian could mean as they had the same outcome (aside from a potential loss of occlusion in Indic when *g is followed by something other than a front vowel), it is also unclear what the '+/-' for the Albanian branch indicates as that is one language branch. Furthermore, there are no data or attestations of Pelasgian whatsoever and its inclusion in the table is confusing. Due to these major omissions and errors, this table is unlikely to be used as a datum for Thracian historical phonology.

There is a fringe belief that Thraco-Dacian forms a branch of Indo-European along with Baltic, but a Balto-Slavic linguistic unity is so overwhelmingly accepted by the Indo-European linguistic community that this hypothesis does not pass muster.

Fate of the Thracians and their language

According to Skordelis, when Thracians were subjugated by Alexander the Great they finally assimilated to Greek culture and became as Greek as Spartans and Athenians, although he considered the Thracian language as a form of Greek. According to Crampton (1997) most Thracians were eventually Hellenized or Romanized, with the last remnants surviving in remote areas until the 5th century. According to Marinov the Thracians were likely completely Romanized and Hellenized after the last contemporary references to them of the 6th century.

Another author believes that the interior of Thrace was never Romanized or Hellenized (Trever, 1939). This was followed also by Slavonization. According to Weithmann (1978) when the Slavs migrated, they encountered only a very superficially Romanized Thracian and Dacian population, which had not strongly identified itself with Imperial Rome, while Greek and Roman populations (mostly soldiers, officials, merchants) abandoned the land or were killed. Because Pulpudeva survived as Plovdiv in Slavic languages, not under Philippopolis, some authors suggest that Thracian was not completely obliterated in the 7th century.

See also

• List of reconstructed Dacian words
• Thraco-Illyrian
• Paeonian language
• Ancient Macedonian language
• Thraco-Roman
• Paleo-Balkan languages
• Proto-Albanian language
• Proto-Balto-Slavic language
• Proto-Greek language

Footnotes

1. Valdés (2017) cites other cognates to the root: Celtic deity Borvo and Latin ferveo "I boil" (from e-grade).
2. A similarly looking word Mandicae 'to Mandica' is attested in an inscription from Asturia. It has been suggested to mean the name of a goddess related to foals.

