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Tornado Intercept Vehicle

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Vehicle used to film a tornado
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Motor vehicle
Tornado Intercept Vehicle (TIV 1)
TIV 1 from 2005 before the addition of stabilizing claws.
Overview
DesignerSean Casey
Body and chassis
Classfirst generation storm research vehicle
Body stylemodified 1997 Ford F-Super Duty cab and chassis
Layout2 wheel drive, 2 axles, 6 wheels
Powertrain
Engine7.3 liter Powerstroke Diesel
TransmissionZF 5-speed manual
Dimensions
Height14 feet (4.3 m)
Curb weight14,000 lb (6,400 kg)

The Tornado Intercept Vehicle 1 (TIV 1) and Tornado Intercept Vehicle 2 (TIV 2) are vehicles used to film with an IMAX camera from very close to or within a tornado. They were designed by film director Sean Casey. Both TIVs have "intercepted" numerous tornadoes, including the June 12, 2005, Jayton, Texas tornado, the June 5, 2009, Goshen County, Wyoming tornado, and the strongest intercept, made by TIV 2, the May 27, 2013, Lebanon, Kansas tornado.

TIV 1

The Tornado Intercept Vehicle 1 (TIV 1) is a heavily modified 1997 Ford F-Series F-Super Duty cab & chassis truck used as a storm chasing platform and built by Sean Casey. This heavily armored vehicle can drive into a weak to relatively strong tornado (EF0 to EF3) to film it and take measurements. Work began on the TIV in 2002 and took around eight months to finish, at a total cost of around US$81,000. TIV's armored shell consists of 1/8–1/4 inch steel plate welded to a two-inch square steel tubing frame. The windows are bullet resistant polycarbonate, measuring 1.5 in (38 mm) thick on the windshield and 0.5 in (13 mm) thick on the sides. The TIV weighs approximately 14,000 lb (6,400 kg) fully loaded and is powered by a 7.3 litre Ford Powerstroke turbocharged diesel engine manufactured by Navistar-International, otherwise known as the Navistar T444E.

The vehicle includes air-ride suspension that, when deployed, drops the vehicle flush to the ground to prevent wind from getting under the vehicle. Four hydraulic claws were added at Discovery Channel’s request for safety, which are used to grapple onto the ground and anchor the TIV during an intercept. The vehicle's speed was limited by the factory Ford PCM, giving it a top speed of 100 mph (160 km/h). The TIV has a fuel capacity of 60 US gallons (230 L), giving it a range of around 500 miles (800 km). The TIV is featured in a series called Storm Chasers which began airing on the Discovery Channel in October 2007. TIV was succeeded in 2008 by TIV 2, but returned to service to finish out the first few chases of the 2008 storm chasing season after TIV 2 suffered mechanical problems. In a June 2011 interview with NPR's All Things Considered, Casey said that TIV was still in service and is designated as the backup vehicle in the event TIV 2 breaks down during a shoot.

After no longer needing the vehicle, Casey abandoned the vehicle on a central Kansas farm. Casey placed the TIV as a prize for a scavenger hunt, where the first one to find the TIV would be able to keep it. Wichita-based storm chaser Robert Clayton found the vehicle in 2020, after searching for it on Google Earth. Clayton's restoration plan for TIV 1 includes removing the claws and adding hydraulic anchoring spikes similar to TIV 2, repairing the air-ride suspension to drop TIV to the ground to prevent wind from getting underneath the vehicle, repainting the vehicle black, and adding instrumentation to collect data for future research.

TIV 2

Motor vehicle
Tornado Intercept Vehicle 2
TIV 2 from 2012
Overview
DesignerSean Casey
Body and chassis
Classsecond generation storm research vehicle
Layout6x6 (2008), 6x4 (2009–present), 3 axles, 10 wheels
Powertrain
Enginemodified 6.7 liter turbocharged Cummins Diesel
Transmissionautomatic
Dimensions
Curb weight16,500 lb (7,500 kg) (2008), 14,300 lb (6,500 kg) (2009–present)

Casey and his team developed and built the second Tornado Intercept Vehicle, dubbed TIV 2, to be featured in their next IMAX movie and the Storm Chasers series. Work began in September 2007 by forty welding students at the Great Plains Technology Center in Lawton, Oklahoma and was completed in time for the 2008 tornado chase season. TIV 2 was designed to address some of the problems experienced with the original TIV, namely its low ground clearance, lack of four-wheel drive, and low top speed. The TIV 2 has the ability to withstand wind speeds up to 130 mph (210 km/h) not deployed. Deployed, it can withstand a 250 mph (400 km/h) headwind. It is based on a Dodge Ram 3500 that was strengthened and converted to six-wheel drive by adding a third axle.

