Misplaced Pages

Transphobia in the United States has changed over time. Understanding and acceptance of transgender people have both decreased and increased during the last few decades depending on the details of the issues which have been facing the public. Various governmental bodies in the United States have enacted anti-transgender legislation. Social issues in the United States also reveal a level of transphobia. Because of transphobia, transgender people in the U.S. face increased levels of violence and intimidation. Cisgender people can also be affected by transphobia.

Recently, hate crimes and violence against transgender and non-gender conforming people have increased, especially in states that have enacted anti-transgender legislation.

American viewpoints on transgender people

Gender binary norms in the United States are considered rigid and because of this, gender nonconforming people can face discrimination, shaming, or other types of gender policing in their daily lives.

A 2023 poll found that a slight majority of Americans are against anti-transgender legislation.

A 2021 Gallup poll found that 62% of Americans believed that transgender people should only play sports on teams that match their gender assigned at birth. Many professional sports leagues in the United States allow transgender players to participate with various types of guidelines and inclusion levels. The Connecticut Interscholastic Athletic Conference allows transgender students to compete according to their gender identities. FIDE has banned trans women from participating in women's chess events stating that they have "no right to participate." FINA effectively barred all transgender women from competing in professional women's swimming, with the exception of athletes who "can establish to FINA's comfortable satisfaction that they have not experienced any part of male puberty beyond Tanner Stage 2 (of puberty) or before age 12, whichever is later". A 2024 AP VoteCast survey of more than 120,000 American voters found that "more than half of voters said support for transgender rights in government and society has gone too far."

While the majority of Americans supported openly transgender people serving in the military, the percentage decreased from 71% to 66% between 2019 and 2021.

Native Americans in the US often use different terminology to describe their non-binary gender identities based on their cultural values. Two-Spirit is used in some cultures, and the Navajo have nádleehé. The Ojibwe, Potawatomi, and Zuni Pueblo, also have specific terms for individuals who present outside of the gender binary.

Government protections

Historically, transgender individuals and communities in the US have been marginalized and received few legal protections. Attempts to protect LGBT people legally in the US workplace has been tried unsuccessfully since 1994 with the Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA). However, individual court cases, such as Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, prohibit discrimination of employees "based on their perceived failure to conform to socially constructed characteristics of males or females."

The United States State Department amended its policy in 2010 affecting gender markers on Social Security cards and United States passports. The change, which was still in effect in 2018, allowed individuals to provide information from their physician about updating gender on these documents. State IDs and driver's licenses are updated for gender on a state by state basis.

In 2020, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, transgender employees are protected from discrimination in the workplace. The Biden administration has created some protections for transgender people. In July 2022, the United States Department of Health and Human Services proposed the restoration of nondiscrimination policies that would protect transgender people. In April 2023, Governor Phil Murphy established New Jersey as a "safe haven for gender-affirming health care."

States that reflect a more conservative population are more likely "to have more restrictive views on civil rights issues" which also informs their attitudes on transgender people.

Anti-trans attitudes

Public opinion in the United States about transgender people is often similar to attitudes about LGB individuals, with the difference being that "attitudes towards transgender individuals are significantly more negative." Data published in 2024 showed 80% of Americans supported LGB people living as they choose, but only 67% supported the same for transgender people. Some anti-transgender attitudes are based on the idea that gender is "natural and so, by extension, transgender people are unnatural." Because some Americans believe transgender people are unnatural, that also automatically makes them dangerous in their perceptions.

Some people who oppose transgender rights argue that "irresponsible parents" and young people are rushing to make decisions about their trans identities, and that these decisions are largely based on social contagion. Conservative activists question the need to talk to children about their gender or sexual identities. A 2018 paper published by Lisa Littman in PLOS One described a hypothesis of rapid onset gender dysphoria (ROGD). Despite the fact that follow ups on Littman's study did not show support for her ideas, the paper she published has been used to justify anti-transgender legislation and policies in Florida and other US states. Social contagion ideas suggest that being transgender is a transmissible "disease" between vulnerable individuals. It also implies that being transgender is a medical issue to eradicate from the population, rather than a difference in gender identity.

Activists who oppose gender-affirming care claim that physicians and parents are putting children through "irreversible medical treatments" without proper safeguards. Some states have pushed for laws banning gender-affirming care by claiming that medical treatment for transgender youth is "child abuse." Social media accounts, such as Libs of TikTok, have helped spread a moral panic about gender-affirming care. Many groups and individuals, despite a lack of evidence for their beliefs, have contributed to a culture war around transgender people. Arguments against gender-affirming care ignore that it has an extensive history of medical use.

Some anti-trans activists believe that "LGBT ideology" will destabilize the United States government and that LGBT people are a security threat. Some groups and individuals have also argued that transgender soldiers are a threat to military readiness, although there is no evidence to suggest this.

Some anti-trans activists associate trans women with predatory sexual behaviors. This idea is rooted in certain forms of second-wave feminism, advocates of this idea describe trans women as "rapists and boundary-violators trying to invade women's space", while trans men are regarded as "tokens". This has been refuted by research; a study of the effects of Massachusetts' anti-discrimination laws for restrooms found no evidence that cisgender women were placed at risk by the laws. Further, evidence has been found that the risk of assault for transgender children is reduced when they are allowed access to restrooms and locker rooms which match their gender identity.

Others argue that their religious beliefs prohibit them from using gender identity in place of biological sex, although the Bible does not mention trans people.

Some socially conservative Americans also conflate people who dress in drag with transgender presentations. Christopher Rufo has implored conservatives to call drag queens "trans strippers", which, according to Nathan J. Robinson, is an inaccurate description of drag performances. Michigan Republican, Tudor Dixon, has called drag queens "sexualized performers." This is in contradiction to the history of drag performances which are not inherently sexual in nature.

Colonialism has also affected transgender identities. Hispanic LGBTQ+ organization, QLatinx, describes how "racism, sexism, heterosexism, xenophobia, and transphobia share a common root source of oppression that ultimately works to sustain white supremacy and heteropatriarchy." The structures of racism, homophobia and transphobia all share the feature of inciting violence against people perceived as part of those categories.

Anti-trans beliefs also have a negative effect on some Native American cultures that have two-spirit or indigenous transgender individuals. María Cristina Moroles, in her journey as a two-spirit person found that many indigenous communities rejected her identity.

Some transphobic ideas are also internalized by transgender people. This is called Internalized transphobia and can be expressed by the individual feeling shame, isolation, "and a harmful internalization of cisnormative gender expectations."

Overall, transgender lives are often seen as less important than cisgender lives and violence and discrimination against them can be normalized by transphobic Americans.

Early history

When European settlers colonized North America, they came into contact with indigenous people who had different ideas about gender and gender identity. Europeans used many tactics to impose their own gender roles and ideas onto Native peoples. The French colonizers called many third gender indigenous people "berdaches."

Encounters with Spanish colonizers led to a massive genocide of many of the Indigenous peoples of California, including "third-gender people, who were lost not by 'passive' colonizing collateral damage such as disease or starvation, but through active, conscious, violent extermination." When colonists discovered other genders among indigenous people, they worked to end the practice "through the twin disciplinary actions of physical and spiritual punishment and regendering".

As roles for indigenous non-binary people disappeared in their cultures these individuals "found themselves rejected by their families and communities."

Colonists themselves often did not fit into binary gender roles. Many non-conforming people fought in the American Revolutionary War and the American Civil War, signing up and continuing to live in their chosen gender role afterwards. Many anti-transgender ideas were already being pushed into American colonial culture by the eighteenth century. Transgender women in the 18th century faced violence and "even capital punishment." By the late nineteenth century, the idea that gender and sexuality are part of a spectrum began to spread.

20th century

Before the 1910 publication of Transvestism by Magnus Hirschfeld, most individuals who would now be considered transgender were termed "inverts," a term that also included homosexuals. The term transsexual was described by doctor David Oliver Cauldwell in the American medical literature in 1949. Prior to these medical terminologies, there were categories created by transgender people themselves, such as "men-women" and "women-men." In 1900, a transgender woman, then known as a "man-woman," was killed, and her body salted and stuffed into a trunk by her father. Her story was one of many violent accounts such people faced in the early 20th century.

After 1953, Christine Jorgensen's widely popularized "sex change operation" led to a depiction of her in both medical literature and popular media as a "sick, abnormal" person who was "rescued" by modern medicine.

During the 1960s, transgender people were not welcome in gay bars in San Francisco. By the middle of the 1960s, the Johns Hopkins University created the first "official gender-identity clinic" in the US. The clinic was described by media and press releases as being a project designed to help "unfortunate individuals, trapped in the wrong body" and would "rehabilitate" "deviant" transsexual people.

In the 1970s, the word "transsexual" was often used to describe transgender people. In the medical establishment in the United States, professionals had a pervasive sense of mistrust for their transgender patients. Doctors and psychologists who worked with the trans community had negative feelings about the people they worked with, calling them manipulative and "possibly incapable of love".

During the 1970s, transgender women were frequently rejected in lesbian spaces and they were also accused of being fake women and "male infiltrators". Beth Elliott was discriminated against by the Daughters of Bilitis, who originally allowed her to become a member in 1971, but they later succumbed to pressure to force Elliot out. Robin Morgan was one of the most prominent detractors of Elliot, who she accused of being a man who was "leeching off women", with the "mentality of a rapist". This high-profile attack led to other attacks against other transgender women who attempted to enter other types of women's spaces. Later, Sandy Stone, who had worked at Olivia Records, was subjected to a hate mail campaign which was aimed at getting her fired from the record label. Academics also sent hate mail to Stone during this time.

In 1973, more conservative lesbian and gay men in San Francisco created their own pride parade which "banned transgender people and individuals in drag". In New York City that same year, Jean O'Leary almost provoked a riot when she read a statement in which she denounced drag queens. In response to the event in New York City, the LGBT movement in the United States intensified its marginalization of transgender people.

In 1979, Janice Raymond wrote The Transsexual Empire, which is "often cited as the basis for anti-trans feminism", according to the Progressive. Raymond believed that people chose to become transgender in order to opt out of the sex roles which were assigned to them at birth. Raymond's book affected not only people involved in women's spaces, but also medical professionals. The director of the gender identity clinic at Johns Hopkins closed down his clinic after he and his secretary published a biased study about transgender people in 1979. It was later found that individuals at the organization pushed for the closure of the program for personal reasons.

During the 1980s, transgender people, still more often known as transsexuals, were "treated as sick, perverse, abnormal," in society in the US. This continued into the 1990s, where individuals who do not adhere to "normal" gender roles lack a "safe social space." Thomas Szasz describes transsexualism in the 1980s in his book, Sex by Prescription as a type of castration. Szasz also felt that the diagnosis of transsexualism was too medicalized and that it was more important to look at the nature of the condition itself. Despite the criticism by Szasz and others, the idea of transsexualism as a medical disorder helped people in the medical profession to accept the idea more readily.

The Michigan Womyn's Music Festival did not allow transgender women at their events and kicked out a transsexual woman in 1991. Transsexual women were also banned from the 1991 National Lesbian Conference. Transgender people were also quietly excluded from the March on Washington for Lesbian, Gay and Bi Equal Rights and Liberation in 1993.

In 1993, Brandon Teena was raped and later killed after his transgender identity was revealed. Two men that Teena had thought were his friends were the assailants. The reporting on Teena's murder was also transphobic, often misgendering him.

Tyra Hunter was injured in 1995 in Washington, D.C. and the paramedics who responded stopped treating her and instead made fun of her because she was transgender. Hunter later died because of the injuries and no charges were made against the paramedics.

In 1996, a trans man, Robert Eads, discovered that he had ovarian cancer. Eads experienced medical discrimination with gynecologists refusing to treat him until 1997. The cancer, however, had progressed too far and Eads died in 1999.

To honor the memory of transgender people who have been lost to violence, Gwendolyn Ann Smith created the first Transgender Day of Remembrance in 1999.

21st century

Government actions

Government entities in the United States that create anti-transgender legislation and policies are using "medical gatekeeping" as a "tool whereby the state can use medical language and practice to barriers around gender affirming care." In 2021, professor Eric Stanley describes transgender people "props in the latest culture war," and goes on to describe how "anti-trans bills are rooted in an obsession with the idea of trans people's bodies."

When the federal Employment Non-Discrimination Act was proposed in 2007, it contained language protecting sexual orientation and gender identity. However, the sponsors eventually removed gender identity protections because President George W. Bush said he would veto the bill if they were included.

Arkansas passed the 2015 Intrastate Commerce Improvement Act which prohibited local governments from enacting laws protecting LGBTQ people at greater levels than are already afforded at the state level. Because Arkansas does not provide protections for LGBTQ people at the state level, this bans local governments from also protecting LGBTQ individuals as well. In addition, this act was passed right after Fayetteville, Arkansas worked to pass civil rights protections for LGBTQ people in the city.

