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(Redirected from Timeline of Muhammad Asad's life) Austro-Hungarian-born Pakistani Muslim polymath (1900–1992) This article is about the linguist, translator, and author. For other people, see Muhammad Asad (disambiguation).

Muhammad Asad
محمد أسد
Muhammad Asad addressing Radio Pakistan
Director of the Department of Islamic Reconstruction
In office
August 1947 – September 1948
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
In office
September 1948 – 1951
Minister Plenipotentiary to the United Nations
In office
1952–1952
Personal life
Born(1900-07-02)2 July 1900
Lemberg, Austria-Hungary
(present-day Lviv, Ukraine)
Died20 February 1992(1992-02-20) (aged 91)
Mijas, Andalucia, Spain
NationalityAustrian
Pakistani
Main interest(s)Islamic studies, Islamic democracy, Muslim world, Quran
Notable idea(s)Islamic state
Independent Reasoning
Notable work(s)
Alma materUniversity of Vienna (dropped out in 1920)
OccupationLinguist, Academic, Traveler, Political Theorist, Historian
Religious life
ReligionIslam
DenominationReformist
Muslim leader
Influenced by
Influenced

Muhammad Asad (born Leopold Weiss; 2 July 1900 – 20 February 1992) was an Austro-Hungarian-born Pakistani Muslim polymath. He worked as a journalist, traveler, writer, political theorist, and diplomat.

His translation of the Quran in English, "The Message of The Qur'an" is one of the most notable of his works. In Asad's words in "The Message of the Quran": "the work which I am now placing before the public is based on a lifetime of study and of many years spent in Arabia. It is an attempt – perhaps the first attempt – at a really idiomatic, explanatory rendition of the Qur'anic message into a European language."

By age 13, Weiss had acquired a passing fluency in Hebrew and Aramaic, on top of his native German and Polish languages. By his mid-twenties, he could read and write in English, French, Persian and Arabic. In Mandatory Palestine, Weiss engaged in arguments with Zionist leaders like Chaim Weizmann, voicing his reservations about some aspects of the Zionist Movement. After traveling across the Arab World as a journalist, he converted to Sunni Islam in 1926 and adopted the name "Muhammad Asad"—Asad being the Arabic rendition of his root name Leo (Lion).

During his stay in Saudi Arabia, he spent time with Bedouins and enjoyed the close company of the state's founder, Ibn Saud. He also carried out a secret mission for Ibn Saud to trace the sources of funding for the Ikhwan Revolt. Due to these activities, he was dubbed in a Haaretz article as "Leopold of Arabia"—hinting similarity of his activities to those of Lawrence of Arabia. On his visit to India, Asad became friends with the Muslim poet-philosopher Muhammad Iqbal, who persuaded him to abandon his eastward travels and "help elucidate the intellectual premises of the future Islamic state". He also spent five years in internment by the British government at the outbreak of World War II. On 14 August 1947, Asad received Pakistani citizenship and later served in several bureaucratic and diplomatic positions including the Director of Department of Islamic Reconstruction, Deputy Secretary (Middle East Division) in the Foreign Ministry of Pakistan, and Pakistan's envoy to the United Nations.

In the West, Asad rose to prominence as a writer with his best-selling autobiography, The Road to Mecca. Later, after seventeen years of scholarly research, he published his magnum opus: The Message of the Qur'an—an English translation and commentary of the Quran. The book, along with the translations of Pickthall and Yusuf Ali, is regarded as one of the most influential translations of the modern era. An ardent proponent of ijtihad and rationality in interpreting religious texts, he dedicated his works "to People who Think".

In 2008, the entrance square to the UN Office in Vienna was named Muhammad Asad Platz in commemoration of his work as a "religious bridge-builder". Asad has been described by his biographers as "Europe's gift to Islam" and "a Mediator between Islam and the West".

Early life

Berlin memorial plaque for Muhammad Asad.

Background

Leopold Weiss was born on 2 July 1900 to a Jewish family in Lemberg, Galicia, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (which is currently the city of Lviv, Ukraine). Weiss was a descendant of a long line of Jewish rabbis; however, his father, Akiva Weiss, broke from tradition and became a lawyer. Leopold received a religious education and was proficient in Hebrew from an early age, as well as familiar with Aramaic. He studied the Jewish Bible or Tanakh, the text and commentaries of the Talmud, the Mishna and Gemara, also delving into the intricacies of Biblical exegesis and the Targum.

