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Timeline of North American telegraphy

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US & Canada telegraph history: 1844-1861 milestones
January 22, 1848 map in New York Herald showing extent of existing and planned North American telegraph lines. At this time, the service area for the United States reached Petersburg, Virginia in the south, Portland, Maine in the northeast, Cleveland, Ohio in the northwest, and as far west as East St. Louis, Illinois. In Canada, lines reached from Hamilton, Ontario to Quebec City, and linked to the United States via Buffalo, New York.

The timeline of North American telegraphy is a chronology of notable events in the history of the electric telegraphy in the United States and Canada, including the rapid spread of telegraphic communications starting from 1844 and completion of the first transcontinental telegraph line in 1861.

Timeline

Early events

The Speedwell Ironworks, site of Morse's 1838 telegraph demonstration.
Samuel Morse in 1845.
  • 1826-27: Harrison Gray Dyar successfully experiments with electrical telegraphy but abandons the pursuit.
  • 1836: David Alter of Pennsylvania develops a working electrical telegraph system, but never develops the idea into a practical system.
  • Jan 1837: Samuel Chester Reid proposes that the U.S. Congress fund an optical telegraph (semaphore line) from New York to New Orleans.
  • Sept 1837: Morse employs Alfred Vail to improve his telegraph from demonstration purposes for a share of future patent rights.
  • Sept 1837: Samuel Morse files for a patent for his electrical telegraph in the United States.
  • 6 Jan 1838: Samuel Morse sends his first public demonstration message over two miles of wire at Speedwell Ironworks in New Jersey. Morse also demonstrates his invention to the Franklin Institute and President Martin Van Buren in early 1838.
  • April 1838: Congressman Francis Ormand Jonathan Smith proposes to give $30,000 for Morse to build a line to demonstrate the telegraph, but the bill does not pass.
  • 20 June 1840: Morse obtains patent.
  • 1843
  • 3 March 1843: The United States Congress appropriates funds for Samuel Morse to lay a telegraph line from Washington, D.C. to Baltimore.
  • 21 October 1843: Originally Morse decided to lay his wire underground, and asked Ezra Cornell to lay the line using a special cable-laying plow that Cornell had developed. Wire began to be laid in Baltimore on October 21, 1843, but the project was stopped after 15 km of wire was laid because the line was failing. Morse learned that Cooke and Wheatstone in England were now using poles for their lines, and he decided to follow that lead.
  • 1844
  • 1 April 1844: Work begins in Washington on laying the line to Baltimore using poles. They used chestnut poles of seven meters in height, and 60 meters apart. Two wires were laid, Number 16 copper wire, covered by cotton thread with shellac, and a covering mixture of "beeswax, resin, linseed oil, and asphalt.".
  • 1 May 1844: Test of line conveys news of the Whig Party's nomination of Henry Clay for U.S. President from the party's convention in Baltimore to the Capitol Building in Washington.
  • 24 May 1844: Morse's first message over the Baltimore-Washington telegraph line, "What hath God wrought!" is transmitted, chosen from the Bible for Morse by Annie G. Ellsworth, because she knew Morse was religious.
  • Summer 1844: To generate interest in building a line from New York to Boston, Cornell strings short exhibition line in Boston, from School Street and over Old City Hall to Sudbury Street, which generates public interest, but no investors. Cornell then sets up a similar exhibition in New York.

