The Tornquist Sea or Tornquist Ocean was a sea located between the palaeocontinents Avalonia and Baltica about 600 to 450 million years ago. The remains of the sea today form a suture stretching across northern Europe (Tornquist Zone).
Geologic evolution
LEGEND Tectonic framework map of Europe
Baltica
Caledonian (Laurentia)
Caledonian (Baltica)
Avalonia
Hercynian
Alpine
Alps
Carpathians
Ukrainian shield
Pyrenees
Apennines
Dinarides
Atlas
Baltic shield
London-Brabant massif
Cordillera Betica
Tectonic map of Europe; the Teisseyre-Tornquist Zone is located between the London-Brabant Massif (=Eastern Avalonia) and the Baltic Shield. The Tornquist Fan stretches across Denmark.
It probably formed at the same time (c. 600 Ma) as the Iapetus Ocean. Gondwana, including Avalonia until Early Ordovician, was separate from Baltica throughout the Cambrian. It probably closed during the Late Ordovician at the time of the Shelveian Orogeny of western England.
There are faunal, palaeomagnetic, palaeogeographic, and apparent polar wander path evidence for the timing of closure for Eastern Avalonia (England, Wales and southern Ireland) and Baltica.
The Baltica-Avalonia collision also resulted in that the Rheic Ocean ceased to expand south of Avalonia around 450 Ma, in huge magmatism in Avalonia, gigantic ash fall in Baltica, and metamorphism in present-day northern Germany.
Present-day suture
The suture resulting from closure of the Tornquist Sea may be seen in eastern England and the Lake District as an arc of igneous rocks belonging to the Ordovician. The volcanic series in eastern England, the Ardennes and the Northern Phyllite Belt originated between the Tornquist Sea and the Rheic Ocean during the Ordovician and Silurian.
Where Baltica and Avalonia finally collided is now a suture known as the Teisseyre-Tornquist Line or Zone; named after its discoverers, Polish geologist Wawrzyniec Teisseyre and German geologist Alexander Tornquist. This lineament still marks the transition between, on one hand, the East and North European Pre-Cambrian Craton and, on the other hand, the West European and Mediterranean Palaeozoic Orogenes. It is part of a wider deformation zone running across Europe, from the British Isles to the Black Sea, known as the Trans-European Suture Zone (TESZ).
References
Notes
- ^ McKerrow et al. 2000, p. 12
- Torsvik et al. 1993, Summary; Torsvik & Rehnström 2003, 8. Avalonia and Baltica convergence and the tale of K-bentonites, pp. 77–80. Torsvik et al. 1993 proposed a "pre-Wenlock (Early Silurian) collision" but (e.g.) Torsvik & Rehnström 2003 modified the timing to Late Ordovician.
- Nance et al. 2010, 3.2. Closure and collision, pp. 7–8
- Teisseyre & Teisseyre 2002, p. 841; Tornquist erroneously identified as a "Swedish magnetologist"
- Grad, Guterch & Polkowska-Purys 2005
Sources
- Grad, M.; Guterch, A.; Polkowska-Purys, A. (2005). "Crustal structure of the Trans-European Suture Zone in Central Poland— reinterpretation of the LT-2, LT-4 and LT-5 deep seismic sounding profiles" (PDF). Geological Quarterly. 49 (3): 243–252. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
- McKerrow, W. S.; Mac Niocaill, C.; Ahlberg, P. E.; Clayton, G.; Cleal, C. J.; Eagar, R. M. C. (2000). "The late Palaeozoic relations between Gondwana and Laurussia". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 179 (1): 9–20. Bibcode:2000GSLSP.179....9M. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.179.01.03. S2CID 129789533. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
- Nance, R. D.; Gutiérrez-Alonso, G.; Keppie, J. D.; Linnemann, U.; Murphy, J. B.; Quesada, C.; Strachan, R. A.; Woodcock, N. H. (2010). "Evolution of the Rheic ocean". Gondwana Research. 17 (2): 194–222. Bibcode:2010GondR..17..194N. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2009.08.001. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
- Teisseyre, R.; Teisseyre, B. (2002). "Wawrzyniec Karol de Teisseyre: A Pioneer in the Study of "Cryptotectonics"". Eos. 83 (47): 541–546. Bibcode:2002EOSTr..83..541T. doi:10.1029/2002EO000370.
- Torsvik, T. H.; Smethurst, M. A.; Van der Voo, R.; Trench, A.; Abrahamsen, N.; Halvorsen, E. (1993). "Baltica. A synopsis of Vendian-Permian palaeomagnetic data and their palaeotectonic implications". Earth-Science Reviews. 33 (2): 133–152. Bibcode:1992ESRv...33..133T. doi:10.1016/0012-8252(92)90023-m. hdl:2027.42/29743. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
- Torsvik, T. H.; Rehnström, E. F. (2003). "The Tornquist Sea and Baltica–Avalonia docking" (PDF). Tectonophysics. 362 (1): 67–82. Bibcode:2003Tectp.362...67T. doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00631-5. Retrieved 22 November 2015.