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The Tondrakians (Old Armenian: թոնդրակեցիք, romanized: tʻondraketsʻikʻ) were members of an anti-feudal Christian sect that flourished in medieval Armenia between the early 9th and the 11th century, centered on the district of Tondrak north of Lake Van.

History

The founder of the movement was Smbat Zarehavantsi, who advocated the abolition of the Church along with all of its traditional rites. The Tondrakians denied the immortality of the soul, the afterlife, the Church, and its feudal rights. They supported peasants' property rights and equality between men and women. The Tondrakians organized their communities in much the same fashion as did the early Christians under the Roman Empire during the first three centuries. They also participated in the peasant revolts of the 10th century, particularly in Ayrarat and Syunik. The Tondrakian movement resembled the Paulician movement in many ways, and various scholars consider it a continuation of the Paulician movement under different conditions when Armenia was independent. The Paulician movement was of a social nature and simultaneously a resistance movement directed against the Arabs and Byzantines, while the Tondrakian movement was likewise of a social nature and was directed against the developing feudal system.

Background

In the early 10th century, many regions of Armenia were undergoing peasant uprisings, which also began in the form of open social protests before eventually adopting religious aspects. Contemporary historian and eyewitness Hovhanes Draskhanakertsi describes how the peasants of Ayrarat fought against their feudal lords and landowners: destroying their castles and property. Peasant revolts also occurred in Syunik. In 906, after the construction of Tatev Monastery was completed, the ownership of the adjacent villages was transferred by a special princely edict to the monks of the monastery. Flatly refusing to obey this edict, the peasants of Tsuraberd, Tamalek, Aveladasht, and other villages carried on a prolonged struggle against the churchgoers. Several times, this revolt transformed into an open uprising. With the aid of Smbat, the prince of Syunik, the monastery managed to take control of Aveladasht and Tamalek after a while. The struggle to take control of Tsuraberd bore a bloodier nature. Here, the peasants attacked the monastery and plundered it. Smbat eventually suppressed the uprising. However, after a short while, the people of Tsuraberd revolted again. Peasant uprisings continued with interruptions throughout the 10th century. In 990, the King of Syunik, Vasak, burned down Tsuraberd and pacified its inhabitants. This led to the widespread acceptance of the Tondrakian movement among the lower classes of people in the late 10th century.

Resurgence

After the suppression of the peasant revolts, the Tondrakians suffered a minor decline. However, by the beginning of the 11th century, the movement enveloped many regions of Armenia. Tondrakian villages and communities appeared in Upper Armenia, Vaspurakan, Moxoene, and other provinces. Historians mention various leaders of the Tondrakians of this time, such as Thoros, Ananes, Hakop, and Sarkis. The wide acceptance of the movement began to worry secular and spiritual feudal lords, Byzantine authorities, and even Muslims.

Decline

Armenian secular and spiritual feudal lords joined forces with neighbouring Muslim Arab emirs and Byzantines in the persecution of Tondrakians. The movement quickly spread to Shirak, Turuberan, and the Armenian regions of Taron, Hark, and Mananali (subject to Byzantium). After suffering a number of defeats at the hands of Byzantium, most Tondrakians were deported to Thrace in the 10th century. Following the Byzantine conquest of the Bagratuni kingdom of Ani in 1045, the movement experienced a resurgence, this time within large cities like Ani, where they began appealing to the lower ranks of the nobility and the clergy. The Tondrakian movement broke into three different directions during its last years, the most radical of which began advocating atheism as well as doubt in the afterlife and the immortality of the human soul. By the middle of the 11th century, the Byzantine governor of Taron and Vaspurakan, Gregory Magistros, managed to eliminate all remnants of Tondrakians. Historian Aristakes Lastivertsi describes the elimination of Tondrakians in great detail.

