Misplaced Pages

On December 18–20, 1957, a significant tornado outbreak sequence affected the southern Midwest and the South of the contiguous United States. The outbreak sequence began on the afternoon of December 18, when a low-pressure area approached the southern portions of Missouri and Illinois. Supercells developed and proceeded eastward at horizontal speeds of 40 to 45 miles per hour (64 to 72 km/h), yielding what was considered the most severe tornado outbreak in Illinois on record so late in the calendar year. Total losses in the state were estimated to fall within the range of $8–$10 million.

Background

At 6:00 a.m. CST (12:00 UTC) on December 18, 1957, a vigorous shortwave trough entered the Great Plains with a cold front moving east across Oklahoma and Kansas. A dissipating stationary front over Oklahoma underwent frontolysis and later redeveloped as a warm front which extended across central Illinois. By 3:00 pm. CST (21:00 UTC), surface dew points reached the low 60s °F across portions of southeast Missouri and southern Illinois, including the St. Louis area. Although most areas were then recording overcast weather conditions, a strong upper-level jet stream helped impart synoptic-scale lifting, a factor that favors updrafts, and little vertical mixing occurred, so instability remained favorable for thunderstorm development. Additionally, very cold temperatures following a surface cyclone raised the lifted index to −6 due to high adiabatic lapse rates. Wind speeds at the middle level of the atmosphere, just under 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from the ground, were close to 70 mph (110 km/h) as well. Conditions were therefore very conducive to a large tornado outbreak on the afternoon of December 18.

Similarly favorable conditions occurred a day later, as a warm and moist air mass spread northward from the Gulf of Mexico. In fact, temperatures in the Mississippi Valley and the upper Midwest approached record highs for December. St. Louis and Detroit, recorded afternoon highs of 57 °F (14 °C), while Chicago measured 56 °F (13 °C), only eight degrees lower than the local record high for December 19. Local residents and meteorologists described temperatures as being "springlike" for the time of year, even though meteorological winter was due to begin on December 23. Farther south, temperatures along the Gulf Coast reached the low 70s °F. Just as on December 18, a second tornado outbreak occurred in a broad warm sector from Arkansas to Illinois and south to Alabama.

Confirmed tornadoes

December 18 event

December 19 event

December 20 event

Sunfield, Illinois

On December 18, 1957, a violent tornado struck Sunfield, Illinois, completely wiping out the community. The extreme damage in Sunfield caused the National Weather Service to assign a rating of F5 on the Fujita scale.

The east-northeastward moving tornado struck Sunfield at the junction of U.S. Route 51 and Illinois Route 154, also called the Sunfield Y or Wye on account of the branching shape of the intersection. The United States Weather Bureau documented "very heavy destruction", albeit in a small area, and referred to the Sunfield Y as having been "wiped out". Tornado expert Thomas P. Grazulis stated that the “entire community literally vanished.” Several people survived the tornado by taking cover in buildings, including some which were destroyed. A man who remained outside was killed, later found in a drainage ditch by the road. In total, the tornado killed three people, injured six others, and caused between $250,000 to $500,000 (1957 USD) in damage.

The United States Weather Bureau documented that the tornado reached a maximum width of 200 yards (180 m) and traveled 5 miles (8.0 km). They also documented that the tornado caused between $50,000 to $500,000 (1957 USD) in damage. After the creation of the Fujita scale in 1971, the National Weather Service assigned a rating of F5 to the tornado. In the 2010s, the National Centers for Environmental Information published information about the tornado, which included a path length of 5.4 miles (8.7 km) and a damage total of $250,000 (1957 USD).

Mount Vernon, Illinois

The second deadly tornado to develop on December 18 became one of two tornadoes to strike Mount Vernon in Jefferson County, Illinois. The first tornado was the strongest and formed at 3:55 pm. CST (21:55 UTC) about 10 mi (16 km) west-southwest of downtown Mount Vernon, whence local police monitored its movement from patrol vehicles and disseminated reports via radio. As the tornado approached downtown Mount Vernon, it completely levelled small, "prefabricated", ranch-style homes in southwest Mount Vernon; damage in this area was later rated F4 by meteorologists, though on the low end of the category. Thereafter, the tornado weakened as it neared downtown Mount Vernon and may have even dissipated before reforming as a separate tornado to the north. It then continued on a skipping path and caused less severe damage to older homesites northeast of Mount Vernon. In Mount Vernon, the tornado damaged or destroyed about fifteen to twenty buildings, including the Block Grade School, where students left only half an hour beforehand. The funnel was described as being "swirling black clouds", filled with debris, that vanished northwest of downtown Mount Vernon. The tornado was up to 250 yd (230 m) wide at times.