Spread of telegraphic lines

1845

The first telegraph office
November 14, 1845 report in New York Herald on telegraph lines coming into operation.
  • 1 April 1845: First public telegraph office opens in Washington, D.C., under the control of the Postmaster-General. The public now had to pay for messages, which were no longer free.
  • 15 May 1845: Morse forms the Magnetic Telegraph Company with Amos Kendall, Francis O.J. Smith, Ezra Cornell, and Orrin S. Wood, with a goal to extend the Washington-Baltimore line to New York.
  • 16-18 September 1845: Orrin S. Wood builds a short telegraph line of about one mile from Utica, New York to the city fairgrounds (the site of that year's New York State Fair), for public demonstration.
  • September 1845: Henry O'Reilly commences building line intended to extend from Philadelphia to St. Louis. Work on first segment begins in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, heading east to Philadelphia.
  • October 1845: Samuel Colt partners with William Robinson (a New York book dealer) to form the New York and Offing Electric Telegraph Association. A line is laid from an observation tower built on Coney Island to Manhattan to get news from shipping traffic to the New York Mercantile Exchange more quickly. The first line laid across the East River from Brooklyn by Colt on October 23 or 24 quickly fails. The northern terminus of the line becomes the Fulton Ferry in Brooklyn, with news then ferried across the river. A second line across the East River at Hell Gate was operational by March 1846.
  • 7 November 1845: Wood builds a line from Buffalo, New York to Lockport, New York (about 30 miles) that goes into operation on November 7 - the first line opened for regular commercial business. The first message announced the electoral victory of the Whigs in Niagara County.
  • November 1845: November 14, 1845 New York Herald notes another short planned line, the "Boston Marine Line", which, similar to the New York Offing Line would be a line from Nantasket outside Boston to inner Boston to transmit news from incoming ships. In a letter to the Herald dated February 23, 1846, Ezra Cornell noted that the Boston line had not yet been put into operation.
  • 24 November 1845: Line from Lancaster, Pennsylvania to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania (about 35 miles) is completed, but not operational until January 8, 1846.
  • November 1845: In the fall of 1845, the Magnetic Telegraph Company commences building a line from Philadelphia to New York. By early November, a 14 mile segment from Philadelphia to Norristown, Pennsylvania had been laid, and opened due to great public interest in the work.
Map shows extent of operational lines by the end of 1846. At the start of the year, there were only four short lines in operation: the original Baltimore-D.C. line, the Buffalo-Lockport line, a short stretch in Philadelphia, and the New York-Coney Island line. By year's end, lines ran from Washington to Boston, west to Pittsburgh, and north from New York City to Albany and west to Buffalo. Rapid expansion was continuing.

1846

  • 8 January 1846: Line from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania to Lancaster, Pennsylvania opens. The first telegram from Harrisburg to Lancaster was "Why don't you write, you rascals?" The line did not yet connect to Philadelphia, and only stayed in service until March 1, 1846; Harrisburg service restarted on October 5, 1846.
  • 20 January 1846: Philadelphia-New York line is completed to Newark, New Jersey, and to Fort Lee, New Jersey (just across the Hudson River from New York City) two days later. Direct connection to New York City is delayed due to failed attempts to extend wires across the river.
  • 31 January 1846: Line from Albany, New York to Utica, New York (96 miles) is open.
  • 21 February 1846: Boston to Lowell, Massachusetts line opens, with Sarah Bagley (generally credited as the first female telegraph operator) at Lowell end.
  • 22 March 1846: Boston line reaches Springfield, Massachusetts.
  • 26 March 1846: Boston line reaches Hartford, Connecticut.
  • 7 April 1846: The New York and Offing Company (operating its short line to Coney Island for shipping news) opens an office in Manhattan in the New York Post building.
  • 13 April 1846: Line from Philadelphia to Wilmington, Delaware starts operations.
  • 1 May 1846: Boston line reaches New Haven, Connecticut about May 1.
  • 1 June 1846: Albany-Utica extends further west to Syracuse, New York.
  • 5 June 1846: With completion of link between Baltimore and Philadelphia, line from New York City to Washington, D.C. by Magnetic Telegraph Company is now operational.
  • 27 June 1846: Commercial line between New York City and Boston completed by F.O.J. Smith. On July 4, the next steamer from Europe to Boston (the Britannia) arrives. Does not appear that telegraph was used, and Herald reports how news traveled from Boston to New York in 10 hours. Next steamer (Cambria) arrives in Boston on July 18 and the New York papers use the new telegraph line.
  • 27 June 1846: First transmission over line from Syracuse, New York to Oswego, New York.
  • 3 July 1846: Albany line reaches Buffalo, New York.
  • 24 July 1846: Line from Troy, New York opens to Saratoga Springs, New York. Line is orphaned from larger network until Albany-New York City line opens on September 9.
  • September 1846: Lancaster, Pennsylvania connected to Philadelphia.
  • 9 September 1846: Albany-New York City line opens.
  • 16 September 1846: Line from Ithaca, New York to Auburn, New York (43 miles) opens. Service is extended to Elmira, New York later in the year. Elmira service stops after a few months due to lack of business; a new service begins in 1847.
  • 5 October 1846: Harrisburg reconnected to service to Lancaster, and thus now to Philadelphia as well.
  • 19 December 1846: Line in the Province of Canada, from Toronto to Hamilton (about 40 miles) opens.
  • 29 December 1846: Line from Harrisburg to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania is reached on December 26 and goes into service on December 29.