In 2016, when a large number of "bathroom bills" were proposed in the country, the result was that all women faced harassment due to increased policing on who was using what bathroom. In Kansas, a proposal was created that would give students $2,500 as a bounty for reporting trans people using unapproved restrooms. Washington State proposed a similar law which would allow students to sue their schools for $2,500 if they "encounter a trans person in the bathroom." In March 2016, North Carolina passed their bathroom bill, the Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act, which led to a national outcry and several large businesses threatening not to do business in the state. Later in 2016, a case, Franciscan Alliance v. Burwell, was filed which sought to have regulations protecting trans people accessing healthcare struck down.

The Trump Administration reversed Title VII policies that protected transgender people based on sex, stating that these protections applied only to cisgender individuals. On February 20, 2017, the Trump administration "withdrew guidance...stating federal law requires transgender students to have access to bathrooms and locker rooms matching their gender identity." In July of the same year, President Trump announced a ban on transgender people serving in the United States military. In October 2018, Trump proposed a roll back of civil rights protections in healthcare for transgender people.

The first state to ban transfeminine athletes from participating in youth sports was Idaho. On March 30, 2020, the bill was signed by Governor Brad Little. During 2020, 16 other states also drafted bills that were similar to the one passed in Idaho. In 2020, the Alliance Defending Freedom (ADF) filed a lawsuit to challenge Connecticut's rule allowing transgender students to participate in youth sports according to their gender identity. In 2021, the case was dismissed, though the ADF has said they will appeal the decision.

In 2021 and 2022, a "historic wave of bills" targeting transgender people were developed and proposed in state legislatures around the country. This amounted to around 200 bills, all proposed by Republican lawmakers. Governor Tate Reeves signed a bill in 2021 that banned transgender students from participating in school sports that match their gender identities. Governor Kristi Noem in March 2021 issued an executive order banning trans girls from girls' sports teams in South Dakota. Arkansas passed a bill in April 2021 blocking youth from accessing gender-affirming care.

Legislators in Alabama created a bill in February 2022 that would require transgender students in grades K-12 to use the restroom matching the sex on their birth certificate. April 2022, Alabama Governor Kay Ivey signed a bill that would make gender-affirming care for youth a felony. Later, that bill was blocked from going into effect with a partial injunction from the state court. State attorneys in Alabama have vowed to appeal the ruling and believe that there is no constitutional right to gender affirming healthcare for children or adults.

In March 2022, Florida Governor Ron DeSantis signed the Florida Parental Rights in Education Act, which banned the ability to discuss sexual orientation or gender identity in a classroom setting for specific grades. In November 2021, Oklahoma Governor, Kevin Stitt, signed an executive order to prohibit changing gender identity on Oklahoma birth certificates. Also in 2022, Iowa created a bill to prevent transgender youth from participating in sports matching their gender identity.

In February 2022, Governor Greg Abbott declared transitioning and HRT to be "child abuse" and ordered Child Protective Services (CPS) to investigate parents who allowed their children to transition. Texas Attorney General, Ken Paxton, started the attack by issuing an opinion that gender-affirming care was a form of child abuse. Paxton also requested a list from the Texas Department of Public Safety of all people who "had switched the gender identifier on their Texas driver's license within the past two years." The order from Abbott and Paxton also required that therapists report any clients receiving gender-affirming care. In Dallas, one hospital stopped providing gender-affirming care at their facility after Abbott's directive was made public and Texas Children's Hospital also stopped providing HRT. Several families were investigated by CPS after the directive was ordered. In June 2022, a judge from Travis County blocked these kinds of investigations into families with transgender kids. Due to these attacks on transgender children and youth, many families began to look for ways to leave the state. A political strategist for Greg Abbott said that attacking transgender children is a "winning issue" for the governor as he runs for office again. By November of 2024, Paxton had sued three Texas doctors for allegedly prescribing HRT for minors after Texas banned gender affirming care.

In May 2022, a Title IX investigation took place at a Wisconsin school when several middle school students allegedly misgendered another student. The case received attention from conservative media outlets, including The Laura Ingraham Show. The investigation was dismissed after the school and much of the city of Kiel, Wisconsin received bomb threats.

In June 2022, the Texas Republican Party adopted bans for gender-affirming care as part of their party platform. Later, the Texas GOP claimed that drag shows are more of a threat to children than guns. Michigan Republicans proposed a bill in June 2022 that would let parents sue any public school that allowed their children to see a drag show. DeSantis, in Florida, worked on taking away Medicaid coverage for gender-affirming care from transgender people of any age. Ohio passed a law in June that requires "genital inspections" if a girl or woman is suspected of being transgender.

In July 2022, attorneys general from twenty states, including Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, and West Virginia filed suit against the United States Department of Agriculture over their prohibition of discrimination against LGBTQ people receiving school meals. This included discrimination against gender identity. In Florida, state education officials told schools to "disregard recent guidance from the Biden administration" that would help protect transgender students under Title IX. Florida Education Commissioner, Manny Diaz Jr., called the guidance regarding transgender protections "woke insanity." In mid-July, the GOP in the US House of Representatives supported bills that would target transgender athletes with the "Protection of Women and Girls in Sports Act" sponsored by Greg Steube. Late in July 2022, Governor Ron DeSantis used a 1947 Florida Supreme Court Decision as guidance in his complaint over a drag show. DeSantis alleged that the drag venue violated a public nuisance law.

Marjorie Taylor Greene, a US Representative, introduced a bill called Protect Children's Innocence Act in August 2022 that would make providing gender-affirming care to minors a class C felony. The bill specifies sending anyone who provides such care a prison sentence of 10 to 25 years and would also prohibit the use of federal funds for gender affirming care. This would effectively stop anyone who is using Affordable Healthcare Act plans from accessing gender affirming care.

In September 2022, high school students from the East Baton Rouge Parish Public Schools were told that they were attending a college fair for a school field trip. Instead of a fair, they were taken to a church where transgender students faced bullying and discrimination. In October 2020, an intersex transgender woman was arrested after she filed a police report in Bexar County describing her alleged assault. She was outed to the police, who later put her in the male block of the jail. As of December 2022, she and local community groups are asking for dropped charges and sensitivity training for the police. In November 2022, the Florida medical board restricted most gender-affirming care for minors. In December 2023, Monarch High School in Florida was fined $16,500 total for allowing a transgender athlete to compete in girls' volleyball.

In preparation of the Texas legislative session in January 2023, Republican lawmakers pre-filed bills that will target transgender people and make gender-affirming care illegal for youth. By January 19, 2023, over 124 bills were introduced that would target LGBTQ and transgender people in the U.S. In Florida, a number of transphobic bills were introduced in February 2023. Bills filed targeted drag shows, gender-affirming care, libraries containing LGBTQ books, and one bill would prohibit teachers from using a students' preferred pronouns. In Tennessee early in March 2023, Governor Bill Lee signed a law banning minors from watching drag shows, despite his own participation in drag as a school boy. On March 3, Florida submitted SB254 which would allow the state to take away children from parents who allow gender-affirming care for them, even if they live outside of the state. At the end of March 2023, Kentucky legislature overrode the governor's veto and put into law that bans gender affirming care in the state and requires doctors to de-transition minors who are already receiving care. In addition, schools may not allow conversations around gender or sexual identity for all grades.

In April 2023, Montana removed transgender lawmaker, Zooey Zephyr, from the floor and then proceeded to pass a bill banning gender affirming care for minors. Idaho passed a law banning gender affirming care for minors with a punishment of up to 10 years in prison for any doctor providing gender affirming care.

In May 2023, Missouri passed a bill to restrict gender affirming care and sports participation for transgender minors. Oklahoma also passed a bill that month making it a felony to provide gender-affirming care to minors. Transgender people were arrested and removed from the Texas Capitol in May 2023 for protesting a ban on gender-affirming care for minors. Early in May 2023, the governor of Indiana, Eric Holcomb, signed a bill that would potentially out transgender students to their families. North Dakota governor, Doug Burgum, signed a bill in May 2023 that prohibits public schools and government entities from creating policies about pronouns.

In August 2023, Katy Independent School District (KISD) passed gender identity policies that many LGBTQ people and allies called an "attack" on non gender conforming students in the school. KISD was one of the first school districts in the Houston area to pass guidelines that have negative effects on transgender students. In February 2024, Texas Governor, Greg Abbott responded negatively to a Joint Allegation Letter from the United Nations (UN) that outlines a "comprehensive assault on the rights of the queer community" in Texas. Abbott only responded to the legal allegations by writing on X (formerly Twitter), "The UN can go pound sand."

In February 2024, Nassau County prohibited transgender athletes from competing with cisgender athletic teams through an executive order signed by Bruce Blakeman. In March, New York Attorney General Letitia James ordered the county to cease and desist from violating the New York State Human Rights Law. Blakeman is seeking to overturn the ruling in order to continue to prohibit transgender athletes from equally using "more than 100 public venues" in the county.

During elections in Ohio, several transgender candidates faced issues running for office due to their name changes. In January 2024, Ohio ruled that due to a 1990s law about listing all names a candidate has used on petitions to run for office, the transgender candidates had violated the law. Later, the county board of elections in Mercer County allowed the candidate to run "because no one knew about this obscure provision and because the board said she wasn't trying to mislead people," and Montgomery County followed suit. Stark County, however, disqualified the transgender candidate on the ballot due to her name change.

Governor Kristi Noem of South Dakota warned the Board of Regents to stop allowing diversity initiatives in state Universities. This affected several faculty members who used their pronouns and tribal affiliations in official communications, such as email.

By the end of 2023, 22 states had passed bans on gender affirming care for minors. In early 2024, 10 states were considering bills that would restrict transgender and non-binary individuals for using public services.

In the spring of 2024, the Colorado Republican Party sent an email, listed as a "Call to Action," to members. In the email, the party strongly recommended that parents take their children out of public schools in order to "save Colorado children from progressive Democrats who want to turn more kids trans by requiring teachers to use 'pronouns' that do not make any sense and cause gender confusion." This campaign was started after a law passed in the state protecting transgender students' rights.

Early in June 2024, two professors from the University of Texas filed a lawsuit against the federal government for protecting nonbinary students. The professors claim that the guidance for Title IX does not cover the use of "they" as a singular pronoun. A Texas judge, Reed O'Connor, blocked the Title IX protections by June 12 with an injunction, claiming that the Biden Administration "had overstepped its authority" in "requiring schools to respect trans and nonbinary students' pronouns and allow them access to the restrooms of their choice." In late June of 2024, the Texas Republican party celebrated when the Texas Supreme Court upheld the state's ban on gender affirming care for minors. The state representative who wrote the ban "called the win 'gratifying' and further proof that the state of Texas could continue to regulate medical practices."

The 2024 Republican National Convention, held in mid July, was heavily anti-transgender. During the convention, Republican members "verbally attacked transgender people multiple times." Some speeches given at the convention openly mocked or ridiculed transgender and non-binary people. These ideas are very much in line with Project 2025, supported by Donald Trump and far right politicians. Project 2025 calls non-gender conforming ideas a "new woke gender ideology." The Project 2025 blueprint also calls for the elimination of protections for LGBTQ+ individuals under nearly every aspect of the US Federal Government.

In October of 2024, Odessa, Texas started placing a $10,000 bounty on any transgender person using a bathroom that aligns with their gender identity in the city. The bounty is in addition to criminal penalties for using a restroom that aligns with gender identity. In November, the Odessa City Council overwhelmingly decided expand the law which allows any person (whether they are a citizen of Odessa or not) to sue for the $10,000 bounty. Opponents of the bounty and the law say that Odessa is making life more dangerous for queer people and because the bounty is "per occurrence," the law could cause local businesses and residents to be subject to large fines and unnecessary lawsuits.

During the 2024 Presidential election the Republican Party used transgender people as a "wedge issue," airing anti-transgender attack ads during "high-profile sports events." Many of these ads contained misinformation and false claims. The ads also used images of transgender people and drag performers without getting these individuals' consent.

In November of 2024, Representative Nancy Mace introduced a bill to block transgender women from using Capitol Hill facilities that match their gender identity. Mace once claimed she was "pro-transgender rights," but went on to post anti-transgender rhetoric on her social media that November.. The new rule was pushed by Mace after the first transgender member of Congress was elected to office in November of 2024. The ban, announced by Speaker Mike Johnson, went into effect for Congress on Transgender Day of Remembrance. Mace says she will file a bill keeping transgender people from using restrooms that match their gender identity on any federal property.

Transphobia in US culture

In 2001, the Daily News ran a column by John Leo which complained about transgender people, suggesting that they had a mental disorder. Leo argued against the idea that securing civil rights and gender-affirming care for transgender people was good for them. Instead he wanted them to get psychiatric treatment. Leo called the word transphobia "a new word of indignant accusation."

In 2019, Ditch the Label published an analysis of 10 million online social media and forum posts from a time period starting around 2016. This analysis revealed a large amount of transphobic language and ideas being shared in the United States. Many of the transphobic ideas and commentary have been shared on Facebook, which left-leaning media watchdog Media Matters called "one of the biggest bad actors" in this area. The Daily Wire was also involved in spreading misinformation about transgender people online during this time, using transphobia to increase engagement with their website.

The Westboro Baptist Church protested at Morehouse College in 2019 when the school allowed trans men to enroll for the first time.