References

1. Thracian at MultiTree on the Linguist List
2. ^ Fortson 2004, p. 404
3. Arnold Joseph Toynbee, Some problems of Greek history, Oxford University Press, 1969, p. 56: In the late sixth century there were still Bessian-speaking monks in the monastery at the foot of Mount Sinai (see P. Geyer Itinera Hierosolymitana, Vienna 1898, Templaky, pp. 184; 213.)
4. Oliver Nicholson as ed., The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity; Oxford University Press, 2018; ISBN 0192562460, p. 234:...The "Piacenza Pilgrim (56) mentioned Bessian-speaking monks on the Sinai Peninsula. ABA J. J. Wilkes, The Illyrians (1992)...
5. J. P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams as ed., Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture; Taylor & Francis, 1997; ISBN 1884964982, p. 576: The most recently attested Thracian personal names are found in two monasteries in the Near East (the Bessi of Mt Sinai) dating to the sixth century AD.
6. Bessian is the language of the Bessi, one of the most prominent Thracian tribes. The origin of the monasteries is explained in a mediaeval hagiography written by Symeon the Metaphrast in Vita Sancti Theodosii Coenobiarchae in which he wrote that Saint Theodosius founded on the shore of the Dead Sea a monastery with four churches, in each being spoken a different language, among which Bessian was found. The place at which the monasteries were founded was called "Cutila", which may be a Thracian name.
7. Mayer, Harvey E. "Dacian and Thracian as Southern Baltoidic." In: Lituanus: Lithuanian Quarterly Journal of Arts and Sciences. Volume 38, No. 2 – Summer 1992.. Editor of this issue: Antanas Klimas, University of Rochester. ISSN 0024-5089. 1992 Lituanus Foundation, Inc.
8. 1994 Gottfried Schramm: A New Approach to Albanian History
9. Encyclopedia of European peoples, Carl Waldman, Catherine Mason, Infobase Publishing, 2006, ISBN 0-8160-4964-5, p. 205.
10. Archaeology and language: the puzzle of Indo-European origins, Colin Renfrew, CUP Archive, 1990, ISBN 0-521-38675-6, p. 71.
11. Olteanu et al.
12. Duridanov, Ivan. "The Language of the Thracians". Retrieved 2007-01-14.
13. Duridanov, I. (1976). The Language of the Thracians (An abridged translation of Ezikyt na trakite, Ivan Duridanov, Nauka i izkustvo, Sofia, 1976. (c) Ivan Duridanov).
14. Georgiev, Vladimir I.. "Thrakisch und Dakisch". Band 29/2. Teilband Sprache und Literatur (Sprachen und Schriften ), edited by Wolfgang Haase, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 1983. pp. 1151–1153. doi:10.1515/9783110847031-015
15. Fortson, B. (2004). Indo-European Language and Culture: an Introduction. p. 404.
16. Fraenkel, Ernst (1962). Litauisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch. p. 124.
17. Beekes 2009, p. 225
18. Beekes 2009, p. 1287
19. Adams, D. (2013). A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Enlarged and Greatly Revised. p. 582.
20. Beekes 2009, pp. 1112–1113
21. ^ Georgiev, Vladimir I.. "Thrakisch und Dakisch". Band 29/2. Teilband Sprache und Literatur (Sprachen und Schriften ), edited by Wolfgang Haase, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 1983. p. 1152. doi:10.1515/9783110847031-015
22. Valdés, Marcos Obaya. "Averamientu al astúricu. Vocalización de les nasales del grau-cero indo-européu: *mo > am / *no > an, y delles propuestes etimolóxiques". In: Lletres asturianes: Boletín Oficial de l'Academia de la Llingua Asturiana Nº. 117, 2017, p. 64. ISSN 2174-9612
23. Vasmer, M. (1973). Этимологический словарь русского языка (in Russian), ed. Oleg Trubačev.
24. Rix, H.; et al. (2001). Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben (in German).
25. de Vries, J. (1977). Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German). p. 498.
26. Witczak, Krzysztof Tomasz (2012). "Studies in Thracian vocabulary (I–VII)". Studia Indogermanica Lodziensia. VII: 153–168. pp. 159–161.
27. Bartholomae, C. (1961). Altiranisches Wörterbuch (in German). pp. 1564–1567.
28. Klein et al., edd. (2018) HCHL:1820, chapter XVI.101 'Phrygian' by Ligorio and Lubotsky.
29. Klein et al. edd., Jared (2018). "XVI Languages of fragmentary attestation, section 104 by Claude Brixhe". Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. De Gruyter. p. 1851. There are as many interpretations of these as there are investigators; and as a result these monuments have not contributed anything to our knowledge of the language
30. "Golden ring with Thracian inscription. NAIM-Sofia exhibition". National Archaeological Institute with Museum, Sofia.
31. Duridanov, Ivan (1985). Die Sprache der Thraker. Bulgarische Sammlung (in German). Vol. 5. Hieronymus Verlag. ISBN 3-88893-031-6. Ich bin Rolisteneas, Sprößling des Nereneas; Tilezypta, Arazerin nach ihrer Heimat, hat mich der Erde übergeben (d.h. begraben).
32. Russu, Ion I. (1969). Die Sprache der Thrako-Daker (in German). Ed. Ştiinţificā.
33. Dimitrov, Peter A. (2009). "The Kyolmen Stone Inscription". Thracian Language and Greek and Thracian Epigraphy. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-4438-1325-9.
34. ^ Written from right to left.
35. Written from left to right.
36. Pleket, H.W., and R.S. Stroud, eds. 1994. Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum. 41–584. Amsterdam. doi:10.1163/1874-6772_seg_a41_584
37. Orel, Vladimir E. (1986). "On Two Minor Thracian Inscriptions". Glotta. 64 (1/2): 48–49. JSTOR 40266737. Accessed 22 July 2024.