1847

1848

1849

1850s

Spread to continental and intercontinental service

  • 1858
  • 1859
  • 1860
Depiction of the construction of the first Transcontinental Telegraph, with a Pony Express rider passing below.
  • 1861
  • March 1861: The Pony Express reduces it route from Salt Lake City, Utah to Sacramento, California.
  • 4 July 1861: Work to complete the first transcontinental telegraph begins, with James Gamble in charges of the western crew starting in Nevada, and Edward Creighton heading the eastern crew.
  • 20 July 1861: In the west, a California newspaper reports that line has now reached fifty miles east of Fort Churchill (in Nevada). The State Telegraph Company was sending one of their best operators to the eastern end so that news from the Pony Express could be immediately transmitted, and this plan would continue as the line advanced east. The portion of the line to be constructed west from Salt Lake City was starting to haul poles along the route and waiting arrival of wire from the East. In the East, the paper reported that wire should be up to Julesburg (now far northeast Colorado), two hundred miles west of Kearney, Nebraska by August 1.
  • 25 July 1861: In west, transcontinental line reaches Middle Gate Station on the Pony Express line, 75 miles east of Fort Churchill.
  • 5 August 1861: A team laying wire reaches Fort Laramie from the east.
  • 21 August 1861: California newspaper reports that its latest news from the Pony Express came from the Willow telegraph station 50 miles west of Fort Kearney, and then traveled by horse to the Dry Creek station, 168 miles east of Fort Churchill. The total gap between ends of the line was now about 1,159 miles, not counting the unconnected section under construction from Salt Lake.
  • 17 September 1861: In west, telegraph line is operational to Diamond Springs (Nevada) station on Pony Express. Messages from San Francisco can now reach New York in six days.
  • 20 September 1861: Eastern line operational to a point 120 miles west of Fort Kearney.
  • 28 September 1861: California newspaper reports that line from Fort Kearney, Nebraska has reached about 200 miles west to Julesburg. Another eastern work team has reached 300 miles east from Salt Lake City, only about 200 miles west of Julesburg. In the west, the line has been completed to Ruby Valley (now Nevada, then Utah Territory), somewhat over 200 miles to reach Salt Lake. (The distances reported in the article are not exact.) The total gap in telegraphic connection between west and east is now about 550 miles, which the Pony Express can normally cover in less than four days.
  • 2 October 1861: Newspaper report shows eastern line now operating through Sweetwater Station (near Independence Rock in Wyoming).
  • 17 October 1861: A link between line headed east from Salt Lake City is joined to the eastern line at Fort Bridger. Creighton telegraphs his wife "in a few days the two oceans will be united."
  • 18 October 1861: Brigham Young sends first official telegraph message from Salt Lake City to the eastern United States. It is sent to Jeptha Wade, the president of the Pacific Telegraph Company. On the same day, Frank Fuller, acting governor of Utah, sent a message to President Lincoln.
  • 24 October 1861: The first transcontinental telegraph across the United States is completed at Salt Lake City, Utah, causing the Pony Express to close two days later.
  • 10 October 1863: Line opens to Denver, Colorado.
  • March 1864: Service from San Francisco reaches north to Portland, Oregon.
  • 25 October 1864: Service reaches north to Seattle, Washington.
  • 1865: International Telecommunication Union is formed
  • 18 July 1866: A new transatlantic telegraph cable between North America and Europe is successfully completed.
  • 1870: Telegraph lines from Britain are connected to India.
  • 20 November 1871: Service to Winnipeg opens.
  • 1871: Practical duplex telegraphy system, allowing two messages to be sent over wire at the same time, one in each direction.
  • 1872: Dallas, Texas reached by telegraph line.
  • October 1872: Australia is linked to the world system by a submarine telegraph line between Darwin and the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia).
  • 1874: Thomas Edison sells his invention of quadruplex telegraph to Western Union for $10,000. It allows a total of four separate signals to be transmitted and received on a single wire at the same time (two signals in each direction.)
  • October 1902: The first trans-Pacific line links Brisbane, Australia to Vancouver, Canada (via Fiji and Norfolk Island).