During the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) held in 2021, Caitlyn Jenner found herself attacked by attendees who deadnamed her and called her names.

Environmental group, Deep Green Resistance (DGR) has members with "a history of making disturbing transphobic statements." Groups working with DGR in 2022 to halt mining in Nevada, specifically at the Thacker Pass Lithium Mine, severed their ties with them due to the rampant transphobia in the group.

Dave Chappelle's 2021 Netflix special, The Closer, contained jokes that some considered transphobic. Chappelle's live shows continue to receive protests from people who oppose the way he has talked about transgender people. Netflix employees asked the company to recognize that "transphobic content causes harm." The company's trans employee resource group sent demands to Netflix management and planned to organize a walkout in response to the continued support of Chappelle. A protest was held on October 20, 2021 in Los Angeles where employees of Netflix supporting trans rights held a rally that included Joey Soloway as a speaker. Chappelle fans also appeared at the protest, carrying their own signs supporting the comedian and his content.

In March 2022, Senator Marsha Blackburn used the confirmation hearing of Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson to bring up "transgender issues," asking whether transgender women should be allowed to compete in sports with cisgender women.

When Jeopardy! champion, Amy Schneider, threw the first pitch at Oracle Park in June 2022, Fox Sports cut away from her and showed a first pitch from NASCAR driver Kurt Busch instead. The cut from the first pitch was pointed out on Twitter where it was seen as transphobic. Fox Sports says that "first pitches are never aired as part of their game broadcasts," and showing Busch was part of a "promotional package for an upcoming NASCAR race." Sports Illustrated argued that no matter the reason for showing Busch instead of Schneider, the "optics" of the situation did not paint Fox Sports in a good light. As more sports companies have shown support for transgender athletes, increases in "hate and transphobia" have been observed anecdotally by athletes such as skater, Jeffrey Cheung.

In May 2022, State Farm faced attacks from conservative activists over their GenderCool Project which would donate children's books with LGBTQ themes to schools and libraries. The project was meant to "raise awareness around what it means to be transgender, inclusive and nonbinary." Due to the backlash, State Farm dropped the project.

In June 2022, pride month, The Daily Wire commentator Matt Walsh released a documentary called What Is a Woman?. Walsh is also the publisher of the children's book Johnny the Walrus, which allegorically compares being transgender to pretending to be a walrus. Media Matters reported that on the first day of pride month alone there were eight instances of transgender people being disparaged on Fox News, especially transgender swimmer Lia Thomas.

In August 2022, right-wing Twitter account Libs of TikTok falsely claimed that Boston Children's Hospital was performing hysterectomies and other gender affirming surgeries on "young girls." The false claim was picked up by many, becoming viral and reaching high-profile conservatives such as Stephen Miller. Other high-profile celebrities who have promoted Libs of TikTok included Joe Rogan, Donald Trump Jr., and Tucker Carlson.

In September 2022, Matt Walsh made accusations against Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC) in Tennessee, saying that doctors "drug," "castrate," and "mutilate" children. Walsh also asserted that VUMC performed gender-affirming care because it is a "money-maker," threatened doctors who refused to perform the procedures with "consequences," and "enforced compliance" within patients hesitant with receiving the procedures. Tennessee Republicans, including Governor Bill Lee, called for an immediate investigation of the clinic. Walsh stated he was meeting with lawmakers to pass a bill that would shut the clinic down. In response to the accusations, VUMC shut down the webpage for their transgender clinic and said that Walsh "misrepresent facts" about the care provided. Later, VUMC was asked by Tennessee state investigators to turn over the patient healthcare documents of individuals "seeking transgender health care." These reports, which were given to Tennessee State Attorney General, Jonathan Skrmetti, contained "sensitive medical data." A class-action lawsuit, filed in July 2023, describes how the state of Tennessee has been "negatively targeting the transgender community for years." Skrmetti has publicly supported anti-transgender laws in other states and started targeting VUMC after Walsh criticized the organization in 2022.

In Nashville, Tennessee on October 21, 2022, The Daily Wire organized a rally titled "The Rally to End Child Mutilation" in protest to gender-affirming care for minors. Between 1,500 and 3,000 people attended, which included supporters, protesters, and Tennessee senators and representatives.

After the 2023 Nashville school shooting, perpetrated by a transgender shooter, there was an increase in transphobia on public platforms. Transgender people in Tennessee faced backlash, though many pushed back, saying it is more important to restrict gun access.

MMA fighter, Alana McLaughlin responded to the transphobic attacks made on transgender people by Jake Shields in April 2023. Shields has said that allies of transgender people should "face public execution." A law passed in North Dakota, banning gender affirming care for minors, went into effect in April 2023. As of June 2024, the ban continues to be upheld for most minors in the state.

In the lead up to Pride in April 2023 a commercial for Bud Light featuring the actress Dylan Mulvaney caused a boycott by transphobic conservatives against the company. The week before Pride in late May 2023, Target released their Pride collection featuring products to celebrate the LGBTQ+ community. Subsequently, conservative anti-LGBTQ groups spread misinformation about some of the products and after receiving threats against stores and employees from anti-LGBTQ groups, the company decided to remove some merchandise and move their Pride displays into the back of some stores, causing a heavy backlash by GLAAD and other LGBTQ advocacy groups requesting that Target return the merchandise and release a statement in support of the LGBTQ+ community. In July 2023, former Levi's President and gymnast, Jennifer Sey, mocked Megan Rapinoe for supporting transgender athletes. Rapinoe said out that women's sports are being "weaponized" by supposed transgender people taking advantage of the system. Sey also criticized Bud Light for using Mulvaney in their ads.

Sey created a line of athletic clothing in March 2024 called XX-XY Athletics which she says is intended "to help protect women and girls from being forced to compete and share locker rooms with transgender athletes." A team of anti-transgender activists have joined her, including Chloe Cole, Adam Coleman, Riley Gaines, Tabia Lee, and Paula Scanlan. Also in March 2024, conservative blogger, Michael Shellenberger and anti-transgender group, Genspect, leaked reports about transgender care that were taken out of context and some of which contained false claims. Shellenberger believes that transgender people are mentally ill, unnatural and are part of "foundational woke ideologies." His Substack "has increasingly focused on the supposed threats that trans people pose to society, including to women's sports, women in general, the family and Western civilization." In May 2024, Gaines used social media to show her support of a crowd booing the win of a transgender athlete in the Oregon School Activities Association (OSAA) women's 200 meter run. A Florida employee, and parent of a transgender athlete, at Monarch High School is still waiting as of June 2024 to find out if she will be suspended for a potential violation of the Fairness in Women's Sports Act.

The Woman's Club of Fort Worth faced controversy when they accepted a transgender woman to the organization in November 2023. This led to nine members resigning and the group stating that they are currently not prepared to "formally address the matter of admitting transgender women."

In early 2024, Best Buy was contacted by the National Center for Public Policy Research (NCPPR), a conservative think tank, over donations the company had made to LGBTQ groups, such as The Trevor Project and GLAAD. NCPPR accused Best Buy of donating to groups they believe are "seeking to mutilate the reproductive organs of children before they finish puberty," and that donations to LGBTQ groups was out of the scope of an electronics company. After NCPPR went after Best Buy, the company agreed to "screen" their donations and their pages supporting LGBTQ people were taken down. Because NCPPR is a shareholder of Best Buy, they were able to threaten monetary sanctions against the company and they filed a complaint with the SEC.

Video game streamer, Nickmercs, has explicitly and publicly come out as anti-trans in 2024, saying "There's no such thing as trans people." In April of 2024, police were called on a transgender high school student attending her high school prom in Jackson County, Alabama because she wore a dress and would not change into pants. Also in April of 2024, anti-transgender activists claimed that transgender women have an advantage in darts, esports, hot dog eating contests, and poker.

After Trump won the 2024 Presidential Election, Caitlyn Jenner lauded his win publicly on Twitter where she faced both agreement, and transphobic comments from other Twitter users.

Violent incidents and threats

In October 2002, transgender teen, Gwen Araujo, was beaten and then strangled at a house party in Newark. Her assault took place after she was discovered to be transgender and the men responsible used the "trans panic" defense in their murder trial. Latisha King, a non-gender conforming student, aged 15, was shot twice by a 14 year old fellow student who felt that she had disrespected him. King was "taunted and teased for the way she lived her gender, for its style."

CeCe McDonald was assaulted outside a bar in 2011 in Minneapolis. When a fight broke out, McDonald was stabbed and one of her attackers was killed during the fight. McDonald was charged with second-degree murder, despite having acted in self-defense. She accepted a plea agreement and spent two years in a men's prison.

Kiwi Farms was created in 2013 in order to target people who are neurodivergent or members of the LGBTQ+ community. Users of Kiwi Farms would find people on the internet to stalk, dox, and harass. The "site has been blamed for the deaths of several victims," many of whom were transgender.

In 2019, 25 transgender or gender nonconforming people died after they were subjected to acts of violence. 2021 became one of the "deadliest on record in America," for transgender and gender nonconforming people in the United States with 29 deaths by June and at least 50 by the end of the year. In February 2021, Alexus Braxton was brutally killed in her apartment in Miami.

Children's Medical Center Dallas was forced to close their gender affirming program for trans children and teens in November 2021 after protests and harassment from anti-transgender activists.

The Tenacious Unicorn Ranch, an all-transgender farm in Colorado, faced alleged armed threats on March 6, 2021. After this event, Kiwi Farms facilitated further harassment of the ranchers online. In 2022, the Kiwi Farms forum had over 800 posts targeting the ranch.

On March 24, 2022, former Mississippi legislator, Robert Foster, used Twitter to express his opinion that allies of transgender people should be "lined up against wall before a firing squad to be sent to an early judgment." Foster did not apologize for his tweet, instead saying that the law should be changed to allow such executions. In June 2022, Mark Burns, a pastor and a candidate running in South Carolina, said that allies, teachers, and parents who support LGBTQ+ rights should be arrested and executed.

In June 2022, a drag brunch in Arlington, Texas was targeted by alleged Proud Boys, as was a California library that same month. At the San Francisco Bay Area event, "The were described as extremely aggressive with a threatening violent demeanor causing people to fear for their safety." The Proud Boys may have been tipped off by Libs of TikTok.

In July 2022, a cafe in Chicago that was planning to host a drag performance was vandalized. Libs of TikTok was also involved in a campaign to target Jewish summer camps in California that accepted transgender children. The camps had to take additional "steps to ensure security."

In the same month, 20-year-old transgender man Noah Ruiz was assaulted by three men while camping in Camden, Ohio. After being advised to use the women's restroom, despite identifying as male, he was angrily confronted by a woman in the bathroom before she stormed out. Upon exiting, he was approached by three men, who proceeded to beat him up while reportedly using homophobic slurs. When Preble County sheriff's deputies arrived, Ruiz was arrested for "disorderly conduct and obstructing official business"; The Preble Country Sheriff claimed they were not aware of the assault, and that Ruiz was highly intoxicated and belligerent. Ruiz was able to file an assault report with the sheriff's office, demanding the men to be held accountable.

Boston Children's Hospital (BCH) staff received "violent threats" in August 2022 after Libs of TikTok incorrectly claimed that children were receiving hysterectomies. The Children's National Hospital was also targeted in late August by Libs of TikTok, which also falsely claimed the hospital was performing hysterectomies on children. The National hospital received both bomb and death threats on social media. Both Facebook and Twitter have not suspended Libs of TikTok, despite the large volume of harassment BCH has received because of the targeting. Fox News and The Daily Caller both ran stories using the false information Libs of TikTok spread. Children's hospitals in Pittsburgh and Phoenix were also targeted. On August 30, a bomb threat caused the hospital to go into lockdown and another threat, phoned in on September 9, brought in the police to investigate. A woman from Westfield, Massachusetts was arrested on September 15 for charges of making one of the bomb threats to BCH. The FBI reported that there have been "well over a dozen" such threats made to BCH. On September 18, 2022, "Billboard Chris," an anti-LGBT activist from Canada, organized a protest of the hospital's gender affirming care program outside of BCH. Between 100 and 200 counter-protesters came to support the transgender care at the hospital, outnumbering the protesters. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), the American Medical Association (AMA), and the Children's Hospital Association (CHA) have asked U.S. Attorney General Merrick Garland to "investigate the organizations, individuals, and entities coordinating, provoking, and carrying out bomb threats and threats of personal violence against children's hospitals and physicians across the U.S."

When Tucker Carlson on Fox News covered the accusations against Vanderbilt University Medical Center, he showcased photos of the doctors' faces along with their names. VUMC reported harassment against their doctors from far-right groups on Reddit and 4chan, calling for them to be either arrested or murdered. These groups also called for "Nazi-inspired intimidation tactics" such as book burnings.

A cisgender woman named Jay was harassed in a Las Vegas casino bathroom in October 2022 by another woman who mistook her for being transgender due to her short haircut. The woman followed Jay into the bathroom and was "ranting about people's gender identities" for several minutes outside her stall. Upon exiting, the woman interrogated her about her gender identity and threatened to have police arrest her. The woman was kicked out of the casino, but no charges were pressed, and she was later allowed back in. Jay recorded the incident and uploaded it to TikTok, where it went viral. The video was later removed by the site for "grooming behavior," to which Jay contested. She commented on how no bystanders tried to help her, calling it "the most upsetting part" of the whole incident.