38. Georgiev, Vladimir I. (1981). Introduction to the History of the Indo-European Languages (3rd ed.). Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. p. 116. Μεζην = nom.-voc., which is under the figure of the horseman, is the name of the Thracian god-horseman; it corresponds to the name (epithet) of the Messapian god Menzana (Iupiter), to whom horses were offered as a sacrifice. Both names are derived from *mendy-ān 'horseman', a derivative of *mendi(o)- 'horse'; they are related to Alb. mëz- 'stallion' and Rum. (Dac.) mînz 'stallion'.
39. Orel, Vladimir E. (1986). "On Two Minor Thracian Inscriptions". Glotta. 64 (1/2): 49. JSTOR 40266737. Georgiev (1977, 112) suggested to connect MEZHNAI with Iuppiter Menzana, which seems more plausible, if one remembers of the mounted figure on the ring, Menzana being a deity connected with the horse-cult. (...) The second word mezēnai could be identified with Menzana and treated as a name of a deity. Accessed 22 July 2024.
40. Meudler, Marcel (2003). "Mézence, un théonyme messapien?". Revue des Études Anciennes (in French). 105 (1): 5–6. doi:10.3406/rea.2003.5647.
41. Oreshko, Rostislav (2020). "The onager kings of Anatolia: Hartapus, Gordis, Muška and the steppe strand in early Phrygian culture" (PDF). Kadmos. 59 (1–2): 118=. doi:10.1515/kadmos-2020-0005.
42. Pax Leonard, Stephen (2021). "Hipponyms in Indo-European: using register to disentangle the etyma". Journal of Language Relationship. 19 (1–2): 4. doi:10.1515/jlr-2021-191-206 (inactive 1 November 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
43. Kaluzkaja, Irina. "Thracian-Illyrian language parallels: Thrac. MEZENAI – Illyr. Menzanas". In: Thracian World at Crossroad of Civilizations – Proceedings of 7th International Congress of Thracology. Bucharest: 1996. pp. 372–373.
44. Francisco Marcos-Marin. "Etymology and Semantics: Theoretical Considerations apropos of an Analysis of the Etymological Problem of Spanish mañero, mañeria." In: Historical Semantics—Historical Word-Formation. de Gruyter, 1985. p. 381.
45. Balmori, C. Hernando. "Notes on the etymology of sp. 'perro'". In: Etudes Celtiques, vol. 4, fascicule 1, 1941. p. 49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/ecelt.1941.1177
46. Georgiev, Vladimir I.. "Thrakisch und Dakisch". Band 29/2. Teilband Sprache und Literatur (Sprachen und Schriften ), edited by Wolfgang Haase, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 1983. p. 1161. doi:10.1515/9783110847031-015
47. Cazacu, Boris (1980). "Einige Fragen zur Ausarbeitung eines neuenetymologischen Wörterbuchs der rumänischen Sprache ". Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie. 96 (5–6): 509–510. doi:10.1515/zrph.1980.96.5-6.489. Vl. Georgiev zeigte, daß es dieses Wort auch im Thrakischen gab, wo die Form Mezenai unter dem Bild des thrakischen Ritters auftaucht. [Vl. Georgiev demonstrated that the word existed in Thracian, with the form Mezenai, under the depiction of the Thracian Horseman.]
48. Valdés, Marcos Obaya. "Averamientu al astúricu. Vocalización de les nasales del grau-cero indo-européu: *mo > am / *no > an, y delles propuestes etimolóxiques". In: Lletres asturianes: Boletín Oficial de l'Academia de la Llingua Asturiana Nº. 117, 2017, p. 67. ISSN 2174-9612
49. See C. Brixhe – Ancient languages of Asia Minor, Cambridge University Press, 2008
    We will dismiss, at least temporarily, the idea of a Thraco-Phrygian unity. Thraco-Dacian (or Thracian and Daco-Mysian) seems to belong to the eastern (satem) group of Indo-European languages and its (their) phonetic system is far less conservative than that of Phrygian (see Brixhe and Panayotou 1994, §§ 3ff.)
50. Ringe, Don A. (1996). On the Chronology of Sound Changes in Tocharian. p. 152.
51. Godel, R. (1975). An introduction to the Study of Classical Armenian. p. 9.
52. Ringe, Don A. (2017). From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, 2nd ed. p. 100.
53. Leskien, A. (1969). Handbuch der altbulgarischen Sprache, 9th ed. p. 15.
54. Weiss, M. (2020). Outline of the Historical and Comparative Grammar of Latin. pp. 103–104.
55. Melchert and Hoffner, C. and H. (2008). A Grammar of the Hittite Language. p. 44.
56. Beekes 2011, p. 123 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBeekes2011 (help)
57. Klein et al. edd., Jared (2018). "XVI Languages of fragmentary attestation, section 109 by R.S.P. Beekes". Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. De Gruyter. p. 1874. "The attempt to determine phonological rules for an Indo-European pre-Greek language ('Pelasgian')...is considered a complete failure today
58. Klein et al. edd., J. (2018). "81 'The Phonology of Slavic' by Daniel Petit". Handbook of Comparative and Historical Linguistics. p. 1966.
59. Arumaa, P. (1966). Urslavische Grammatik: Einführung in Das Vergleichende Studium Der Slavischen Sprachen, Band I: Einleitung • Lautlehre. pp. 18–23.
60. Holst (2009):66.
61. Daskalov, Roumen; Vezenkov, Alexander (13 March 2015). Entangled Histories of the Balkans – Volume Three: Shared Pasts, Disputed Legacies. BRILL. p. 51. ISBN 9789004290365.
62. R.J. Crampton (1997). A Concise History of Bulgaria. Cambridge University Press. p. 4. ISBN 0-521-56719-X.
63. Daskalov, Roumen; Vezenkov, Alexander (13 March 2015). Entangled Histories of the Balkans – Volume Three: Shared Pasts, Disputed Legacies. BRILL. p. 10. ISBN 9789004290365.
64. Trever, Albert Augustus. History of Ancient Civilization. Harcourt, Brace. p. 571
65. Michael W. Weithmann, Die slawische Bevölkerung auf der griechischen Halbinsel (Munich 1978)
66. Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 576. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5.
67. Katičić, Radoslav (1976). Ancient Languages of the Balkans. Mouton. p. 136.