After season two, the six-wheel drive system was modified to four-wheel drive. It is powered by a 6.7-liter Cummins turbocharged diesel engine, modified with propane and water injection to produce 625 horsepower (466 kW). This gives TIV 2 an estimated top speed of over 100 mph (160 km/h). Its fuel capacity is 92 US Gallons (348 L), giving TIV 2 an approximate range of around 750 miles (1,210 km). The body of TIV 2 is constructed of a 1/8-inch steel skin welded over a 2 in (51 mm) square tubing steel frame. The windows in TIV 2 are all bullet-resistant 1.63 in (41 mm) interlayered polycarbonate sheets and tempered glass. TIV 2 also features an IMAX filming turret similar to the one on the original TIV. The original TIV's air ride suspension mechanism was not used on TIV 2 in favor of six hydraulic skirts that drop down to deflect wind over the TIV to stabilize it and protect the underside from debris. It was also not originally equipped with hydraulic claws.

TIV 2 debuted on the second season of Storm Chasers, which began airing on the Discovery Channel in October 2008. Its initial performance did not go well, as it was plagued by mechanical failures, including several broken axles, which forced Casey to abandon TIV 2 and return to chasing in the original TIV until TIV 2's issues could be resolved. Despite Discovery Channel showing that TIV 2 was out of commission for the majority of the season, TIV 2 could be seen chasing through to the end of the season, including the May 29, 2008 Kearney, NE tornado, though it was not shown in the series.

In the fall of 2008, TIV 2 received several modifications, mostly focused on reducing the vehicle's 16,500 lb (7,500 kg) weight. To achieve this, less crucial areas of TIV 2's armor were converted from steel to aluminum while more vital areas were reinforced with supplemental composite armor consisting of thin layers of steel, Kevlar, polycarbonate, and rubber. In all, the weight reduction measures brought TIV 2's weight down to 14,300 lb (6,500 kg). The safety systems were also improved, with the three front wind flaps being consolidated into one skirt, and new hydraulic stabilizing spikes to further increase stability in high winds. Other modifications included additional doors that provided every seat position with an exit (wind skirts up or down), and a redesigned IMAX turret with 50% more windows. The third axle was disconnected from the drive train, thus changing TIV 2 to a 6×4 from its 6×6 design. The third axle now acts as a brace for the vehicle's weight.

The TIV 2 appeared again before the halfway point of the third season of Storm Chasers. In between seasons three and four of Storm Chasers, TIV 2 also appeared in an episode of another Discovery Channel series, Mythbusters, wherein both the TIV 2 and the SRV Dominator vehicle operated by Reed Timmer of TornadoVideos.Net Archived 2009-03-25 at the Wayback Machine were tested to determine their endurance to storm-force winds by being parked behind a Boeing 747 with the engines at full throttle. When tested at a wind speed of 160 mph (260 km/h), the TIV 2 had the driver's door pulled open, though this was due to human error, as Casey forgot to lock the door prior to the test. When tested again at 250 mph (400 km/h) (equivalent to an EF5 tornado), the TIV 2 suffered no ill effects other than the anchoring spikes being slightly bent; the Dominator ended up being blown approximately 50 feet (15 m), although it remained upright. TIV 2 would intercept a tornado near La Grange, WY in 2009 which would be the intercept shot Casey needed for his IMAX film. Future chases in TIV 2 would be for b-roll footage of the TIV 2 and for his new IMAX film.

In 2011, a siren was added to the vehicle to allow the TIV 2 to act as a mobile warning system for civilians in the path of incoming tornadoes, after several incidents earlier that year where the TIV 2 team was unable to effectively warn locals of the imminent danger of the tornadoes they were tracking, especially during the 2011 Super Outbreak. On April 27, 2011, the TIV 2 team intercepted an EF4 tornado that hit near Enterprise, Mississippi. While not in the path but 200 yards from it, it was the first tornado he shot with his new stereoscopic IMAX camera. Casey removed the rear flap in early 2012 and built a new set of two hydraulic spikes that go into the ground during an intercept.

On May 27, 2013, TIV 2 intercepted a large tornado near Smith Center, Kansas. The vehicle was struck by large debris from a nearby farm and suffered damage to the roof-mounted anemometer and at least two breaches of the crew compartment when the roof hatch and one of the doors were blown open. Before the anemometer was disabled, it recorded winds of 150 to 175 mph (241 to 282 km/h), placing the tornado in the EF3 to EF4 range.