On November 19, 2022, the Colorado Springs Club Q shooting took the lives of 5 people and injured 25 others. The club was considered a safe place for transgender people in the city. During the December 14, 2022, Congressional hearing, LGBTQ+ shooting survivors shared their fears about the "rising hate" towards their community, especially towards people who are transgender or who perform in drag. In December 2022, a transgender teacher who had been a target of Fox News stories faced bomb threats.

During the March 2023 Conservative Political Action Conference, Daily Wire contributor Michael Knowles stated that “transgenderism should be eradicated from public life entirely.” Knowles’ comments sparked outrage, and were characterized as genocidal by various media figures and outlets. In August 2023, Libs of TikTok shared an edited video of a school librarian in Tulsa, Oklahoma which led to "several consecutive days of bomb threats to schools in the district."

On February 3, 2024, Mark Robinson, current Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina and candidate for Governor, threatened trans women with arrest over bathroom use and suggested that they "find a corner outside somewhere".

On February 7, 2024, a sixteen-year-old non-binary student was beaten inside the girls' restroom at the Owasso High School. The student, Nex Benedict, received "months of intensifying bullying" which started after Oklahoma passed legislation in 2023 that outlawed students from using bathrooms that match their gender identity. After being assaulted by three female students in the girls' restroom, a teacher intervened, but did not call an ambulance for Benedict. Later that evening, Benedict's grandmother took them to the hospital where they died the next day from their injuries.

In early June 2024, a Minnesota father of a transgender student called for criminal charges to be pressed on students that harassed and assaulted his daughter. His daughter was using the bathroom where she was bullied and then sustained a compound fracture during the ensuing fight. The school, Hopkins High, did not treat the incident "as an emergency," despite the injuries sustained by his daughter.

In November of 2024, two transgender women were confronted and attacked by a transphobic group of people in Minneapolis. The women sustained injuries from the group of attackers and activists in the area are worried about additional violence against transgender people.

Effects

Compared to cisgender Americans, transgender people are up to 25 times more likely to face the risk of abuse, assault or suicide. Transgender people are subject to minority stress. This type of stress is created through stigma, prejudice, and discrimination. Many transgender people face bullying and harassment in many different venues in their lives. Transphobia is manifested through a "hostile political climate" and by marginalizing transgender individuals in society. Stigma against transgender people can lead to increased depression and anxiety. Chronic exposure to stressors can cause "biological weathering" that cause physical health issues. Transgender people who testified against anti-transgender bills in the Texas Capitol found the long hearings "exhausting and upsetting."

The legal actions and politics that have been passed against transgender youth have caused negative mental health outcomes for many young people and all transgender individuals. This can include high rates of suicidal ideation. Even if the bills do not pass, the stress of seeing the measures debated causes issues for many people. Crisis calls to The Trevor Project have seen high rates in states like Texas in 2022. In 2017, there was also an increase in calls to the crisis hotline after Texas considered a bathroom bill that year. Some families are looking to move out of states that have passed transphobic legislation. Some transgender people have to file lawsuits over laws, such as bathroom bills, which restrict their civil rights.

A 2015 study found that 90 percent of young transgender people were rejected in some way by their families. When their families are not supportive of them, "trans young people seek out alternative forms of support and affirmation." When young trans people are allowed to socially transition, it eases both anxiety and depression for them. Transphobia creates both "stigma and discrimination" which has a negative affect on transgender youth. Around 78 percent of transgender students in grades K through 12 described various types of harassment from other students, teachers, or school staff. Transgender youth who had gone through conversion therapy had a markedly increased rate of suicide attempts compared to LGBT youth who did not experience this type of abuse.

Many transgender people have difficulty accessing health care. Transgender women "experience critical barriers to healthcare and significant health inequities due to their minoritized status." According to a 2008 study conducted by the National Center for Transgender Equality, around 19 percent of the respondents reported being refused care by healthcare professionals because they were transgender. A study in 2015 found that health insurance denied coverage of gender affirming surgery to 55% of transgender adults attempting to access that care. During the COVID-19 pandemic, transgender people were left out demographically because public health organizations rarely collect data on sexual or gender minorities (SGM).

Transgender and gender diverse people may also avoid accessing healthcare due to their "fear of mistreatment" and lack of provider knowledge. In 2011, a study found that medical students only receive on average five hours of "LGBT-related content" during their years in school. Transgender individuals accessing health care while in prison have "filed numerous lawsuits detailing substandard care and withholding of transition-related care." Biases and lack of education on transgender topics by healthcare providers often leads to transgender women not seeking health care, even if they have insurance. In other cases, family members have also blocked transgender individuals access to gender affirming care. Many transgender children hide their gender identities from their families due to "parent adopting transphobic and cisnormative beliefs and actions." Transgender patients may also avoid necessary health screenings because of their anxiety in dealing with reactions from healthcare providers who may be ignorant of transgender issues or may display transphobic tendencies. Because of many of these factors, many transgender adults seek access to hormones from non-licensed sources.

In some situations, transphobic campaigns can prevent anyone from accessing health care. During a targeted campaign against Boston Children's Hospital, patients were unable to reach providers by phone.

Transphobia in the United States can also lead to higher rates of unemployment and discrimination in the workplace. Transgender and gender diverse people have twice the unemployment rates in the US when compared to the general population. The National Center for Transgender Equality (NCTE) found in a 2015 survey that the unemployment rate for transgender people in the US was three times the rate of cisgender people. The same survey described that 15% of trans people who were employed faced various levels of harassment on the job, ranging from verbal to physical assault. Because many transgender people face employment discrimination, they are more likely to experience insecurity in housing. The NCTE survey found that almost 1/3 of transgender respondents experienced homelessness.

Transgender athletes face the reality that from one day to the next they may be prohibited from participating in their chosen activity. Ending a sports career can be damaging for an athlete's mental health. Framing the issue of trans women in sports as "biological males competing against girls" is how opponents both misgender and "deny the humanity of transgender girls."

Conservative American politicians have used transphobia to increase and mobilize their base of voters. Transphobic rhetoric among politicians and in the media has been successful in causing Americans to lessen their support for transgender people. After Donald Trump won the presidential race in November of 2024, it led to the Democratic Party to rethink their stance on transgender rights. As moderate and centrist Democratic politicians evaluated the 2024 electoral races, many believed that Democratic support for transgender issues may have cost them the election. Because the Republican Party ran so many anti-transgender attack ads, Democratic party supporters also blamed transgender people for their electoral losses in November of 2024. Casting blame on transgender people for losing the election puts them in harms' way and also spreads misinformation.

Effects on cisgender people

Cisgender people can experience the effects of transphobia. Human Rights Watch reported in 2001 that "many students are wrongly perceived as transgender, yet such persons are similarly subject to persecution." In August 2022, a school investigated a girl who "outclassed" the rest of her peers in a high school sporting event. The parents of the girls who placed second and third complained to the Utah High School Activities Association (UHSAA) where they "questioned the winner's gender." UHSAA investigated the girl, opening up her enrollment records back to kindergarten, all without informing the student or her family. States that have passed anti-transgender laws find that many cisgender athletes often become wrongly accused of being transgender.

In July 2023, a cisgender woman, Michelle Dionne Peacock, was allegedly murdered in Indiana by a transphobic man. Her killer believed that Peacock was "a male acting like a woman," and despite complaints that she was being harassed, "nothing was done." Cisgender women are at risk of transphobic violence if they do not conform to gender stereotypes. In situations where people with disabilities need care from someone of the opposite gender, their lives can be complicated by bathroom bills. In Odessa, Texas as of October 2024, any person who goes into a restroom that does not match their gender assigned at birth is subject to a $10,000 bounty, even if they are aiding a person with a disability.

Effects of violence and intimidation

Recently, hate violence has increased in the United States. The Human Rights Campaign (HRC) started to document acts of "fatal violence" against transgender and gender nonconforming people in the United States in 2013. The National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs found in 2013 that 72% of "hate-crime murder victims were trans women, and almost all were women of color." In 2015, 46% of transgender adults reported "oral harassment" and 9% reported that they had been assaulted. Most of the victims of this transphobic violence are Black gender non-conforming and trans women. Black transgender people are also more likely to face discrimination. In Chicago, fewer deaths of transgender women than homicides overall are solved by police. Transgender people are far more likely to be the victims of violent crime, as much as "four times more likely than cisgender people." Trans women are twice as likely than other trans people to experience sexual assault than other victims of violence.

Because of the threats of violence the Tenacious Unicorn Ranch has faced, they have security on their property. All staff carry guns and visitors are provided bulletproof vests.

Threats made against children's hospitals that provide gender affirming care affect a wide range of people. During a 2022 lockdown due to transphobic threats, a mother was unable to visit her newborn in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).

Hate crimes against LGBTQ students doubled across the country between 2015-2019 and again between 2021 and 2022. Overall, since 2021, the rates of violent and deadly incidents for transgender people has increased since groups began to track the numbers. In states that have passed anti-transgender legislation, the rise in hate crimes was even higher, according to The Washington Post.

The data being used to track hate crimes against transgender and non-gender conforming people is not consistently reported due to differences in the way that some cities in the United States categorize victims of these crimes. In addition, not every place reports hate crimes to the FBI.

Students, ranging from elementary to college, are reporting a recent increase in bullying for being part of the LGBTQ community or for being non-gender conforming. Young LGBTQ people face social stigma and often family rejection.

Transgender people also face violence in encounters with law enforcement. In a 2015 report, it was reported that in 58% of interactions between trans individuals and law enforcement there were various forms of harassment, ranging from misgendering, to violence or sexual assault.

Link to conspiracy theories

Many transphobic conspiracy theories share antisemitic themes. White nationalists believe that Jews and transgender people are jointly plotting to commit a "white genocide." Both groups are portrayed as "elites" which are "controlling society" and need to be removed from it by any means necessary. The Occidental Observer wrote that the transgender rights movement was a "form of Jewish warfare."

It is also possible to see how tactics that were historically used to spread antisemitism and hatred of Jews can also be applied to other groups, including transgender people. Using rhetoric designed to both dehumanize and cause fear for a small population allows right wing politicians to use transgender people as a scapegoat for larger societal problems.

In Canada and the United States in the early 2020s, several conservative and far-right media outlets and personalities promulgated the litter boxes in schools hoax, stating that some schools were providing litter boxes in bathrooms to students who identified as cats or furries, in response to several school districts enacting accommodations for transgender students. Many news outlets and academic researchers have debunked the litter box claims as false.

There has also been a recent attempt "to shift the blame to the trans community itself for the violence" enacted against them and others. Anti-transgender activists have also tried to claim that transgender people are becoming more violent because 10 mass shooters out of 4,400 in the last decade in the US have identified as transgender.

Misinformation about transgender people has been deliberately spread by various people in order to create a "Misinformation-Legislation Pipeline." Opinion pieces, and poorly researched and biased information are often used as the basis for targeted legislation banning gender-affirming care to transgender people. This type of false information is used by politicians to ban this type of care for transgender people, despite the lack of medical science backing the claim. Politicians are using any "currently available evidence" they can find to back their claims, despite lack of medical research behind the claims. Media and news outlets that are not careful about vetting medical evidence can help spread medical misinformation to the public.

Anti-transgender activists, such as Moms for Liberty, believe that schools and public institutions are actively indoctrinating minors to think they are transgender. Many of these activists use "parents' rights" as a way to prevent gender affirming care for their own children and others' children.