General references

• Beekes, Robert S. P. (2009). Etymological Dictionary of Greek. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-17418-4.

Further reading

• Alexianu, Marius-Tiberius (2008). "Une catégorie d'esclaves thraces: les halônetoi". La fin du statut servile? Affranchissement, libération, abolition. Volume II. Besançon 15-17 décembre 2005. Actes des colloques du Groupe de recherche sur l'esclavage dans l'antiquité (in French). Vol. 30. Besançon: Presses Universitaires de Franche-Comté. pp. 487–492.
• Duridanov, Ivan (1969). Die Thrakisch- und Dakisch-Baltischen Sprachbeziehungen . Other. Verlag der Bulgarischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sofia.
• Georgiev, Vladimir (July 1966). "The Genesis of the Balkan Peoples". The Slavonic and East European Review. 44 (103): 285–297. ISSN 0037-6795. JSTOR 4205776. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
• Georgiev, V. I. Introduction to the History of the Indo-European Languages. Sofia: 1981.
• Holst, J. H. "Armenische Studien". Wiesbaden: 2009.
• Kretschmer, Paul (1914). "Die Erste Thrakische Inschrift". Glotta (in German). 6 (1): 74–79. JSTOR 40264867. Accessed July 7, 2021.
• Krimpas, Panagiotis G. (2022). "Four centuries of theorizing on "Thracian" language(s): A critical new look". Balkanistica. 35: 69–110.
• Orel, Vladimir E. (1997). "The Inscription from Kjolmen". Mediterranean Language Review. 9: 77–82. ISSN 0724-7567. JSTOR 10.13173/medilangrevi.9.1997.0077.
• Russu, I. I. Limba Traco-Dacilor / Die Sprache der Thrako-Daker, Bucharest (1967, 1969).
• Sowa, Wojciech (2020-05-01). "Thracian". Palaeohispanica. Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania Antigua (20): 787–817. doi:10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.377. ISSN 1578-5386.
• Yanakieva, Svetlana (2018). "The Thracian Language". ORPHEUS: Journal of Indo-European and Thracian Studies. 25: 26–68.