On October 21, 2019, Casey listed the TIV 2 on Craigslist for US$35,000 and it was later sold to storm chaser Ryan Shepard. The TIV 2 was fully restored and back on the road again in the 2021 storm season, where it made multiple close intercepts on June 10 in western North Dakota. It is under sponsorship of Storm of Passion and Live Storm Chasers.

Subanator

On March 6, 2023, Sean Casey announced on his Instagram the construction of a new storm chasing vehicle, not related to the previous Tornado Intercept Vehicles, using a Subaru Outback 3.6R as the base car. Unlike his previous vehicles, this vehicle will not be made from scratch, but is fitted with polycarbonate body panels instead of the original plastic ones. There are also 2 Lexan windows up front, and a Lexan windshield, to protect from debris, and hail.

On March 16, 2023, 10 days after the announcement of the new vehicle, Sean published another post, now showing the hydraulic spikes that were installed. There are 4 spikes in total, 2 on either end. They are first put into position and lowered with help of a third piston which moves them closer together, and closer to the ground. The spikes then shoot into the ground.

Instrumentation

Although primarily designed to shoot film from near or within tornadoes, the TIVs have at times been outfitted with meteorological instrumentation atop masts to complement the Doppler on Wheels (DOW) radar trucks of the Center for Severe Weather Research run by atmospheric scientist and inventor Joshua Wurman.

See also

References

  1. "Forget 'Twister.' This Is What It's Really Like to Be a Storm Chaser". Popular Mechanics. 2023-09-05. Retrieved 2024-01-03.
  2. Saavedra, Larry (March 1, 2009). "Storm Chasers TIV 1 And TIV 2". MotorTrend. Retrieved 2024-01-03.
  3. "How the Tornado Intercept Vehicle Works". HowStuffWorks. 1970-01-01. Retrieved 2024-01-03.
  4. "Tornado Alley, Tornado Intercept Vehicle (TIV)", Tornado Alley Movie Webpage, Tornado Alley, LLC, retrieved April 13, 2013
  5. SouthCoastToday.com: On 'Storm Chasers': In pursuit of twisters
  6. ^ "Storm Chasers : Discovery Channel". Dsc.discovery.com. 2011-12-01. Retrieved 2012-03-20.
  7. All Things Considered. "Filmmaker Shoots At The Heart Of The Tornado". NPR. Retrieved 2012-03-20.
  8. Cline, Amanda (2022-03-14). "'Storm Chasers' Ford F-350 Tornado Intercept Vehicle Found via Google Earth". MotorBiscuit. Retrieved 2023-12-20.
  9. "First Storm Chaser Tornado Interceptor Located In Kansas". Yahoo News. 2022-05-29. Retrieved 2023-12-20.
  10. "First tornado intercept vehicle found in Kansas yard". KSN-TV. 2022-03-10. Retrieved 2023-12-20.
  11. KSWO, Lawton, OK - Wichita Falls, TX: News, Weather, Sports. ABC, 24/7, Telemundo - Tech students help build tornado vehicle
  12. Ben Wojdyla (2008-11-05). "TIV-2: An Exclusive Look Inside The Techie Tank-Like Tornado-Chaser". Jalopnik.com. Retrieved 2012-03-20.
  13. "TV Review: Mythbusters 8.19 – "Storm Chasing Myths"". Fandomania. 2010-10-19. Retrieved 2019-01-04.
  14. "Storm Chasers: Season 5 Episodes : Discovery Channel". Archived from the original on 2014-03-29. Retrieved 2014-04-15.
  15. StormChasingVideo.com (May 27, 2013). "5/27/2013 TIV2 (Tornado Intercept Vehicle) Is Hit By WEDGE Tornado in Kansas". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2013-05-28. Retrieved 2013-03-28.
  16. Tsui, Chris (21 October 2019). "Craigslist Find: Ram 3500-Based Tornado Intercept Camera Truck From Storm Chasers". The Drive. Retrieved 2020-07-01.
  17. "One-Of-A-Kind Storm Chasing Vehicle Built For Tagging Along With Twisters". 2020-01-13. Retrieved 2020-07-01.
  18. "2021 Tornado Intercept Vehicle Promo". YouTube. 2021-06-21. Retrieved 2022-02-27.
  19. Talbot, Skip. "Subunator in Action". Youtube. Skip Talbot. Retrieved 26 September 2024.
  20. Svenvold, Mark (2005). Big Weather: Chasing Tornadoes in the Heart of America. New York: Henry Holt. ISBN 978-0805076462.

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