See also

• Anti-gender movement
• Bathroom bill
• Feminist views on transgender topics
• History of transgender people in the United States
• Homophobia
• Lavender scare
• Legal status of transgender people#United States
• LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
• LGBT rights in the United States
• Trans bashing
• Transgender military ban in the United States
• Transgender people and military service
• Transgender people in sports
• Transphobia
• Transphobia in Norway
• Transphobia in the United Kingdom

References

1. Cronn-Mills 2015, p. 60.
2. ^ Santhanam, Laura (2023-03-29). "Majority of Americans reject anti-trans bills, but support for this restriction is rising". PBS News. Retrieved 2024-07-19.
3. ^ McCarthy, Justin (May 26, 2021). "Mixed Views Among Americans on Transgender Issues". Gallup.com. Archived from the original on June 21, 2022. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
4. ^ Kliegman, Julie (July 6, 2022). "Understanding the Different Policies for Transgender Athletes". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on July 27, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
5. ^ "Judge tosses suit that sought to block transgender athletes". NBC News. April 26, 2021. Archived from the original on July 27, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
6. Church, Ben (2023-08-17). "FIDE bans transgender women from competing in women's chess events pending 'further analysis'". CNN. Retrieved 2023-11-16.
7. "Transgender swimmers barred from women's events". Al Jazeera. 2022-06-19. Archived from the original on 2022-06-20. Retrieved 2022-06-20.
8. Ingle, Sean (19 June 2022). "Transgender women swimmers barred from female competitions by Fina". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
9. ^ Barrow, Bill; Levy, Marc (2024-11-14). "Trump hammered Democrats on transgender issues. Now the party is at odds on a response". AP News. Retrieved 2024-11-19.
10. ^ "National Transgender Discrimination Survey: A Look at American Indian and Alaskan Native Respondents | A4TE". Advocates for Trans Equality. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
11. Montiel, Anya (23 June 2021). "LGBTQIA+ Pride and Two-Spirit People". Smithsonian Voices. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
12. ^ Schroth et al. 2018, p. 95.
13. Schroth et al. 2018, p. 111.
14. Schroth et al. 2018, p. 111-112.
15. Schroth et al. 2018, p. 104.
16. Schroth et al. 2018, p. 104-105.
17. Schroth et al. 2018, p. 105.
18. ^ "Ken Paxton Among AGs Suing USDA Over LGBTQ School Meal Directive". NBC 5 Dallas-Fort Worth. July 26, 2022. Archived from the original on July 26, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
19. "United States: Transgender People at Risk of Violence". Human Rights Watch. November 18, 2021. Archived from the original on July 22, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
20. King, Robert (July 25, 2022). "HHS proposes restoring transgender health protections stripped by Trump-era rule". Fierce Healthcare. Archived from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
21. "Office of the Governor | Governor Murphy Signs Executive Order Protecting Gender-Affirming Health Care in New Jersey". Official Site of the State of New Jersey. Archived from the original on 2023-05-10. Retrieved 2023-05-10.
22. ^ Cunningham, George B.; Garrison, Kelsey (2024). "Biases behind Transgender Athlete Bans Are Deeply Rooted". Gale Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection – via Gale in Context.
23. Thompson 2023, p. 959.
24. Rector, Kevin (2024-06-06). "Americans approve of LGBTQ+ people living as they wish, but their support drops for trans people, poll shows". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2024-06-10.
25. ^ Hinton, Alex (19 April 2023). "Two Myths Fueling the Conservative Right's Dangerous Transphobia". Sapiens. ProQuest 2804577068 – via ProQuest.
26. ^ Berlatsky, Noah (February 27, 2022). "How Texas' war on trans youth feels when you have a trans child". NBC News. Archived from the original on June 22, 2022. Retrieved June 22, 2022.
27. ^ Bella, Timothy (May 24, 2022). "State Farm drops support of LGBTQ kids books after conservative furor". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on May 25, 2022. Retrieved July 12, 2022.
28. Lockmiller 2023, p. 753.
29. Lockmiller 2023, p. 754-755.
30. ^ Lockmiller 2023, p. 754.
31. ^ LaMagdeleine, Izz Scott (August 4, 2021). "What is gender-affirming medical care for transgender children? Here's what you need to know". The Texas Tribune. Archived from the original on July 29, 2022. Retrieved July 29, 2022.
32. ^ Cerretani, Jessica (April 11, 2022). "Why gender-affirming care is good, evidence-based medicine". Boston Children's Answers. Archived from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
33. ^ Berman, Nora (2022-08-29). "Libs of Tiktok is fueling a pogrom against trans youth". The Forward. Archived from the original on 2022-09-30. Retrieved 2022-09-30.
34. Sultan, Reina (2022-09-30). "How Libs of TikTok Became an Anti-LGBTQ+ Hate Machine". Them. Archived from the original on 2022-09-30. Retrieved 2022-09-30.
35. ^ Currah, Paisley (2022-09-29). "To set transgender policy, look to the evidence". Nature. 609 (7929): 877. Bibcode:2022Natur.609..877C. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-03036-5. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 36167998. S2CID 252538587.
36. "Gender-Affirming Care Has a Long History in the US – And Not Just for Transgender People". Gale Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection. 2024 – via Gale in Context.
37. ^ Padgett, Donald (June 14, 2022). "Pro-Trump Candidate Calls for Executing Parents of LGBTQ+ Kids". Advocate. Archived from the original on August 18, 2022. Retrieved August 18, 2022.
38. Coon, Devin; Neira, Paula M.; Lau, Brandyn D. (July 2018). "Threats to United States Fully Reviewed and Strategic Plan for Integration of Transgender Military Members Into the Armed Forces". American Journal of Public Health. 108 (7): 892–894. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2018.304454. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 5993391. PMID 29874519.
39. Snyder, Julie; Green, Shannon N. (2017-07-27). "Divided We Fall: Why the Ban on Transgender Military Service Will Harm U.S. Security". Palmcenter.
40. Willis, Raquel (December 22, 2016). "A History of the Rise of Anti-Trans Legislation in the United States". Rewire News Group. Archived from the original on July 27, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
41. ^ Beemyn 2014, p. 26.
42. ^ Andrew Atterbury (28 July 2022). "Florida warns schools against following Biden's LGBTQ student protections". POLITICO. Archived from the original on August 4, 2022. Retrieved August 5, 2022.
43. "Where in the Bible does it say you can't be transgender? Nowhere". Washington Post.
44. ^ Robinson, Nathan J. (June 18, 2022). "Why Is the Right So Horrified By Drag Queens?". Current Affairs. ISSN 2471-2647. Retrieved August 5, 2022.
45. Gibbons, Lauren (June 15, 2022). "Nessel jokingly calls for 'drag queen for every school.' GOP not laughing". Bridge Michigan. Archived from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
46. Moncrieff, Michael; Lienard, Pierre (2017-05-16). "A Natural History of the Drag Queen Phenomenon". Evolutionary Psychology. 15 (2): 1474704917707591. doi:10.1177/1474704917707591. ISSN 1474-7049. PMC 10480946. PMID 28508722.
47. ^ Kline et al. 2022, p. 64.
48. Salamon 2018, p. 90.
49. Sosin, Kate (2023-12-12). "How a failed anti-trans bill in South Dakota changed everything for Indigenous queer people". The 19th. Retrieved 2024-03-05.
50. ^ Krutzsch, Brett (2022-10-06). "Two-Spirit Indigenous Peoples Building on Legacies of Gender Variance". The Revealer. Retrieved 2024-03-05.
51. Moroles 2024, p. 100.
52. ^ Lockmiller 2023, p. 751.
53. ^ Alfonseca, Kiara (20 November 2023). "'Epidemic' of anti-transgender violence highlighted in new report". ABC News. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
54. ^ Shelley 2008, p. 22.
55. Miranda 2010, p. 256.
56. Miranda 2010, p. 263.
57. Shelley 2008, p. 24.
58. Ftacek 2021, p. 490-491.
59. ^ Ftacek 2021, p. 492.
60. Schroth et al. 2018, p. 95-96.
61. ^ MacKenzie 1994, p. 27.
62. MacKenzie 1994, p. 31.
63. ^ MacKenzie 1994, p. 31-32.
64. ^ MacKenzie 1994, p. 58.
65. ^ "Opinion | Milestones in the American Transgender Movement". The New York Times. May 18, 2015. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 6, 2022.
66. MacKenzie 1994, p. 58-59.
67. ^ Wills, Matthew (October 1, 2020). "A History of Transphobia in the Medical Establishment". JSTOR Daily. Archived from the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
68. ^ Beemyn 2014, p. 23.
69. ^ Beemyn 2014, p. 24.
70. ^ Greenesmith, Heron (April 2021). "Antisemitism Meets Transphobia". Progressive. 85 (2): 40–41. Archived from the original on 2022-06-22. Retrieved 2022-06-22 – via EBSCOhost.
71. ^ Beemyn 2014, p. 25.
72. MacKenzie 1994, p. 19.
73. MacKenzie 1994, p. 23.
74. ^ MacKenzie 1994, p. 57.
75. ^ Beemyn 2014, p. 28.
76. ^ Beemyn 2014, p. 29.
77. Worthen, Meredith (December 8, 2015). "Brandon Teena". Biography. Archived from the original on August 19, 2022. Retrieved August 18, 2022.
78. ^ Cronn-Mills 2015, p. 61.
79. ^ Cronn-Mills 2015, p. 55.
80. ^ Natividad, Ivan (June 25, 2021). "Why is anti-trans violence on the rise in America?". Berkeley News. Archived from the original on July 29, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
81. ^ Weiss, Jillian (2011-10-01). "Reflective Paper: GL Versus BT: The Archaeology of Biphobia and Transphobia Within the U.S. Gay and Lesbian Community". Journal of Bisexuality. 11 (4): 498–502. doi:10.1080/15299716.2011.620848. ISSN 1529-9716. S2CID 145289271. Archived from the original on 2022-09-26. Retrieved 2022-09-26.
82. ^ Pomeranz, Jennifer L. (January 2018). "Challenging and Preventing Policies That Prohibit Local Civil Rights Protections for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer People". American Journal of Public Health. 108 (1): 67–72. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2017.304116. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 5719684. PMID 29161074.
83. Lopez, German (May 18, 2016). "Women are getting harassed in bathrooms because of anti-transgender hysteria". Vox. Archived from the original on June 23, 2022. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
84. ^ Charles, Carl (May 20, 2016). "Transphobia Hurts Us All, Especially Trans Women". American Civil Liberties Union. Archived from the original on June 23, 2022. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
85. Avery, Dan (December 8, 2020). "LGBTQ rights fight reignited 4 years after N.C.'s 'bathroom bill' controversy". NBC News. Archived from the original on July 27, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
86. Joshua, Block (September 16, 2016). "A New Front in the Religious Right's Fight Against Transgender People". American Civil Liberties Union. Archived from the original on July 10, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
87. Schroth et al. 2018, p. 113.
88. ^ "The Scale of Transphobia Online". Brandwatch. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
89. ^ Kliegman, Julie (June 30, 2020). "Idaho Banned Trans Athletes From Women's Sports. She's Fighting Back". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on July 27, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
90. ^ Mitchell, Chelsea (July 11, 2022). "I Was the Fastest Girl in Connecticut. But Transgender Athletes Made it an Unfair Fight". Alliance Defending Freedom. Archived from the original on July 19, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
91. ^ Kindy, Kimberly (March 25, 2022). "GOP lawmakers push historic wave of bills targeting rights of LGBTQ teens, children and their families". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
92. ^ Pittman, Ashton (March 25, 2022). "Ex-GOP Gov Candidate Calls For 'Firing Squad' For Trans Rights Supporters". Mississippi Free Press. Archived from the original on August 16, 2022. Retrieved August 17, 2022.
93. Strubinger, Lee (March 29, 2021). "South Dakota Governor Bans Transgender Girls From Sports Teams By Executive Order". NPR. Archived from the original on July 27, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
94. Bruner, Raisa (April 9, 2021). "In Arkansas, Trans Youth Face the Country's Strictest Laws Yet". Time. Archived from the original on July 27, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
95. "Alabama lawmakers advance transgender students bathroom ban". NPR. February 23, 2022. Archived from the original on June 22, 2022. Retrieved June 22, 2022.
96. Branigin, Anne (April 19, 2022). "For Ala. families with trans kids, a countdown to decide their futures". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on April 23, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
97. ^ Migdon, Brooke (June 29, 2022). "In appeal, Alabama says access to gender-affirming care not 'deeply rooted in our nation's history'". The Hill. Archived from the original on August 19, 2022. Retrieved August 19, 2022.
98. Mayer, Emma (March 28, 2022). "What does the Don't Say Gay Bill mean? Controversial DeSantis law explained". Newsweek. Archived from the original on July 12, 2022. Retrieved July 12, 2022.
99. Stitt, J. Kevin (8 November 2021). "Executive Order 2021-24" (PDF). State of Oklahoma. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
100. Berg-Brousseau, Henry (February 18, 2022). "Bill Attacking Transgender Youth Threatens to Unravel Iowa's Progress Towards Equality". Human Rights Campaign. Archived from the original on June 22, 2022. Retrieved June 22, 2022.
101. Ghorayshi, Azeen (February 23, 2022). "Texas Governor Pushes to Investigate Medical Treatments for Trans Youth as 'Child Abuse'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 18, 2022. Retrieved June 22, 2022.
102. ^ Murney, Michael (2022-12-14). "Report: Ken Paxton's office requested comprehensive list of trans Texans". Chron. Archived from the original on 2022-12-14. Retrieved 2022-12-14.
103. ^ Dey, Sneha (2022-03-01). "Texas investigates parents of transgender teen, prompting the ACLU to sue". The Texas Tribune. Archived from the original on 2022-09-26. Retrieved 2022-09-26.
104. ^ "Texas Is Barred by Judge From Probing Trans Kids' Families (2)". Bloomberg Law. June 10, 2022. Archived from the original on July 27, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
105. ^ Svitek, Patrick (2022-03-09). "Fighting care for transgender kids shifts from a fringe issue to a litmus test for Texas Republicans". The Texas Tribune. Archived from the original on 2022-09-26. Retrieved 2022-09-26.
106. Klibanoff, Eleanor (2022-03-09). "Parents of a trans child who reached out to Attorney General Ken Paxton over dinner are now under investigation for child abuse". The Texas Tribune. Archived from the original on 2022-09-25. Retrieved 2022-09-26.
107. Ernst, Sara Willa (April 26, 2022). "Trans kids and their families are leaving Texas amid state efforts to charge parents with child abuse". Houston Public Media. Archived from the original on July 27, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
108. Yurcaba, Jo (April 11, 2022). "More Texas families with trans kids plan to flee the state". NBC News. Archived from the original on July 27, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
109. Yarvis, Olivia (2022-08-22). "Watch: With a "feeling of betrayal," one family flees Texas in search of safer climate for their transgender daughter". The Texas Tribune. Archived from the original on 2022-09-25. Retrieved 2022-09-26.
110. Broussard, Kailey (2024-11-08). "AG Ken Paxton sues third doctor for allegedly providing gender-affirming care to minors". KERA News. Retrieved 2024-11-20.
111. ^ Fox, Madeline (June 3, 2022). "Kiel School Board closes Title IX investigation over wrong pronouns that prompted threats of violence". Wisconsin Public Radio. Archived from the original on June 29, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
112. Redman, Henry (June 3, 2022). "Bomb threats end harassment investigation into student's misgendering, WILL celebrates win". Wisconsin Examiner. Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
113. Murney, Michael (June 21, 2022). "Texas GOP platform calls homosexuality 'an abnormal lifestyle choice,' endorses trans medical care bans for young people". Chron. Archived from the original on June 21, 2022. Retrieved June 22, 2022.
114. Sessions, Kennedy (June 7, 2022). "Texas GOP: Drag Shows Are Hurting Children, Not Guns". Texas Signal. Archived from the original on August 5, 2022. Retrieved August 5, 2022.