End of telegraph era

  • 27 January 2006: Western Union discontinues telegram services. Indian company BSNL continues telegraphic service into 2013.

See also

References

  1. ^ Hochfelder, David. The Telegraph in America, 1832–1920, p. 182 (2012)
  2. Lester, C. Edwards. Our First Hundred Years: The Life of the Republic of the United States of America, p. 324 (1877)
  3. ^ Samuel F. B. Morse Papers at the Library of Congress, 1793 to 1919 - 1840-1872, Retrieved 7 April 2017
  4. ^ Huurdeman, Anton A. The Worldwide History of Telecommunications, p. 61 (2003)
  5. ^ Harlow, Alvin F. Old Wires and New Waves, p. 105-06 (Summer 1844 Boston line), p. 111 (Philadelphia to Norristown), 114 (Boston to Lowell) (1936), 172 (Coney Island line)
  6. ^ Reid, James D. The Telegraph in America: Its Founders, Promoters, and Noted Men, p. 302 (1879)
  7. Gifford, S.B. (16 April 1901). Early Days of the Telegraph, Telegraph Age, pp. 165, 357
  8. ^ Branch, E. Douglas. The Coming of the Telegraph to Western Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania History vol. 5, no. 1, January 1938
  9. Chapin, Charles L. Personal Recollections of the Early Days of the Telegraph, The Manufacturer and Builder (September 1890)
  10. ^ Lifshitz, Kenneth B. Makers of the Telegraph: Samuel Morse, Ezra Cornell and Joseph Henry, pp. 245-46 (2017)
  11. (6 November 1845). L.I. Telegraph, New York Herald, p. 2, col. 6.
  12. (27 October 1845). Electric Telegraph, American Republican
  13. (30 May 1936). Telegraph, Brooklyn Daily Eagle, p. A86 (p 115 scan)
  14. (24 October 1845). The Offing Telegraph, New York Herald (reports that Colt succeeded in laying pipe across the river on the prior day, October 23)
  15. Brooklyn Affairs, New York Daily Tribune, p. 2, col. 6 ("Mr. Colt has abandoned his project of carrying the Offing Telegraph Wire across the bottom of the river, and it will not be carried over on poles from Fulton Ferry.")
  16. (9 April 1846). , New York Herald, p. 4, col. 6 bottom third (advertising new crossing of East River at Hell Gate)
  17. (26 October 1941). Brooklyn One of the First Cities in World to Use Telegraph, Brooklyn Eagle p. 8F (pdf p. 70)
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  21. (10 November 1845). The Telegraph between ..., New York Daily Tribune (reporting that line between Lockport and Buffalo "was put in operation yesterday afternoon ..." as reported in the Buffalo Commercial Advertiser on unlisted date)
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  32. History of Philadelphia, 1609-1884, Volume 3, p. 2131 (1884)
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  34. Scientific American (February 5, 1846), p. 2 col. 5 ("We are informed that the Telegraph between Albany and Utica is finished and has commenced operations. Several other lines are progressing.")
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  46. (20 July 1846). Telegraph from Ithaca to Auburn, New York Herald
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  55. (23 April 1847). Note, Richmond Enquirer
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  97. (8 October 1860). Arrival of Immigration and Stock at Miller's Station - Extension of the Telegraph, Sacramento Daily Union (reporting that easternmost telegraph station will move from Miller's Station to Fort Churchill, 20 miles east, the next week)
  98. Morton, J. Sterling et al. History of Nebraska, p. 84 (Rev. ed. 1918)
  99. (1 November 1860). Telegraph to Ft. Kearny, Nebraska Advertiser (Brownville, Nebraska)
  100. (2 November 1860). From the Plains, Chicago Tribune
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  105. (18 September 1861). Extension of the Overland Telegraph - Dispatches Overtake the Pony, Daily Alta California
  106. (23 September 1861). From California, Washington Evening Star, p. 3, col. 4 near bottom
  107. (28 September 1861). The Overland Telegraph Line - Four Days to New York, Daily Alta California
  108. (10 October 1861). Note, Smoky Hill and Republican Union (Junction City, Kansas)
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  114. (20 November 1871). Today in History, Winnipeg Free Press
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