Beliefs

Tenth century Armenian theologian and monk Gregory of Narek wrote a critical summary of Tondrakian doctrines in his Letter to the Abbot of Kchaw Concerning the Refutation of the Accursed Tondrakians. He lists the following among other accusations:

1. They deny our ordination, which the apostles received from Christ.
2. They deny the Holy Communion as the true body and blood of Christ.
3. They deny our Baptism as being mere bath water.
4. They consider Sunday as on a level with other days.
5. They refuse genuflection.
6. They deny the veneration of the cross.
7. They ordain each other and thus follow self-conferred priesthood.
8. They do not accept marriage as a sacrament.
9. They reject the matagh as being a Jewish practice.
10. They are sexually promiscuous.

Notes

1. Plural of tʻondraketsʻi 'of Tondrak, a person from Tondrak'. Also աղանդ թոնդրակեցւոց aghand tʻondraketsʻwotsʻ 'Tondrakian sect'. In Modern Armenian: թոնդրակյաններ tʻondrakyanner, Թոնդրակյան շարժում Tʻondrakyan sharzhum 'Tondrakian movement'
2. Ceremonial slaughter of an animal followed by a meal

References

Citations

1. Aristakēs Lastiverttsʻi 1963, p. 119 (chapter 22).
2. Cartledge & Griffin 2022.

Bibliography

Primary

• Aristakēs Lastiverttsʻi (1963). Yuzbashyan, Karen (ed.). Patmutʻiwn Aristakisi Lastiverttsʻwoy (in Armenian). Yerevan: Haykakan SSṚ Gitutʻyunneri akademiayi hratarakchʻutʻyun. (English translation: Aristakes Lastivertc'i's History (PDF). Translated by Bedrosian, Robert. New York: Sources of the Armenian Tradition. 1985.)
• Yovhannēs Drasxanakertcʿi (1987). History of Armenia. Translated by Maksoudian, Krikor H. Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press.

Secondary

• Bartikian, R. M. (1977). "Tondrakiĭtsy". In Prokhorov, A. M.; et al. (eds.). Bolʹshaia sovetskaia ėntsiklopediia [Great Soviet Encyclopedia] (in Russian). Vol. 26. Moscow: Sovetskaia entsiklopediia.
• Cartledge, Yianni; Griffin, Brenton (2022). "'Sunk in the…Gulf of Perdition': The 'Heretical' Paulician and Tondrakian Movements in the Periphery of the Medieval Byzantine Empire" (PDF). Cerae. 9: 235–271.
• Goergizian , Arsen A. (1970). Pawghikean-Tʻondraketsʻineru Sharzhumě Haytsʻ. Aṛakʻelakan Ekeghetsʻwoy Mēj Ē-rd Darēn Minchʻew ZhB. Darě [The movement of the Paulician-Tondrakians in the Armenian Apostolic Church from the seventh to the twelfth centuries] (in Armenian). Beirut: Doniguian. OCLC 1430456853.
• Kurkjian, Vahan M. (1959). "Chapter 37, The Paulikians and the Tondrakians". A History of Armenia. New York: Armenian General Benevolent Union of America.
• Nersessian, Vrej (1988). The Tondrakian Movement. Princeton Theological Monograph Series. Allison Park, Pennsylvania: Pickwick Publications.
• Poghosian, S. (1978). "Tʻondrakyan sharzhum". In Simonian, Abel (ed.). Haykakan sovetakan hanragitaran [Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia] (in Armenian). Vol. 4. Yerevan: Main editorial office of the Armenian Encyclopedia. pp. 199–200.

External links

• "Distinguishing Evangelicals from Paulicians" by Rev. Barkev Darakjian (Saved at Internet Archive)

• Christianity in Armenia
• Former Christian denominations
• Heresy in Christianity in the Middle Ages
• History of religion in Armenia
• Christianity in the Byzantine Empire
• 9th century in Armenia
• 10th century in Armenia
• 11th century in Armenia
• Byzantine Anatolia