115. Oosting, Jonathan (June 30, 2022). "Michigan Republicans want penalties for school drag shows, can't cite example". Bridge Michigan. Archived from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
116. Caputo, Marc (June 2, 2022). "DeSantis moves to ban transition care for transgender youths, Medicaid recipients". NBC News. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
117. Michael, Jason A. (June 24, 2022). "Could Transphobic Ohio-Style Genital Inspections Become Law in Michigan, Too?". Pride Source. Archived from the original on July 29, 2022. Retrieved July 29, 2022.
118. Brooks, Emily (July 13, 2022). "House GOP embraces attack on trans athletes in women's sports". The Hill. Archived from the original on August 19, 2022. Retrieved August 19, 2022.
119. ^ Yurcaba, Jo (July 28, 2022). "Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis files complaint over a Miami drag show". NBC News. Archived from the original on August 5, 2022. Retrieved August 5, 2022.
120. ^ Migdon, Brooke; Brooks, Emily (August 19, 2022). "Marjorie Taylor Greene introduces bill to make gender-affirming care for transgender youth a felony". The Hill. Archived from the original on August 19, 2022. Retrieved August 19, 2022.
121. ^ Yang, Maya (2022-09-25). "Louisiana school turned 'college fair' into transphobic church event, students say". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2022-09-26. Retrieved 2022-09-26.
122. ^ Kless, Troy (December 7, 2022). "Community groups condemn alleged mistreatment of trans woman by BCSO". kens5.com. Archived from the original on 2022-12-22. Retrieved 2022-12-22.
123. ^ Nelson, Rebekah (7 March 2023). "Florida legislature has multiple bills impacting transgender, LGBTQ+ rights". ABC Action News. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
124. "Monarch High School fined and reprimanded in transgender student-athlete controversy". NBC 6 South Florida. 2023-12-12. Retrieved 2024-06-10.
125. "Over 120 Bills Restricting LGBTQ Rights Introduced Nationwide in 2023 So Far". ACLU. 19 January 2023. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
126. Daly, Michael (2023-03-03). "Picture of Transphobic, Cross-Dressing Governor Destined for Billboards". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 2023-03-07. Retrieved 2023-03-07.
127. Marcus, Josh (6 March 2023). "Florida Republicans propose 'fascist' bill to remove trans kids from parents' custody". Yahoo Life. Archived from the original on 2023-03-07. Retrieved 2023-03-07.
128. ^ Krauth, Olivia (29 March 2023). "Despite emotional pleas, one of country's strictest anti-trans bills becomes law in Kentucky". USA TODAY. Archived from the original on 2023-03-31. Retrieved 2023-03-31.
129. Hanson, Amy Beth (2023-04-28). "After removing trans lawmaker, Montana becomes latest state to ban gender-affirming care for minors". PBS NewsHour. Archived from the original on 2023-05-09. Retrieved 2023-05-10.
130. Boone, Rebecca (2023-04-05). "Idaho to ban gender-affirming care for transgender youth". AP NEWS. Archived from the original on 2023-05-10. Retrieved 2023-05-10.
131. Kellogg, Sarah; Rosenbaum, Jason (2023-05-10). "Missouri legislature passes restrictions on transgender health care and sports participation". STLPR. Archived from the original on 2023-05-10. Retrieved 2023-05-10.
132. Murphy, Sean (2023-05-02). "Oklahoma governor signs gender-affirming care ban for kids". AP News. Retrieved 2024-02-20.
133. Baska, Maggie (2023-05-04). "Texas police 'violently arrest' trans people protesting life-threatening bill". PinkNews. Archived from the original on 2023-05-10. Retrieved 2023-05-10.
134. Charron, Cate (4 May 2023). "Indiana school pronoun bill signed into law amid worries it'll 'out' transgender kids". The Indianapolis Star. Archived from the original on 2023-05-04. Retrieved 2023-05-10.
135. "North Dakota governor outlaws pronoun policies in schools". www.cbsnews.com. 8 May 2023. Archived from the original on 2023-05-09. Retrieved 2023-05-10.
136. Dunlap, Miranda (2023-08-29). "Katy ISD board, undeterred by backlash, passes gender identity, student bathroom policy". Houston Landing. Retrieved 2024-03-14.
137. Dunlap, Miranda (2024-03-14). "'This school district has failed him': Trans Katy teen drops out after gender policy passes". The Texas Tribune. Retrieved 2024-03-14.
138. Adamczeski, Ryan (27 February 2024). "Texas Gov. Greg Abbott tells UN to 'go pound sand'". Advocate.com. Retrieved 2024-02-28.
139. Mayer, Chloe (2024-02-26). "Greg Abbott says UN can "go pound sand" after LGBTQ+ backlash". Newsweek. Retrieved 2024-02-28.
140. Blakeman, Bruce A. (2024). Executive Order - Number 2 (An Executive Order for Fairness for Women and Girls in Sports).
141. ^ Migdon, Brooke (2024-04-04). "Judge denies New York county executive request to block AG order to rescind transgender athlete ban". The Hill. Retrieved 2024-04-05.
142. ^ Trau, Morgan (2024-01-19). "Ohio counties pick and choose trans candidates, leading to uneven application of law". News 5 Cleveland WEWS. Retrieved 2024-04-05.
143. "Ohio trans candidates spur Democratic bill to protect them, GOP bill they say unfairly targets them". News 5 Cleveland WEWS. 2024-04-04. Retrieved 2024-04-05.
144. ^ Beck, Margery A. (2024-05-24). "Pronouns and tribal affiliations are now forbidden in South Dakota public university employee emails". AP News. Retrieved 2024-06-02.
145. Kanakia, Naomi (2024-04-07). ""Wait Until You're Older"". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 2024-11-20.
146. Rummler, Orion (2024-01-24). "More states are pushing to stop legally recognizing trans people in public life". The 19th. Retrieved 2024-11-20.
147. Clark, Kyle (2024-05-23). "Colorado GOP calls for all children to be pulled from public schools". Colorado Politics. Retrieved 2024-06-02.
148. ^ Wiggins, Christopher (23 May 2024). "Colorado GOP sends bigoted email about schools & trans kids". Advocate. Retrieved 2024-06-02.
149. Schoening, Darcy (2024). "Will You Stand for Free Speech and Children?". Colorado GOP. Retrieved 2024-06-02.
150. ^ Wagner, Bayliss; Kepner, Lily (3 June 2024). "Texas professors sue Biden administration over new Title IX abortion, gender identity rules". USA Today. Retrieved 2024-06-13.
151. Wiggins, Christopher (2024-06-13). "Anti-LGBTQ+ Texas judge rules against Biden's Title IX protections for transgender students". The Advocate. Retrieved 2024-06-13 – via Yahoo! News.
152. ^ Kushwaha, Brooke (28 June 2024). "GOP Cheers Texas Supreme Court Decision Upholding Gender-Affirming Health Care Ban". Chron. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
153. Lebowitz, Megan (2024-07-16). "Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric plays a prominent role in first night of RNC". NBC News. Retrieved 2024-07-19.
154. ^ Sosin, Kate; Rodriguez, Barbara (2024-07-19). "At the RNC, a party that called for unity also verbally attacked trans people". The 19th. Retrieved 2024-07-19.
155. Ring, Trudy (21 June 2024). "What is Project 2025 and what does it mean for LGBTQ Americans?". Advocate. Retrieved 2024-07-19.
156. ^ "Project 2025's Sweeping Anti-LGBTQ+ Policies Would Roll Back the Clock on LGBTQ+ Equity Advancements" (PDF). Accountable.US. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
157. ^ Lazine, Mira (28 October 2024). "City puts $10,000 bounty of trans people's heads if they use a public restroom". LGBTQ Nation. Retrieved 19 November 2024.
158. ^ Sprayregen, Molly (17 November 2024). "City that placed $10,000 bounty on trans people who use public restrooms makes law even worse". LGBTQ Nation. Retrieved 19 November 2024.
159. ^ Wiggins, Christopher (7 November 2024). "MSNBC's 'Morning Joe' blames trans folks for Trump's victory". Advocate. Retrieved 2024-11-19.
160. Migdon, Brooke (2024-10-30). "These are unwilling faces of Republican anti-trans ads". The Hill. Retrieved 2024-11-20.
161. Brooke Migdon, Mychael Schnell (2024-11-18). "Nancy Mace introduces bill to bar trans women from Capitol restrooms". The Hill. Retrieved 2024-11-19.
162. ^ Byrd, Caitlin (2024-12-01). "Nancy Mace said she was pro-transgender rights. Now she's the face of bathroom politics. Why?". Post and Courier. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
163. Byrd, Caitlin (2024-11-19). "Nancy Mace pushes DC bathroom rules, says first trans member of Congress 'doesn't get a say'". Post and Courier. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
164. McShane, Julianne. "House Speaker Johnson announces transgender bathroom ban—on Trans Day of Remembrance". Mother Jones. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
165. ^ Leo, John (March 3, 2001). "Change Treatment - Not Gender". Daily News. p. 17. Archived from the original on August 16, 2022. Retrieved August 16, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
166. ^ Compton, Julie (November 22, 2019). "'Frightening' online transphobia has real-life consequences, advocates say". NBC News. Archived from the original on July 11, 2022. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
167. Fitzsimons, Tim (September 27, 2019). "A viral fake news story linked trans health care to 'thousands' of deaths". NBC News. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
168. "Westboro Baptist protests Morehouse over transgender policy". Fox News. May 20, 2019. Archived from the original on July 27, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
169. Shoaib, Alia (July 11, 2021). "Transphobic abuse hurled at Caitlyn Jenner at CPAC conference, called a 'sick freak' and deadnamed". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on August 20, 2022. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
170. ^ Taft, Molly (2022-02-09). "The Environmental Movement Isn't Ready for Transphobia". Gizmodo. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
171. Vaziri, Aidin (July 7, 2022). "Dave Chappelle defends jokes about transgender people in surprise Netflix special". Datebook | San Francisco Arts & Entertainment Guide. Archived from the original on August 21, 2022. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
172. Romano, Aja (October 23, 2021). "What Dave Chappelle gets wrong about trans people and comedy". Vox. Archived from the original on August 21, 2022. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
173. Ramos, John (July 26, 2022). "Transgender community, supporters protest Dave Chappelle show in Santa Rosa". CBS Bay Area. Archived from the original on August 20, 2022. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
174. ^ Kimball, Whitney (2021-10-18). "Netflix Employees Protesting Transphobia Present Their Demands Ahead of Walkout". Gizmodo. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
175. ^ Carras, Christi (2021-10-20). "Protesters demand accountability from Netflix after Chappelle backlash spurs walkout". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
176. Li, David K. (June 13, 2022). "Fox Sports doesn't show 'Jeopardy' champ Amy Schneider throwing out first pitch". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on June 21, 2022. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
177. ^ Furdyk, Brent (June 19, 2022). "'Jeopardy!' Champ Amy Schneider Threw Out The First Pitch At Giants Game For Pride Day, But Fans Wonder Why It Didn't Air On TV". ET Canada. Archived from the original on June 22, 2022. Retrieved June 22, 2022.
178. Traina, Jimmy (June 15, 2022). "Fox Sports Has Only Itself to Blame for Amy Schneider First Pitch Controversy". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on June 22, 2022. Retrieved June 22, 2022.
179. Pitcher, Laura (2024-02-12). "The Trans Skaters of America's Growing Queer Skate Scene". The Cut. Retrieved 2024-03-06.
180. Rafter, Darcy (2022-06-02). "Matt Walsh's 'What Is A Woman?' doc kicks off Pride Month". HITC. Archived from the original on 2022-06-02. Retrieved 2022-06-02.
181. Migdon, Brooke (2021-12-09). "Amazon bestseller compares being trans to pretending to be a walrus". The Hill. Archived from the original on 2021-12-10. Retrieved 2021-12-10.
182. Bollinger, Alex (2022-06-07). "Fox News audaciously claims to 'celebrate Pride Month' as its coverage attacks LGBTQ people". LGBTQ Nation. Archived from the original on 2022-12-06. Retrieved 2022-12-06.
183. ^ Reyes, Yacob (August 12, 2022). "PolitiFact - No, Boston Children's Hospital doesn't provide hysterectomies for children". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
184. Quinlan Houghtaling, Ellie (2022-09-21). "Vanderbilt Medical Clinic Shuts Down Its Website After Transphobic Attacks". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 2022-10-05. Retrieved 2022-10-13.
185. ^ Knox, Luke (2022-09-22). "Right-Wing Posts Target Trans Health Clinic at Vanderbilt". Inside Higher Ed. Archived from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2022-10-13.
186. ^ Knox, Liam (2022-09-26). "Attack on Vanderbilt Clinic Has Ripple Effects". Inside Higher Ed. Archived from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2022-10-13.
187. Stockard, Sam; Wadhwani, Anita (22 September 2022). "Republican lawmakers plan to strip Vanderbilt Hospital of child transgender surgeries". Tennessee Lookout. Archived from the original on 2022-10-12. Retrieved 2022-10-13.
188. Gira Grant, Melissa (2022-09-28). "Doxxed Doctors, Library Bomb Threats, and Attacks on Pride Centers: A Week in Escalating Anti-LGBTQ Violence". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Archived from the original on 2022-10-14. Retrieved 2022-10-13.
189. ^ Smithson, Daniel (13 June 2024). "Vanderbilt hospital 'betrayed' transgender patients when releasing records during AG's probe, report says". WSMV Nashville. Retrieved 2024-06-13.
190. Gluck, Frank; Friedman, Adam; Shoup, Craig (2022-10-21). "GOP legislative leaders say they'll introduce ban to end gender-affirming care for minors in Tennessee". The Tennessean. Retrieved 2022-10-22.
191. West, Emily (2022-10-21). "Thousands rally near State Capitol to end medical care for transgender kids". News Channel 5 Nashville (WTVF). Archived from the original on 2022-10-21. Retrieved 2022-10-22.
192. DeMillo, Andrew (2023-04-04). "Transgender people face rhetoric and disinformation after shooting, amid new legislation". KCRA. Retrieved 2023-05-10.
193. Allen, Jonathan (2023-03-31). "Trans Tennesseans face backlash after school shooting". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2023-05-11. Retrieved 2023-05-11.
194. ^ Pekios, Craig (2023-04-27). "Trans Fighter Alana McLaughlin Responds to Jake Shields' Calls for Execution of Transgender Allies". MiddleEasy. Archived from the original on 2023-05-10. Retrieved 2023-05-10.
195. ^ Dura, Jack (6 June 2024). "Judge won't block North Dakota's ban on gender-affirming care for children". The Associated Press. Retrieved 2024-06-10.
196. Stewart, Emily (April 12, 2023). "The Bud Light boycott, explained as much as is possible". Vox. Archived from the original on April 26, 2023. Retrieved April 27, 2023.
197. "Target's Pride collection features 'tuck-friendly' swimsuits for adults, not kids". Associated Press. 25 May 2023. Archived from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
198. "Brands Embracing Pride Month Confront a Volatile Political Climate". New York Times. 25 May 2023. Archived from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
199. "Target giving in to conservative pressure on Pride is not a great sign". Vox. 25 May 2023. Archived from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
200. ^ Wulfsohn, Joseph (2023-07-14). "Former gymnastics champ Jennifer Sey laughs at Megan Rapinoe's comments on trans athletes: 'Denying reality'". Fox News. Retrieved 2024-04-05.
201. ^ Danziger, Pamela N. (25 March 2024). "Ex-Levi's President Jennifer Sey Launches XX-XY Athletics For Women's Sports". Forbes. Retrieved 2024-04-05.
202. ^ Gingerich, Mia (2024-04-03). "San Fransicko author Michael Shellenberger laid out a plan to attack the scientific consensus behind gender-affirming care. Some mainstream outlets took the bait". Media Matters for America. Retrieved 2024-04-05.
203. Ho, Soleil (20 November 2023). "Michael Shellenberger is one of the most influential writers in S.F. Here's what he says about trans people". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2024-04-05.
204. Lavietes, Matt (2024-05-21). "Transgender teen booed after winning girls' track race at state championship". NBC News. Retrieved 2024-06-02.
205. Travis, Scott (2024-06-04). "Mom of Florida transgender athlete is recommended for firing". Yahoo News. Retrieved 2024-06-10.
206. ^ Bahari, Sarah (2024-05-15). "Fort Worth women's club admitted a transgender woman, resignations followed". Dallas News. Retrieved 2024-06-13.
