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In mathematics, a ternary operation is an n-ary operation with n = 3. A ternary operation on a set A takes any given three elements of A and combines them to form a single element of A.

In computer science, a ternary operator is an operator that takes three arguments as input and returns one output.

Examples

The function ${\displaystyle T(a,b,c)=ab+c}$ is an example of a ternary operation on the integers (or on any structure where ${\displaystyle +}$ and ${\displaystyle \times }$ are both defined). Properties of this ternary operation have been used to define planar ternary rings in the foundations of projective geometry.

In the Euclidean plane with points a, b, c referred to an origin, the ternary operation ${\displaystyle =a-b+c}$ has been used to define free vectors. Since (abc) = d implies a – b = c – d, these directed segments are equipollent and are associated with the same free vector. Any three points in the plane a, b, c thus determine a parallelogram with d at the fourth vertex.

In projective geometry, the process of finding a projective harmonic conjugate is a ternary operation on three points. In the diagram, points A, B and P determine point V, the harmonic conjugate of P with respect to A and B. Point R and the line through P can be selected arbitrarily, determining C and D. Drawing AC and BD produces the intersection Q, and RQ then yields V.

Suppose A and B are given sets and ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}(A,B)}$ is the collection of binary relations between A and B. Composition of relations is always defined when A = B, but otherwise a ternary composition can be defined by ${\displaystyle =pq^{T}r}$ where ${\displaystyle q^{T}}$ is the converse relation of q. Properties of this ternary relation have been used to set the axioms for a heap.

In Boolean algebra, ${\displaystyle T(A,B,C)=AC+(1-A)B}$ defines the formula ${\displaystyle (A\lor B)\land (\lnot A\lor C)}$.

Computer science

In computer science, a ternary operator is an operator that takes three arguments (or operands). The arguments and result can be of different types. Many programming languages that use C-like syntax feature a ternary operator, ?:, which defines a conditional expression. In some languages, this operator is referred to as the conditional operator.

In Python, the ternary conditional operator reads x if C else y. Python also supports ternary operations called array slicing, e.g. a return an array where the first element is a and last element is a. OCaml expressions provide ternary operations against records, arrays, and strings: a.<-c would mean the string a where index b has value c.

The multiply–accumulate operation is another ternary operator.

Another example of a ternary operator is between, as used in SQL.

The Icon programming language has a "to-by" ternary operator: the expression 1 to 10 by 2 generates the odd integers from 1 through 9.

In Excel formulae, the form is =if(C, x, y).

See also

• Median algebra or Majority function
• Ternary conditional operator for a list of ternary operators in computer programming languages
• Ternary Exclusive or
• Ternary equivalence relation

References

1. ^ MDN, nmve. "Conditional (ternary) Operator". Mozilla Developer Network. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
2. Jeremiah Certaine (1943) The ternary operation (abc) = a bc of a group, Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 49: 868–77 MR0009953
3. Christopher Hollings (2014) Mathematics across the Iron Curtain: a history of the algebraic theory of semigroups, page 264, History of Mathematics 41, American Mathematical Society ISBN 978-1-4704-1493-1
4. Hoffer, Alex. "Ternary Operator". Cprogramming.com. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
5. "6. Expressions — Python 3.9.1 documentation". docs.python.org. Retrieved 2021-01-19.
6. "The OCaml Manual: Chapter 11 The OCaml language: (7) Expressions". ocaml.org. Retrieved 2023-05-03.

External links

• Media related to Ternary operations at Wikimedia Commons

• Ternary operations