Gorham–Sand Ridge–Murphysboro–Plumfield, Illinois

This tornado, the deadliest of the outbreak sequence, closely resembled the 1925 Tri-State tornado and affected some of the same areas that were hit in 1925, including locations in and near Gorham, Sand Ridge, Murphysboro, and De Soto. It may have touched down in eastern Missouri but was first observed at 4:45 pm. CST (some sources say 4:30 pm. CST) in Gorham, destroying or damaging forty homes there. One fatality occurred in nearby Sand Ridge. As it neared and passed through the southeast side of Murphysboro, the tornado paralleled the Big Muddy River, moving east-northeast. It produced the worst damage, which was rated F4, in this area, destroying old buildings; however, the most intense damage only affected a small section of southeast Murphysboro, where 10 of the 11 deaths occurred. Afterward, the tornado continued on to damage parts of De Soto, Hurst, and Bush. The tornado was last reported near Plumfield at 5:05 pm. CST (23:05 UTC). Murphysboro was powerless for almost three days as most utilities were in the worst-hit area. The tornado injured two hundred people along its path.

Non-tornadic effects

Severe thunderstorms in connection with the outbreak on December 18 produced hail up to 3⁄4 in (1.9 cm) in diameter in St. Francois County, Missouri. Severe winds estimated at up to 60 mph (97 km/h) also affected the Hannibal area in that state, downing power lines and wires. In addition to the six known tornadoes in Missouri, unconfirmed reports of tornadoes occurred in Jefferson County, along with many reports of funnel clouds elsewhere in the state. Other unconfirmed tornadoes were reported in other states, including an alleged tornado that hit Rockville, Indiana. On December 19, a dust storm with 50-mile-per-hour (80 km/h) wind gusts tossed three roofs onto vehicles and reduced visibility to just 1⁄2 mi (0.80 km) in Dallas, Texas. In addition to the three confirmed tornadoes that hit the state that day, severe winds in Tennessee, reportedly unrelated to tornado activity, destroyed farm buildings, tore off roofs, and downed trees and electrical wires; though these may have been due to tornadoes, none was confirmed. In addition to two confirmed tornadoes, unconfirmed reports of tornado damage arrived from Royalton and Elkville, Illinois; though attributed to thunderstorm winds, these damages may have been due to tornadoes. Additionally, severe thunderstorm activity on December 18–19 contributed to severe flood conditions across parts of southern Illinois and in Missouri.

Aftermath and recovery

After severe weather left the Murphysboro area in Illinois, police officers, firefighters, deputies, and other assistance were called out to the worst-hit subdivisions, Country Heights and Crown View. Then-Illinois Director of Public Health Dr. Roland Cross also sent for the hard-hit Mount Vernon area. Then-Governor of Illinois William G. Stratton directed Illinois state police to the affected areas of southern Illinois and also readied the Illinois National Guard for possible deployment to the region.

See also

• List of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
  • List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
• List of F5 and EF5 tornadoes
• Southern Illinois tornado history
  • St. Louis tornado history
• Tornado records
• Tornado outbreak of March 27, 1890 – Yielded numerous deadly, violent tornadoes
• Tornado outbreak sequence of May 1896 – Produced the third-deadliest tornado in U.S. history
• Tri-State tornado outbreak – Impacted some of the same areas as in 1957 on March 18, 1925
• 2012 Leap Day tornado outbreak – Produced an EF4-rated tornado on February 29
• Tornado outbreak of November 17, 2013 – Deadliest and costliest on record in Illinois since 1950
• Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021 – Deadliest tornado outbreak in the month of December