207. ^ Lavietes, Matt; Sopelsa, Brooke (2024-03-29). "Best Buy offers to screen LGBTQ nonprofit donations after conservative pressure, filing shows". NBC News. Retrieved 2024-04-05.
208. Negron, Sage (2024-06-12). "NICKMERCS doubles down months after accusations of transphobia: 'I've said my piece'". Dot Esports. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
209. Power, Shannon (2024-04-10). "Transgender teen denied entry to prom for wearing dress". Newsweek. Retrieved 2024-11-20.
210. Sprayregen, Molly (11 April 2024). "Right-wingers claim trans women have unfair advantage in hot dog-eating contests". Retrieved 20 November 2024.
211. Hudson, David (7 November 2024). "Caitlyn Jenner praises Trump's victory and is rewarded with MAGA transphobia in return". Into. Retrieved 20 November 2024.
212. ^ Fraley, Malaika (2016-10-14). "Gwen Araujo murder 14 years later: Transgender teen's killers face parole". The Mercury News. Archived from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2022-10-04.
213. Salamon 2018, p. 1, 10.
214. Salamon 2018, p. 139.
215. Cronn-Mills 2015, p. 63-64.
216. ^ Cronn-Mills 2015, p. 64.
217. ^ Roth, Emma (September 4, 2022). "Cloudflare blocks Kiwi Farms due to an 'immediate threat to human life'". The Verge. Archived from the original on September 4, 2022. Retrieved September 6, 2022.
218. Pless, Margaret (July 19, 2016). "Kiwi Farms, the Web's Biggest Community of Stalkers". Intelligencer. Archived from the original on August 31, 2022. Retrieved September 6, 2022.
219. Menn, Joseph; Lorenz, Taylor (September 3, 2022). "Under pressure, security firm Cloudflare drops Kiwi Farms website". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on September 4, 2022. Retrieved September 6, 2022.
220. "The Brilliant SNES Emulator Author Known As Near Has Died". Kotaku. June 27, 2021. Archived from the original on June 27, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2022.
221. "A National Epidemic: Fatal Anti-Transgender Violence in America". Human Rights Campaign. Archived from the original on July 25, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
222. ^ Madeleine, Carlisle (December 30, 2021). "Anti-Trans Violence and Rhetoric Reached Record Highs Across America in 2021". Time. Archived from the original on July 27, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
223. Truesdell, Jeff (16 February 2021). "Transgender Woman Is Killed in 'Vicious and Violent Attack' in Her Miami Apartment". People. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
224. Harper, Karen Brooks (2021-11-20). "Dallas health care program for transgender kids formally dissolved after becoming target of conservative criticism". The Texas Tribune. Archived from the original on 2022-09-26. Retrieved 2022-09-26.
225. ^ Zitser, Joshua (August 19, 2022). "How the trans alpaca ranchers of Custer County, Colorado, are forging a new frontier". Business Insider. Archived from the original on September 10, 2022. Retrieved September 6, 2022.
226. Berlin, Samantha (June 14, 2022). "Alleged Proud Boys threaten violence outside drag brunch in bodycam video". Newsweek. Archived from the original on August 5, 2022. Retrieved August 5, 2022.
227. ^ Bellware, Kim (June 13, 2022). "Proud Boys Disrupt Drag-Queen Reading Event, Prompting Hate-Crime Probe". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 6, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
228. "UpRising Bakery Drag Show: Man charged with vandalizing cafe that planned to host drag performance". FOX 32 Chicago. July 23, 2022. Archived from the original on August 5, 2022. Retrieved August 5, 2022.
229. ^ Hajdenberg, Jackie (July 8, 2022). "Jewish summer camp suffers 'social media offensive' over trans inclusion". J. Archived from the original on August 19, 2022. Retrieved August 19, 2022.
230. Jayanth, Amber (2022-07-08). "Transgender Butler County man says group beat him up over restroom use". fox19.com. Archived from the original on 2022-07-14. Retrieved 2022-07-14.
231. Sobey, Rick (August 17, 2022). "Boston Children's Hospital doctors facing violent threats after far-right groups spread 'misinformation'". Boston Herald. Archived from the original on August 17, 2022. Retrieved August 17, 2022.
232. ^ Bebinger, Martha (August 17, 2022). "Boston Children's Hospital deluged in harassment campaign". www.wbur.org. Archived from the original on August 17, 2022. Retrieved August 17, 2022.
233. ^ Jamison, Peter (August 27, 2022). "Children's hospital threatened after Libs of TikTok recording on trans hysterectomies". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on August 31, 2022. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
234. "Meta and Twitter Refuse Action on 'Libs of TikTok' Posts As Doctors and Staff of Boston Children's Hospital Receive Death Threats". GLAAD. August 19, 2022. Archived from the original on September 15, 2022. Retrieved August 19, 2022.
235. Venhuizen, Harm (August 27, 2022). "D.C. Children's Hospital Harassed Over Trans Youth Services". US News Online. Archived from the original on September 3, 2022. Retrieved September 3, 2022 – via EBSCOhost.
236. DiGiammerino, Thea (10 September 2022). "New Threat Brings Police to Boston Children's Hospital". NBC Boston. Archived from the original on 2022-09-20. Retrieved 2022-09-20.
237. Cotter, Sean Philip (2022-09-15). "Woman arrested in Boston Children's Hospital bomb threat, FBI says". Boston Herald. Archived from the original on 2022-09-20. Retrieved 2022-09-20.
238. Zadronzny, Brandy; Collins, Ben; Winter, Tom (15 September 2022). "FBI charges Massachusetts woman with Boston Children's Hospital bomb threat". NBC News. Archived from the original on 2022-09-20. Retrieved 2022-09-20.
239. Maher, Emily (2022-09-18). "Tensions high during demonstrations outside Children's Hospital". WCVB. Archived from the original on 2022-09-19. Retrieved 2022-09-20.
240. Sudborough, Susannah (18 September 2022). "Fewer than 10 anti-trans protesters met by 100s of counter-protesters at Boston Children's Hospital". Boston.com. Archived from the original on 2022-09-19. Retrieved 2022-09-20.
241. Zokovitch, Grace (2022-09-18). "Counter protestors amass around anti-transgender rally at Boston Children's Hospital". Boston Herald. Archived from the original on 2022-09-19. Retrieved 2022-09-20.
242. "Groups Urge DOJ to Investigate Transgender Care Attacks". www.medpagetoday.com. 2022-10-03. Archived from the original on 2022-10-15. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
243. Billson, Chantelle (2022-10-31). "Cis woman harassed by 'transphobe' who followed her into female toilet because she has short hair". PinkNews. Archived from the original on 2022-11-03. Retrieved 2022-11-03.
244. Billson, Chantelle (2022-11-01). "Cis woman opens up about being harassed in female toilet because bigot thought she was trans". PinkNews. Archived from the original on 2022-11-03. Retrieved 2022-11-03.
245. ^ Hicks, Catherine (2022-11-21). "Club Q: Shooting before Transgender Remembrance Day". FOX21 News Colorado. Archived from the original on 2022-12-14. Retrieved 2022-12-14.
246. Woodward, Alex (14 December 2022). "Club Q mass shooting survivors testify to Congress against anti-LGBT+ violence: 'We are being slaughtered'". MSN. Archived from the original on 2022-12-14. Retrieved 2022-12-14.
247. Breaux, Collin (2022-12-09). "Sheriff's Department Investigates Anti-LGBTQ Bomb Threats Made Against Capo Unified School District". The Capistrano Dispatch. Archived from the original on 2023-03-31. Retrieved 2023-03-31.
248. "CPAC speaker sparks alarm with call for trans people to be 'eradicated'". The Independent. 2023-03-04. Archived from the original on 2023-03-04. Retrieved 2023-03-05.
249. Hawkinson, Katie (2023-03-04). "Michael Knowles Says Transgenderism Must Be 'Eradicated' at CPAC". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 2023-03-05. Retrieved 2023-03-05.
250. "Oklahoma banned trans students from bathrooms. Now a bullied student is dead". The Independent. 2024-02-20. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
251. Robertson, Nick (February 12, 2024). "Trans women should be arrested over bathroom use: NC Gov candidate Mark Robinson". The Hill. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
252. Edwards, Jonathan (February 12, 2024). "Trans women should be arrested over bathroom use, N.C. gubernatorial candidate says". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
253. "Non-binary teen beaten to death at Oklahoma high school". Dallas Voice. 2024-02-20. Retrieved 2024-02-20.
254. ^ Wiggins, Christopher (20 February 2024). "Oklahoma transgender student dies after assault at school". Advocate. Retrieved 2024-02-20.
255. ^ Duster, Chandelis (2024-06-07). "Father of transgender teen attacked in school says attackers should face criminal charges". CNN. Retrieved 2024-06-13.
256. ^ Rissman, Kelly (2024-11-18). "Crowd cheered as two transgender women were attacked in Minneapolis, advocates say". The Independent. Retrieved 2024-11-19.
257. Roehr, Bob (7 April 2016). "How to Shift Anti-Transgender Attitudes". Scientific American. Retrieved 2024-07-19.
258. ^ Arayasirikul, Sean; Wilson, Erin C.; Raymond, Henry F. (September 2017). "Examining the Effects of Transphobic Discrimination and Race on HIV Risk Among Transwomen in San Francisco". AIDS and Behavior. 21 (9): 2628–2633. doi:10.1007/s10461-017-1728-3. ISSN 1090-7165. PMC 5563490. PMID 28220311.
259. "Victim Issues: Internalized Transphobia and Shame | Responding to Transgender Victims of Sexual Assault". Office for Victims of Crime. Archived from the original on December 25, 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2022.
260. Dismantling a Culture of Violence: Understanding Anti-Transgender Violence and Ending the Crisis (PDF). Human Rights Campaign Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-08-08. Retrieved 2022-07-29.
261. ^ Kinney, M. Killian; Pearson, Taylor E.; Ralston Aoki, Julie (2022). "Improving "Life Chances": Surveying the Anti-Transgender Backlash, and Offering a Transgender Equity Impact Assessment Tool for Policy Analysis". The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 50 (3): 489–508. doi:10.1017/jme.2022.89. ISSN 1073-1105. PMC 9679585. PMID 36398638.
262. ^ Munce, Megan (May 24, 2021). "Texas GOP's bills targeting transgender children have exacted a mental health toll, even if they don't become law". The Texas Tribune. Archived from the original on July 29, 2022. Retrieved July 29, 2022.
263. Owen, Greg (9 September 2022). "Trans students in Oklahoma are suing the state over its transphobic "bathroom bill"". LGBTQ Nation. Archived from the original on 2022-10-03. Retrieved 2022-10-04.
264. ^ Jimenez 2023, p. 140.
265. Jimenez 2023, p. 141.
266. Jimenez 2023, p. 143.
267. Loeb et al. 2024, p. 2.
268. Cronn-Mills 2015, p. 51.
269. Sell & Krims 2021, p. 1621.
270. Stroumsa, Daphna; Shires, Deirdre A; Richardson, Caroline R; Jaffee, Kim D; Woodford, Michael R (April 2019). "Transphobia rather than education predicts provider knowledge of transgender health care". Medical Education. 53 (4): 398–407. doi:10.1111/medu.13796. hdl:2027.42/148342. ISSN 0308-0110. PMID 30666699. S2CID 58643722. Archived from the original on 2022-09-26. Retrieved 2022-09-26.
271. Schroth et al. 2018, p. 99.
272. Schroth et al. 2018, p. 103.
273. Loeb et al. 2024, p. 15.
274. Lockmiller 2023, p. 750-751.
275. Lockmiller 2023, p. 755.
276. Lisy, Karolina; Kerr, Lucille; Jefford, Michael; Fisher, Christopher (June 2023). "'Everything's a fight': A qualitative study of the cancer survivorship experiences of transgender and gender diverse Australians". Cancer Medicine. 12 (11): 12739–12748. doi:10.1002/cam4.5906. ISSN 2045-7634. PMC 10278464. PMID 37071476. ProQuest 2827224503.
277. "Under-insured Transgender Americans Turn to Riskier Sources for Gender-Affirming Hormones". Women's Health Weekly. 26 November 2020. p. 708. Retrieved 26 June 2024 – via GALE General Onefile.
278. ^ Mizock, Lauren; Woodrum, T. Dawson; Riley, Julie; Sotilleo, Erica A.; Yuen, Nelly; Ormerod, Alayne J. (2017-07-03). "Coping with transphobia in employment: Strategies used by transgender and gender-diverse people in the United States". International Journal of Transgenderism. 18 (3): 282–294. doi:10.1080/15532739.2017.1304313. ISSN 1553-2739. S2CID 152049930. Archived from the original on 2022-09-26. Retrieved 2022-09-26.
279. ^ Schroth et al. 2018, p. 98.
280. Anderson-Minshall, Jacob (27 November 2017). "Corporate America: Get Ready for Trans Employees". Advocate. Retrieved 2024-06-18.
281. ^ Schroth et al. 2018, p. 117.
282. ^ Rogers 2023, p. 113.
283. Wu, Nicholas; Diaz, Daniella; Garrity, Kelly (13 November 2024). "Dems torn over transgender issue: Centrists worry that party is 'reading the public wrong'". Politico. Retrieved 19 November 2024.
284. Casey, John (11 November 2024). "Joe, Mika, and their ilk are endangering the lives of transgender human beings". Advocate. Retrieved 2024-11-19.
285. Shelley 2008, p. 87.
286. ^ Cortez, Marjorie (August 18, 2022). "After a girl beat their daughters in sports, Utah parents triggered investigation into whether she was transgender". Deseret News. Archived from the original on August 19, 2022. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
287. Armour, Nancy. "NCAA can't cave to anti-transgender hysteria and fear like NAIA did". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2024-11-19.
288. ^ Factora, James (2023-07-12). "Two Cisgender People Were Killed in Separate Attacks Motivated by Transphobia". Yahoo Entertainment. Archived from the original on 2023-07-14. Retrieved 2023-07-14.
289. Alfonseca, Kiara (24 August 2023). "Killing, harassment spotlight transphobia's impact on all people: advocates". ABC News. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
290. "Groundbreaking Analysis of Hate Crime Laws Finds Limitations and Opportunities in the Face of Rising Hate Violence". National Center for Transgender Equality. July 28, 2021. Archived from the original on July 27, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
291. Forestiere, Annamarie (September 23, 2020). "America's War on Black Trans Women". Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review. Archived from the original on July 27, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
292. Rathjen, Reese (September 16, 2011). "New analysis shows startling levels of discrimination against Black transgender people". National LGBTQ Task Force. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
293. "Daywatch: Killings of transgender women of color often unsolved in Chicago". MSN. June 30, 2022. Archived from the original on August 16, 2022. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
294. Rude, Mey (March 23, 2021). "Trans People Four Times as Likely to Face Violent Crime as Cis". Advocate. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
295. ^ Levesque, Brody (2022-10-03). "Health care orgs ask Feds investigate trans healthcare threats". Los Angeles Blade: LGBTQ News, Rights, Politics, Entertainment. Archived from the original on 2022-10-04. Retrieved 2022-10-04.
296. ^ Meckler, Laura; Natanson, Hannah; Harden, John D. (2024-03-12). "In states with laws targeting LGBTQ issues, school hate crimes quadrupled". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2024-03-14.
297. ^ Schroth et al. 2018, p. 118.
298. ^ Zimmerman, Mitchell (7 June 2023). "Anti-trans Politicians are Following the Nazi Playbook". Gale Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection – via Gale in Context.
299. Kingkade, Tyler; Goggin, Ben Goggin; Zadrozny, Brandy (October 14, 2022). "How an urban myth about litter boxes in schools became a GOP talking point". NBC News. Archived from the original on October 14, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2022.
300. Paz, Isabella Grullón (January 23, 2022). "Litter Boxes for Students Who Identify as Furries? Not So, Says School Official". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 31, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2022.
301. Wade, Peter (September 3, 2022). "Litter Boxes and Election Lies: Marjorie Taylor Greene's Unhinged Trip to the Trump Rally". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on September 26, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2022.
302. "Fact Check: Majority of US mass shooters are cis men, not transgender or non-binary people". Reuters Fact Check. 31 March 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2024.
303. Lockmiller 2023, p. 750.
304. Lockmiller 2023, p. 752.
305. Lockmiller 2023, p. 751-752.
306. Lockmiller 2023, p. 752-753.
307. Lockmiller 2023, p. 755-756.
308. ^ Hatch, Jenavieve (10 April 2024). "A mom of a nonbinary teen became an anti-trans activist, fracturing a California family". The Sacramento Bee. Retrieved 20 November 2024.