At the age of fourteen he escaped school and joined the Austrian army under a false name. After a week or so, his father traced him with the help of the police, and he was escorted back to Vienna.

Years in wilderness (1920–1922)

After abandoning university in Vienna, Weiss drifted aimlessly around 1920s Germany, working briefly for the expressionist film director Fritz Lang (F. W. Murnau, according to The Road to Mecca). By his own account, after selling a jointly written film script, he splurged the windfall on a wild party at an expensive Berlin restaurant, in the spirit of the times. While working as a telephone operator for an American news agency in Berlin, Weiss obtained a coveted interview with Russian author Maxim Gorky's wife, his first published piece of journalism, after simply ringing up her hotel room.

Stay in the Middle East

In 1922 Weiss moved to the British Mandate of Palestine, staying in Jerusalem at the house of his maternal uncle Dorian Feigenbaum at his invitation. Feigenbaum was a psychoanalyst, a disciple of Freud, and later founded the Psychoanalytic Quarterly.

Foreign correspondent for Frankfurter Zeitung

He picked up work as a stringer for the German newspaper Frankfurter Zeitung, one of the most prestigious newspapers of Germany and Europe, selling articles on a freelance basis. His pieces were noteworthy for their understanding of Arab fears and grievances against the Zionist project. He published a small book on the subject in 1924, and this so inspired the confidence of the Frankfurter Zeitung that it commissioned him to travel more widely still, to collect information for a full-scale book. Weiss made the trip, which lasted two years.

Conversion to Islam

To gain closer assignments in the Arabic world, Weiss developed an ever-deepening engagement with Islam. This led to his religious conversion in 1926 in Berlin and adopting an Arabic name, Muhammad Asad.

Asad spoke of Islam:

"Islam appears to me like a perfect work of architecture. All its parts are harmoniously conceived to complement and support each other; nothing is superfluous and nothing lacking; and the result is a structure of absolute balance and solid composure."

Magazine Saudi Aramco World in a 2002 essay described his journey to conversion in these words: "Two roads diverged in Berlin in the 1920s: a well-worn one to the West, the other, rarely traveled, to the East. Leopold Weiss, a gifted young writer, traveler and linguist with a thorough knowledge of the Bible and the Talmud and with deep roots in European culture, took the road eastward to Makkah."

Saudi Arabia

After his conversion to Islam, Asad moved to Saudi Arabia making a journey by camel across the Arabian Desert, from Tayma to Mecca. He stayed there for nearly six years during which he made five pilgrimages. Alongside, he started writing essays for the Swiss newspaper Neue Zürcher Zeitung, and continued to do so till 1934.

Ibn Saud's confidant and Bolshevik allegations

After the sudden death of his wife Elsa, Asad stayed on in Mecca where, in a chance encounter in the Grand Mosque's library, he met Prince Faysal. On Faysal's invitation, Asad met King Abdulaziz (founder of modern Saudi Arabia); the meeting led to almost daily audiences with the King, who quickly came to appreciate Asad's knowledge, keen mind and spiritual depth. Ibn Saud allowed Asad to visit the Najd region (in the King's company), which was forbidden to foreigners at that time.

In late 1928, an Iraqi named Abdallah Damluji, who had been an adviser to Ibn Saud, submitted a report to the British on "Bolshevik and Soviet penetration" of the Hijaz. In this report, after highlighting Asad's activities in Arabia, Damluji alleged that Asad had connections with Bolsheviks: "What is the real mission which makes him endure the greatest discomforts and the worst conditions of life? On what basis rests the close intimacy between him and Shaykh Yusuf Yasin (secretary to the King and editor of the official newspaper Umm al-Qura)? Is there some connection between von Weiss and the Bolshevik consulate in Jidda?"

Ikhwan Rebellion

According to Asad, he did finally become a secret agent of sorts. Ibn Saud sent him on a secret mission to Kuwait in 1929, to trace the sources of financial and military assistance being provided to Faysal al-Dawish – an Ikhwan leader-turned-rebel against Ibn Saud's rule. Asad, after traveling day and night through the desert without lighting fire, reached Kuwait to collect first-hand evidence. He concluded that the British were providing arms and money to al-Dawish to weaken Ibn Saud for the purpose of securing a 'land route to India' – a railway from Haifa to Basra ultimately connecting the Mediterranean Sea with the Indian subcontinent.