Notes

1. All losses are in 1957 USD unless otherwise noted.
2. An outbreak is generally defined as a group of at least six tornadoes (the number sometimes varies slightly according to local climatology) with no more than a six-hour gap between individual tornadoes. An outbreak sequence, prior to (after) the start of modern records in 1950, is defined as a period of no more than two (one) consecutive days without at least one significant (F2 or stronger) tornado.
3. The Fujita scale was devised under the aegis of scientist T. Theodore Fujita in the early 1970s. Prior to the advent of the scale in 1971, tornadoes in the United States were officially unrated. While the Fujita scale has been superseded by the Enhanced Fujita scale in the U.S. since February 1, 2007, Canada used the old scale until April 1, 2013; nations elsewhere, like the United Kingdom, apply other classifications such as the TORRO scale.
4. Historically, the number of tornadoes globally and in the United States was and is likely underrepresented: research by Grazulis on annual tornado activity suggests that, as of 2001, only 53% of yearly U.S. tornadoes were officially recorded. Documentation of tornadoes outside the United States was historically less exhaustive, owing to the lack of monitors in many nations and, in some cases, to internal political controls on public information. Most countries only recorded tornadoes that produced severe damage or loss of life. Significant low biases in U.S. tornado counts likely occurred through the early 1990s, when advanced NEXRAD was first installed and the National Weather Service began comprehensively verifying tornado occurrences.
5. ^ All dates are based on the local time zone where the tornado touched down; however, all times are in Coordinated Universal Time and dates are split at midnight CST/CDT for consistency.
6. ^ Prior to 1994, only the average widths of tornado paths were officially listed.

References

1. Storm Data Publication 1957, #10062408
2. Storm Data Publication 1957, #10060860
3. ^ Storm Data Publication 1957, Events Reported
4. Joos 1957, p. 160.
5. Wilson & Changnon 1971, p. 39.
6. Schneider, Russell S.; Brooks, Harold E.; Schaefer, Joseph T. (2004). Tornado Outbreak Day Sequences: Historic Events and Climatology (1875–2003) (PDF). 22nd Conf. Severe Local Storms. Hyannis, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society. Retrieved September 17, 2019.
7. Grazulis 1993, p. 141.
8. Grazulis 2001a, p. 131.
9. Edwards, Roger (March 5, 2015). "Enhanced F Scale for Tornado Damage". The Online Tornado FAQ (by Roger Edwards, SPC). Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
10. "Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF-Scale)". Environment and Climate Change Canada. June 6, 2013. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
11. "The International Tornado Intensity Scale". Tornado and Storm Research Organisation. 2016. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
12. Grazulis 2001a, pp. 251–4.
13. Edwards, Roger (March 5, 2015). "The Online Tornado FAQ (by Roger Edwards, SPC)". Storm Prediction Center: Frequently Asked Questions about Tornadoes. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
14. Cook & Schaefer 2008, p. 3135
15. Finch, Jonathan D. (November 13, 2005). "Historical Tornado Cases for Saint Louis County Warning Area of Eastern Missouri and SW Illinois". Bangladesh Tornadoes. Archived from the original on May 15, 2006. Retrieved December 27, 2012.
16. Finch, Jonathan D. "Historical Tornado Cases for North America, 1950–1959". Bangladesh Tornadoes. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved December 27, 2012.
17. "U.S. Daily Weather Maps". NOAA Central Library. NOAA Central Library Data Imaging Project. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
18. ^ "2 Die in Arkansas in New Tornadoes". The New York Times. Associated Press. December 20, 1957. p. 56.
19. Storm Data Publication 1957, Events Reported
20. ^ Grazulis 1993, pp. 1012–3.
21. ^ USWB 1957, pp. 526–9.
22. Storm Data Publication 1957, Events Reported
23. Storm Data Publication 1957, Events Reported
24. Storm Data Publication 1957, Events Reported
25. Storm Data Publication 1957, Events Reported
26. Brooks 2004, p. 310.
27. Storm Data Publication 1957, #10062409
28. ^ USWB 1957, p. 526.
29. ^ Grazulis 1993, p. 1012.
30. Storm Data Publication 1957, #10060858
31. Storm Data Publication 1957, #10008653
32. Storm Data Publication 1957, #10060859
33. Storm Data Publication 1957, #10008654
34. Storm Data Publication 1957, #10008655
35. Storm Data Publication 1957, #10008656
36. Storm Data Publication 1957, #10008657
37. Storm Data Publication 1957, #10008658
38. ^ Grazulis 1993, p. 1013.
39. Storm Data Publication 1957, #10008659
40. Storm Data Publication 1957, #10008661
41. Storm Data Publication 1957, #10008662
42. ^ USWB 1957, p. 527.
43. Storm Data Publication 1957, #10008663
44. Storm Data Publication 1957, #10008664
45. Storm Data Publication 1957, #10060861
46. Storm Data Publication 1957, #10060862
47. Storm Data Publication 1957, #10008665
48. Storm Data Publication 1957, #10008671
49. Storm Data Publication 1957, #10008672
50. Storm Data Publication 1957, #10060863
51. Storm Data Publication 1957, #10008666
52. Storm Data Publication 1957, #10008668
53. Wilson & Changnon 1971, p. 40.
54. Storm Data Publication 1957, #10060864
55. Storm Data Publication 1957, #10008667
56. Storm Data Publication 1957, #10008669
57. Storm Data Publication 1957, #10008670
58. Storm Data Publication 1957, #10008674
59. Storm Data Publication 1957, #10008673
60. Storm Data Publication 1957, #10009739
61. Storm Data Publication 1957, #9980864
62. Storm Data Publication 1957, #9980865
63. ^ USWB 1957, p. 528
64. Storm Data Publication 1957, #10124064
65. Storm Data Publication 1957, #9980866
66. Storm Data Publication 1957, #10060865
67. Storm Data Publication 1957, #10009740
68. Storm Data Publication 1957, #10009741
69. Storm Data Publication 1957, #10124067
70. Storm Data Publication 1957, #10124068
71. ^ USWB 1957, p. 529
72. Storm Data Publication 1957, #9977951
73. Storm Data Publication 1957, #9977952
74. Storm Data Publication 1957, #9977953
75. Storm Data Publication 1957, #9977954
76. ^ Kopshever, Kathy (December 18, 2012). "The 1957 Tornadoes: Sunfield Hard-Hit 55 Years Ago Today". Benton Evening News. Archived from the original on September 13, 2023. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
77. ^ National Centers for Environmental Information. "Illinois Event Report: F5 Tornado (Perry County)". Storm Event Database. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on September 13, 2023. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
78. ^ United States Weather Bureau; F. W. Reichelderfer (U.S. Weather Bureau); Sinclair Weeks (Secretary of the United States Department of Commerce) (1958). "Climatological Data National Summary December 1957" (PDF). Climatological Data. 8 (12). United States Department of Commerce: 527. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 13, 2023. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
79. Storm Prediction Center. "F5 and EF5 Tornadoes of the United States". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on September 12, 2023. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
80. ^ Hausen, Nick (May 6, 2021). "Digging Deeper: December 18, 1957 tornado outbreak". WSIL-TV. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
81. "Homes in Sunfield in Perry County Damaged by Thursday Afternoon Storm". The Southern Illinosian. March 19, 2020. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
82. ^ Grazulis 1993, p. 407.
83. Lott, Neal; McCown, Sam; Ross, Tom (August 2000). "1998-1999 Tornadoes and a Long-Term U.S. Tornado Climatology". Technical Report 99-02. United States Department of Commerce. pp. 1–24. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
84. ^ "Tornadoes Kill 8 in Midwest Area". The New York Times. United Press. December 19, 1957. p. 63.
85. USWB 1957, p. 525