Sources

• Beemyn, Genny (2014). Transgender History in the United States (PDF) (Unabridged ed.). Oxford.
• Cronn-Mills, Kirstin (2015). Transgender Lives: Complex Stories, Complex Voices. Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 978-0-7613-9022-0 – via EBSCOhost.
• Ftacek, Julia (2021). "Gladiator Girls: Transphobia in the Eighteenth Century and Today". The Eighteenth Century. 62 (3): 489–495. doi:10.1353/ecy.2023.a906905 – via Project MUSE.
• Jimenez, Jonathan A. (2023), Sumerau, J. E. (ed.), "Understanding Trans Youth: An Overview of the Field of Trans Youth Studies", The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Transgender Studies, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, pp. 137–150, doi:10.5771/9781538136027-137, ISBN 978-1-5381-3602-7, retrieved 2024-06-18 – via Nomos
• Kline, Nolan; Acosta, Andres; Cuevas, Christopher J.; Quiroga, Marco Antonio (2022). "Resilience in the Time of a Pandemic". In Deeb-Sossa, Natalia; Bickham, Jennifer (eds.). Latinx Belonging: Community Building and Resilience in the United States. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-8165-4537-7 – via Project MUSE.
• Lockmiller, Catherine (2023-10-02). "Decoding the Misinformation-Legislation Pipeline: an analysis of Florida Medicaid and the current state of transgender healthcare". Journal of the Medical Library Association. 111 (4): 750–761. doi:10.5195/jmla.2023.1724. ISSN 1558-9439. PMC 10621716. PMID 37928129.
• Loeb, Talia A.; Murray, Sarah M.; Cooney, Erin E.; Poteat, Tonia; Althoff, Keri N.; Cannon, Christopher M.; Schneider, Jason S.; Mayer, Kenneth H.; Haw, J. Sonya; Wawrzyniak, Andrew J.; Radix, Asa E.; Malone, Jowanna; Adams, Dee; Stevenson, Megan; Reisner, Sari L. (2024-01-20). "Access to healthcare among transgender women living with and without HIV in the United States: associations with gender minority stress and resilience factors". BMC Public Health. 24 (1): 243. doi:10.1186/s12889-024-17764-y. ISSN 1471-2458. PMC 10800069. PMID 38245684.
• MacKenzie, Gordene Olga (1994). Transgender Nation. Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University Popular Press. ISBN 0-87972-596-6.
• Miranda, Deborah A. (2010). "Extermination of the Joyas: Gendercide in Spanish California". GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies. 16 (1): 253–284. doi:10.1215/10642684-2009-022 – via Project MUSE.
• Moroles, María Cristina (2024). Águila: The Vision, Life, Death, and Rebirth of a Two-Spirit Shaman in the Ozark Mountains. Fayetteville, Arkansas: University of Arkansas Press. ISBN 978-1-61075-807-9 – via Project MUSE.
• Rogers, Baker A. (2023), Sumerau, J. E. (ed.), "A Call for Resources and Protection: Trans Lives in the Southeastern United States", The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Transgender Studies, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, pp. 111–124, doi:10.5771/9781538136027-111, ISBN 978-1-5381-3602-7, retrieved 2024-06-18 – via Nomos
• Salamon, Gayle (2018). The Life and death of Latisha King: A Critical Phenomenology of Transphobia. New York: NYU Press. ISBN 978-1-4798-3591-1.
• Schroth, Peter W.; Erickson-Schroth, Laura; Foster, Linda L.; Burgess, Alexis; Erickson, Nancy S. (July 2018). "Perspectives on Law and Medicine Relating to Transgender People in the United States". The American Journal of Comparative Law. 66 (1): 91–126. doi:10.1093/ajcl/avy022 (inactive 2024-11-02) – via Oxford University Press.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
• Sell, Randall L.; Krims, Elise I. (September 2021). "Structural Transphobia, Homophobia, and Biphobia in Public Health Practice: The Example of COVID-19 Surveillance". American Journal of Public Health. 111 (9): 1620–1626. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2021.306277. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 8589055. PMID 34111944.
• Shelley, Christopher A. (2008). Transpeople: Repudiation, Trauma, Healing. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-8950-3 – via Project MUSE.
• Thompson, Jack (Winter 2023). "Rural Identity and LGBT Public Opinion in the United States". Public Opinion Quarterly. 87 (4): 956–977. doi:10.1093/poq/nfad045. PMC 10748466. PMID 38143453 – via Oxford University Press.

External links

• "'I Just Try to Make it Home Safe': Violence and the Human Rights of Transgender People in the United States." Published November 18, 2021, by Human Rights Watch

• Transphobia in the United States
• Transgender history in the United States
• LGBTQ history in the United States
• Discrimination against LGBTQ people in the United States
• Violence against LGBTQ people in the United States