Time in Pakistan

Muhammad Asad (seated right) and his wife Pola Hamida Asad (seated left) at the residence of Chaudhry Niaz Ali Khan in Jauharabad, Pakistan. Circa 1957

Meeting Iqbal and visiting Kashmir

Asad left Arabia and came to British India in 1932 where he met South Asia's premier Muslim poet, philosopher and thinker Muhammad Iqbal. Iqbal had proposed the idea of an independent Muslim state in India, which later became Pakistan. Iqbal persuaded Asad to stay on in British India and help the Muslims of India establish their separate Muslim state. Iqbal introduced Asad to Chaudhry Niaz Ali Khan, a philanthropist and agriculturalist, who, on the advice of Muhammad Iqbal, established the Dar-ul-Islam Trust Institutes in Pathankot, India and Jauharabad, Pakistan. Asad stayed on in British India and worked with both Muhammad Iqbal and Chaudhry Niaz Ali Khan. Allama Iqbal encouraged Asad to translate Sahih Al-Bukhari in English for the first time in history. Asad responded positively and started making the arrangements for his translation. In order to find a place serene enough to stimulate his intellectual and spiritual cerebration, he arrived in Kashmir during the summer of 1934. There, he met Mirwaiz Muhammad Yusuf who became his close friend. While working enthusiastically on his translation, he also set up his own printing press in Srinagar. The first two chapters of his translation were printed in Srinagar. Asad mentions in his book Home-coming of the Heart that he had a special relationship with Kashmir and that he felt very sad when he left it.

Internment as enemy alien (1939–1945)

When the Second World War broke out in 1939, Asad's parents were arrested and, subsequently, murdered by the Nazis. Asad himself was arrested in Lahore in 1939, a day after the war broke out, by the British as an enemy alien. This was despite the fact that Asad had refused German nationality after the annexation of Austria in 1938 and had insisted on retaining his Austrian citizenship. Asad spent three years in prison, while his family consisting of his wife, Munira, and son, Talal, after being released from detention earlier, lived under the protection of Chaudhry Niaz Ali Khan at the latter's vast 1,000-acre (4.0 km) estate in Jamalpur, 5 km west of Pathankot. Asad was finally released and reunited with his family in Jamalpur when the Second World War ended in 1945.

Role in Pakistan Movement

Asad supported the idea of a separate Muslim state in India. After the independence of Pakistan on 14 August 1947, in recognition for his support for Pakistan, Asad was conferred first full citizenship by Pakistan and appointed the Director of the Department of Islamic Reconstruction by the Government of Pakistan, where he made recommendations on the drafting of Pakistan's first Constitution. In 1949, Asad joined Pakistan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs as head of the Middle East Division and made efforts to strengthen Pakistan's ties with the Muslim states of the Middle East. In 1952, Asad was appointed as Pakistan's Minister Plenipotentiary to the United Nations in New York – a position that he relinquished in 1952 to write his autobiography (up to the age of 32), The Road to Mecca.

Career as a diplomat

Asad contributed much to Pakistan's early political and cultural life but was shunned from the corridors of power. He served this country as the head of the Directorate of Islamic Reconstruction, Joint Secretary of the Middle East Division in Foreign Office, Minister Plenipotentiary to the United Nations and organizer of the International Islamic Colloquium. If one delves into the archival material of these government departments, the role played by Asad for his beloved Pakistan can be dealt with in detail.

Marriage controversy and resignation

By chance, at a reception Asad met Pola, an American of Polish origin who was destined to become his third wife (d. 2007). She was young, beautiful and intelligent. He fell in love with her and when he learned that she had already embraced Islam he decided to marry her, despite the difference of age and temperament. However, under the rules of the Foreign Office, he was bound to get prior permission to marry a non-Pakistani national. He applied through the proper channels but the Governor-General rejected his application. So, he submitted his resignation from the Foreign Service, divorced his Arabian wife (Munira, d. 1978), and devoted himself to writing his autobiographical travel log The Road to Mecca.

During his stay in Switzerland, Asad received a letter from the President of Pakistan, General Ayub Khan, who was a great admirer of his book named The Principles of State and Government in Islam (1961). In a subsequent exchange of letters, he proposed to Asad to come to Pakistan and have the membership of a seven-man group of Muslim scholars – who both supposedly knew the world and were experts on Islam – to advise him with regard to everyday matters as well as the drawing up of a new Islamic constitution for the country. At that time, Asad was immersed in his cherished work on the Qur'an, and so he regretfully declined.