Sources

• Brooks, Harold E. (April 2004). "On the Relationship of Tornado Path Length and Width to Intensity" (PDF). Weather and Forecasting. 19 (2). Boston: American Meteorological Society: 310–19. Bibcode:2004WtFor..19..310B. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0310:OTROTP>2.0.CO;2.
• Cook, A. R.; Schaefer, J. T. (August 2008). Written at Norman, Oklahoma. "The Relation of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to Winter Tornado Outbreaks". Monthly Weather Review. 136 (8). Boston: American Meteorological Society: 3135. Bibcode:2008MWRv..136.3121C. doi:10.1175/2007MWR2171.1.
• Grazulis, Thomas P. (July 1993). Significant Tornadoes 1680–1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. ISBN 1-879362-03-1.
• Grazulis, Thomas P. (2001a). The Tornado: Nature's Ultimate Windstorm. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3538-0.
• Grazulis, Thomas P. (2001b). F5-F6 Tornadoes. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films.
• Joos, Lothar A. (December 1957). Written at Champaign, Illinois. "Illinois – December 1957". Weather Summary. Climatological Data. Illinois. 62 (12). Asheville, North Carolina: National Climatic Data Center (published January 1958): 160.
• National Weather Service (December 1957). Storm Data Publication (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information – via Storm Events Database.
• U.S. Weather Bureau (December 1957). "Storm data and unusual weather phenomena". Climatological Data National Summary. 8 (12). Asheville, North Carolina: National Climatic Data Center: 522–531.
• Wilson, John W.; Changnon, Stanley A. (1971). Illinois Tornadoes (PDF) (Technical report). Illinois State Water Survey. Urbana, Illinois: State of Illinois Department of Registration and Education. p. 39. 103. Retrieved December 12, 2019.

• F4 tornadoes
• F5 tornadoes
• Tornadoes of 1957
• Tornadoes in Missouri
• Tornadoes in Illinois
• Tornadoes in Arkansas
• December 1957 events in the United States