Misplaced Pages

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. Find sources: "Topkis's theorem" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2014) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Topkis's theorem" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

In mathematical economics, Topkis's theorem is a result that is useful for establishing comparative statics. The theorem allows researchers to understand how the optimal value for a choice variable changes when a feature of the environment changes. The result states that if f is supermodular in (x,θ), and D is a lattice, then ${\displaystyle x^{*}(\theta )=\arg \max _{x\in D}f(x,\theta )}$ is nondecreasing in θ. The result is especially helpful for establishing comparative static results when the objective function is not differentiable. The result is named after Donald M. Topkis.

An example

This example will show how using Topkis's theorem gives the same result as using more standard tools. The advantage of using Topkis's theorem is that it can be applied to a wider class of problems than can be studied with standard economics tools.

A driver is driving down a highway and must choose a speed, s. Going faster is desirable, but is more likely to result in a crash. There is some prevalence of potholes, p. The presence of potholes increases the probability of crashing. Note that s is a choice variable and p is a parameter of the environment that is fixed from the perspective of the driver. The driver seeks to ${\displaystyle \max _{s}U(s,p)}$.

We would like to understand how the driver's speed (a choice variable) changes with the amount of potholes:

${\displaystyle {\frac {\partial s^{\ast }(p)}{\partial p}}.}$

If one wanted to solve the problem with standard tools such as the implicit function theorem, one would have to assume that the problem is well behaved: U(.) is twice continuously differentiable, concave in s, that the domain over which s is defined is convex, and that it there is a unique maximizer ${\displaystyle s^{\ast }(p)}$ for every value of p and that ${\displaystyle s^{\ast }(p)}$ is in the interior of the set over which s is defined. Note that the optimal speed is a function of the amount of potholes. Taking the first order condition, we know that at the optimum, ${\displaystyle U_{s}(s^{\ast }(p),p)=0}$. Differentiating the first order condition, with respect to p and using the implicit function theorem, we find that

${\displaystyle U_{ss}(s^{\ast }(p),p)(\partial s^{\ast }(p)/(\partial p))+U_{sp}(s^{\ast }(p),p)=0}$

or that

${\displaystyle {\frac {\partial s^{\ast }(p)}{\partial p}}={\underset {{\text{negative since we assumed }}U(.){\text{ was concave in }}s}{\underbrace {\frac {-U_{sp}(s^{\ast }(p),p)}{U_{ss}(s^{\ast }(p),p)}} }}.}$

So,

${\displaystyle {\frac {\partial s^{\ast }(p)}{\partial p}}{\overset {\text{sign}}{=}}U_{sp}(s^{\ast }(p),p).}$

If s and p are substitutes,

${\displaystyle U_{sp}(s^{\ast }(p),p)<0}$

and hence

${\displaystyle {\frac {\partial s^{\ast }(p)}{\partial p}}<0}$

and more potholes causes less speeding. Clearly it is more reasonable to assume that they are substitutes.

The problem with the above approach is that it relies on the differentiability of the objective function and on concavity. We could get at the same answer using Topkis's theorem in the following way. We want to show that ${\displaystyle U(s,p)}$ is submodular (the opposite of supermodular) in ${\displaystyle \left(s,p\right)}$. Note that the choice set is clearly a lattice. The cross partial of U being negative, ${\displaystyle {\frac {\partial ^{2}U}{\partial s\,\partial p}}<0}$, is a sufficient condition. Hence if ${\displaystyle {\frac {\partial ^{2}U}{\partial s\,\partial p}}<0,}$ we know that ${\displaystyle {\frac {\partial s^{\ast }(p)}{\partial p}}<0}$.

Hence using the implicit function theorem and Topkis's theorem gives the same result, but the latter does so with fewer assumptions.

Notes and references

• Amir, Rabah (2005). "Supermodularity and Complementarity in Economics: An Elementary Survey". Southern Economic Journal. 71 (3): 636–660. doi:10.2307/20062066. JSTOR 20062066.
• Topkis, Donald M. (1978). "Minimizing a Submodular Function on a Lattice". Operations Research. 26 (2): 305–321. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.557.5908. doi:10.1287/opre.26.2.305.
• Topkis, Donald M. (1998). Supermodularity and Complementarity. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-03244-3.

• Comparative statics
• Economics theorems
• Theorems in lattice theory
• Order theory
• Optimization of ordered sets
• Supermodular functions
• Eponymous theorems of mathematics
• Eponyms in economics