Onomastics

• Dana, Dan (2005). "Sur quelques noms fantômes thraces et daces". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik (in French). 154: 293–298. ISSN 0084-5388. JSTOR 20191011.
• Dana, Dan (2012). "Un lexique des noms thraces: prolégomènes critiques". Revue de philologie, de littérature et d'histoire anciennes (in French). LXXXVI (1): 17–42. doi:10.3917/phil.861.0017. ISSN 0035-1652.
• Dana, Dan (2011-01-01). "Onomasticon Thracicum (Onom Thrac). Répertoire des noms indigènes de Thrace, Macédoine Orientale, Mésies, Dacie et Bithynie". Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia (in French). 17 (1): 25–45. doi:10.1163/092907711X575313. ISSN 0929-077X.
• Slavova, Mirena (1995). "Die thrakischen Frauennamen aus Bulgarien. Nachträge und Berichtigungen" [The Thracian women's names from Bulgaria. Supplements and Corrections]. Orpheus: Journal of Indo-European and Thracian Studies (in German) (5). Институт за балканистика с Център по тракология - Българска академия на науките: 39–43.

Lexicon

• Janakieva, Svetlana; Dimitrov, Peter A. "Thesaurus Linguae Thracicae 1. Herodotus and the Logographs". Orpheus: Journal of Indo-European and Thracian Studies. 6: 89–106.
• Mihaylova, Bilyana; Mircheva, Albena. "The Thracian Glosses Revisited". In: Ancient Thrace: Myth and Reality: Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Congress of Thracology, September 3–7, 2017. Volume 2. Sofia: St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2022. pp. 209–218. ISBN 978-954-07-5624-0.
• Paliga, Sorin (1987). "Thracian Terms for 'Township' and 'Fortress', and Related Place-Names". World Archaeology. 19 (1): 23–29. doi:10.1080/00438243.1987.9980021. ISSN 0043-8243. JSTOR 124496. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
• Sotiroff, George (1963). "A tentative glossary of Thracian words". Canadian Journal of Linguistics. 8 (2): 97–110. doi:10.1017/S000841310000520X. S2CID 148625633.
• Witczak, Krzysztof (2012). "Studies in Thracian vocabulary (I-VII)". Studia Indogermanica Lodziensia. VII: 153–168. ISSN 1506-7254. Retrieved 31 May 2021.

Toponymy and hydronymy

• Janakieva, Svetlana. "Lexikalische Identität zwischen thrakischen Hydronymen und Ethnonymen". Orpheus: Journal of Indo-European and Thracian Studies (in German). 16: 43–53.
• Mircheva, Albena. "Thracian Тoponyms in Inscriptions of Late Antiquity". Orpheus: Journal of Indo-European and Thracian Studies. 19: 53–56.
• Yanakieva, Svetlana. "Die thrakische Hydronymie in Kleinasien". Orpheus: Journal of Indo-European and Thracian Studies (in German). 18: 25–32.
• Yanakieva, Svetlana. "Thracian Toponymy until the End of the First Millennium BC". Orpheus: Journal of Indo-European and Thracian Studies. 22: 5–28.

External links

• The Language of the Thracians, an English translation of Ivan Duridanov's 1975 essay Ezikyt na trakite
• Thracian glossary
• Palaeolexicon – Word study tool of ancient languages (including Thracian dictionary)

• Thracian language
• Paleo-Balkan languages
• Extinct languages of Europe
• Languages of ancient Macedonia
• Languages of ancient Thrace
• Languages of ancient Anatolia
• Languages extinct in the 5th century
• Unclassified Indo-European languages