After many years, Asad was again invited by another President of Pakistan, General Zia ul-Haq, in 1983 and that was his last visit to this country. When he arrived at Islamabad, which he had not yet seen, he was received at the plane with great honour and escorted to the Presidency. During his sojourn in Islamabad, there was a series of meetings with members of the Ansari Commission in order to prepare a kind of programme for the President for the future. Asad agreed with some, and as usual disagreed with others, which he found retrograde. On one point he was firm and insistent that Muslim women should have exactly the same rights in the political sphere as had men, to the extent of becoming prime minister. Asad also spared some time to meet with his surviving friends in Lahore and Islamabad and at the request of the President made several radio and television appearances, as always spontaneous. On his return, he was besieged by letters from literally hundreds of admirers in Pakistan, some even offering him land or a house but he refused politely, considering his concept of Pakistan to be beyond all these worldly trivialities.

Later life and death

Towards the end of his life, Asad moved to Spain and lived there with his third wife, Pola Hamida Asad, an American national of Polish Catholic descent who had also converted to Islam, until his death on 20 February 1992 at the age of 91. He was buried in the Muslim cemetery of Granada in the former Moorish province of Andalusia, Spain.

Children

Asad had a son, Talal Asad, from his second Saudi Arabian wife, Munira. Talal Asad is now an anthropologist specialising in religious studies and post-colonialism. Asad also had a step-son named Heinrich (converted name Ahmad) with his first wife Else (converted name Aziza).

Honors and recognition

Muhammad Asad Square in Donaustadt, Vienna

A Lviv Islamic Cultural Center named after Muhammad Asad was officially opened in 2015.

Muhammad-Asad-Platz

In April 2008, a space in front of the UNO City in the 22nd District of Vienna was named Muhammad-Asad-Platz in honour of Muhammad Asad. The step was taken as part of a two-day program on the European Year of Intercultural Dialogue focusing on Islam and its relationship with Europe. The program commemorated the life and work of Asad, described as a great Austrian visionary, who earned international recognition by building bridges between religions. The honoree's son Talal Asad, the President of the Islamic Community of Austria Anas Schakfeh and Vienna's cultural adviser Andreas Mailath-Pokorny were present at the unveiling of the square. Mailath-Pokorny, while talking to the media said:

"There is probably no more appropriate place to honour Muhammad Asad than that in front of the UN-City. Muhammad Asad was a citizen of the world, who was at home, and left his mark, everywhere in the world, especially in the Orient."

Honorary postage stamp

On 23 March 2013, Pakistan Post issued a stamp with denomination of Rs. 15 under the "Men of Letters" Series in honour of Allamah Muhammad Asad.

Bibliography

Books

  1. Unromantisches Morgenland: Aus dem Tagebuch einer Reise (1924), German, published under his former name Leopold Weiss. The book is a description of the middle-East, written before his conversion to Islam, for a German-speaking readership – The Unromantic Orient (2004), English translation by Elma Ruth Harder
  2. Islam at the Crossroads (1934), a call for Muslims to avoid imitating Western society and instead return to the original Islamic heritage, written in English
  3. The Road to Mecca (1954), autobiography covering his life from 1900 to 1932
  4. The Principles of State and Government in Islam (1961), description of a democratic political system grounded in Islamic principles
  5. The Message of The Qur'an (1980), an influential translation and interpretation of the Qur'an
  6. Sahih Al-Bukhari: The Early Years of Islam (1981), translation and explanation of an important collection of hadith (reports of pronouncements by Muhammad)
  7. This Law of Ours and Other Essays (1987), collection of essays about Islamic law.
  8. Home-Coming of the Heart (1932–1992). Part II of the Road to Mecca (2016), Al Abbas International, ISBN 969-8460-41-1.
  9. Meditations (Unpublished), intended to clarify ambiguities arising from his translation The Message of The Qur'an (1980), stands unpublished as of 2013.
  10. The Spirit of Islam is not a separate book but a republication of the first chapter of his 1934 book Islam at the Crossroads.

Journals

Other publications

  These works survived, and were later published by Asad as part of This Law of Ours and Other Essays.
Title Original
publication
date		 Description
Jerusalem in 1923: The Impressions of a Young European 1923 Later published in Islamic Studies, Islamabad in 2001. Translated by Elma Ruth Harder.
The Concept of Religion in the West and in Islam 1934 Later published in The Islamic Literature , Lahore in 1967.
The Spirit of the West 1934 Later published in The Islamic Literature, Lahore in 1956.
Towards a Resurrection of Thought 1937 Published in Islamic Culture, Hyderabad, Deccan.
Aims and Objectives of the Department of Islamic Reconstruction 1947 Published his thoughts as the Director of the Department of Islamic Reconstruction.
Calling All Muslims 1947 A collection of seven Radio Broadcasts delivered at the request of Government of Pakistan.
Islamic Constitution Making 1948 Essay published under the auspices of the Government of Punjab in March 1948. It was later expanded to the book The Principles of State and Government in Islam.
The Encounter of Islam and The West 1959 Talk delivered on Radio Beromunster in Switzerland.
Islam and the Spirit of Our Times 1960 Talk delivered on Radio Beromunster in Switzerland.
Answers of Islam 1960s Answers to questionnaire posed by German publisher Gerhard Szczesny in the 1960s.
Islam and Politics 1963 Pamphlet series by Islamic Centre.
Can the Qur'an be Translated? 1964 Islamic Centre.
Jerusalem: The Open City 1970s Talk sent for delivery at a conference of Muslim Students Association, United States in the late 1970s.
My Pilgrimage to Islam 1974 Published in Majalla al-Azhar.
The Meaning and Significance of the Hijrah 1979 Published in London in November 1979.
The Message of the Qur'an 1980 Address delivered at a Conference of the Islamic Council in London.
A Vision to Jerusalem 1982 Published in Ahlan Wasahlan, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Jerusalem: A City for all People 1982 Later published in Arabia: The Islamic World Review in 1985.
A Tribe That Kept Its Name 1985 Published in Arabia magazine.
The City of the Prophet 1991 Published in Muslim Africa.

Portrayals of Asad

See also

Notes

  1. Arabic: محمد أسد, Urdu: محمد اسد

References

  1. Sajid, Osama (13 August 2013). "Allama Muhammad Asad: The first citizen of Pakistan". The Express Tribune. Karachi.
  2. ^ Gropp, Lewis (29 November 2014). "The remarkable story of a Jew on his road to Mecca". Your Middle East. Archived from the original on 4 January 2015.
  3. ^ "Muhammad Asad". Islamic Encyclopedia. 13 October 2014. Archived from the original on 13 February 2018.
  4. Cug̲h̲tāʼī 2006, pp. i, 373.
  5. ^ Fatah 2008, p. 10.
  6. ^ Nawwab, Ismail Ibrahim (2002). "Berlin to Makkah : Muhammad Asad's Journey into Islam". Saudi Aramco World. Vol. 53, no. 1. pp. 6–32. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
  7. "Muhammad Asad (1900–1992)". Salaam. Archived from the original on 27 March 2012.
  8. Musa, Ahmad Farouk; Koya, Abdar Rahman (9 December 2009). "Remembering Muhammad Asad, the West's gift to Islam". Malaysia Today.
  9. ^ "From Leopold Weiss to Muhammad Asad". Renaissance. Vol. 12, no. 5. May 2002. Archived from the original on 31 May 2013.
  10. ^ Kramer, Martin (11 January 2010). "The Road from Mecca: Muhammad Asad". Martin Kramer on the Middle East.
  11. Asad, Talal. "Muhammad Asad Between Religion and Politics". Islam Interactive. Archived from the original on 29 July 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
  12. al-Shubaili, Abdul Rahman (23 July 2013). "مراد هوفمان على خطى محمد أسد.. ربحا محمدا ولم يخسرا المسيح". Asharq Al-Awsat (in Arabic). No. 12660. Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
  13. Khan, Asad (12 July 2011). "Islam at the Cross Roads: 'Submitting One's Intellect'". Huffington Post.
  14. Rasheed, Aisha Hussain (20 February 2010). "Tariq Ramadan's tribute to Muhammad Asad". Muslim Presence. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014.
  15. "Maryam Jameelah". Islamic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 8 August 2012.
  16. Ahmed, Khaled (11 June 2011). "Maududi and Maryam Jameela". The Express Tribune. Karachi.
  17. Harder 1998, p. 536.
  18. ^ Ben-David, Amir (15 November 2001). "Leopold of Arabia". Haaretz.
  19. The Road to Mecca, pp. 49, 54, 105.
  20. Asad & Cug̲h̲tāʼī 2009, p. 123.
  21. Darr, Amber (5 July 2011). "The unusual journey of Muhammad Asad". The Express Tribune. Karachi.
  22. ^ Cug̲h̲tāʼī, Muḥammad Ikrām (2009). "Muhammad Asad–The First Citizen of Pakistan". Iqbal Review. 50 (2–4). Retrieved 29 October 2022.
  23. ^ Ahmad, Toheed (15 June 2023). "Muhammad Asad: The Story of a Story of a Story". Criterion Quarterly.
  24. ^ "A Road to Mecca". Al Jazeera. 18 December 2012.
  25. Hofmann 2000, p. 237.
  26. ^ Rahim, Hasan Zillur (16 September 1995). "Muhammad Asad : Visionary Islamic Scholar". Washington Report on Middle East Affairs.
  27. Hofmann 2000, p. 242.
  28. "A Tribute to Muhammad Asad". Islamic Rensaissance Front. 13 December 2009. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 6 September 2013.
  29. ^ "Vienna dedicates square to Muslim scholar". Austrian Times. 8 April 2014. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014.
  30. Hoenger 2010.
  31. Cug̲h̲tāʼī 2006.
  32. The Road to Mecca, p. 56.
  33. Lunde, Paul (1974). "The Lure of Mecca". Saudi Aramco World. Vol. 25, no. 6. Archived from the original on 13 January 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
  34. Nawwab, Ni'Mah Isma'il (1992). "The Journey of a lifetime". Saudi Aramco World. Vol. 43, no. 4.
  35. Asad & Cug̲h̲tāʼī 2009, p. 265.
  36. "Umar Mukhtar – The Lion of the Desert". Welcome Back to Islam. Archived from the original on 23 December 2002.
  37. The Road to Mecca, p. 228.
  38. ^ Azam, K.M. (2010). Ḥayāt-i sadīd : bānī-yi Dārulislām, Cauhdarī Niyāz ʻAlī K̲h̲ān̲ [A Righteous Life: Founder of Dar ul Islam Chaudhry Niaz Ali Khan] (in Urdu). Lahore: Nashriyat. ISBN 978-969-8983-58-1.
  39. Majid, Muneeb (25 April 2015). "My Hero in My Homeland in his Home-coming". Koshur Ladke. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
  40. Majid, Muneeb (9 May 2015). "My Hero in my Homeland". Greater Kashmir. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
  41. "A Road To Mecca Press Kit" (PDF). Mischief Films. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  42. Windhager 2002, p. 203.
  43. Vos, Pieter (16 October 2014). The Law of God: Exploring God and Civilization. BRILL. p. 32. ISBN 978-90-04-28184-4.
  44. ^ Khan, Muhammad Naeem (25 May 2012). "Muhammad Asad – a Pak-Saudi envoy". Arab News. Archived from the original on 12 April 2016.
  45. "The Truth Society – Muhammed Asad". Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  46. "AUASO "Alraid" Opens Another Islamic Cultural Centre, This Time in Lviv". Council of Ukrainian Muslims. 28 May 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
  47. "Area in Front of Vienna International Centre to be Named 'Muhammad Asad Square'" (Press release). United Nations Information Service Vienna. 10 April 2008. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014.
  48. Hoffmann, Murad (19 May 2008). "Muhammad Asad Festival in Vienna". Young Muslim Digest.
  49. "Muslim scholar honoured by Austria". Dawn. Pakistan. 19 April 2008.
  50. "Allama Muhammad Asad (Men of Letters Series)". Pakistan Post. Archived from the original on 19 June 2013.
  51. Asad & Cug̲h̲tāʼī 2009, p. 19.
  52. Nazeer, Yussuf (4 March 2007). "In Memoriam: Muhammad Asad – An Intellectual Giant". The American Muslim.
  53. Hofmann 2000, p. 238.
  54. "Jay Editore pdf list" (PDF).
  55. Harder, Elma Ruth (2001). "Jerusalem in 1923: The Impressions of A Young European". Islamic Studies. 40 (3/4): 697–720. JSTOR 20837153.
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  59. "Der Weg nach Mekka" (in German). Mischief Filems.

Sources

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