Misplaced Pages

Trioecy

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Presence of males, females, and hermaphrodites in a population

Trioecy /traɪˈiːsi/, also spelled triecy, is a sexual system characterized by the coexistence of males, females, and hermaphrodites. It has been found in both plants and animals. Like androdioecy and gynodioecy, trioecy is a mixed mating systems.

Terminology

Trioecy is also called tridioecy /ˌtraɪdaɪˈiːsi/ and subdioecy /ˌsʌbdaɪˈiːsi/.

The term trioecy comes from the Neo-Latin word Trioecia, a former order of trioecious plants.

Evolution of trioecy

Trioecy may be an unstable transient state associated with evolutionary transitioning from gynodioecy to dioecy. In brachiopod species, trioecy usually breaks into androdioecy or gynodioecy. Other studies show that trioecious populations originated from gonochoristic ancestors which were invaded by a mutant selfing hermaphrodite, creating a trioecious population. It has been suggested that chromosomal duplication plays an important part in the evolution of trioecy.

But one study found that trioecy can be stable under nucleocytoplasmic sex determination. Another theoretical analysis indicates that trioecy could be evolutionary stable in plant species if a large amount of pollinators vary geographically.

Occurrence

Trioecy is a relatively common sexual system in plants, estimated to occur in about 3.6% of flowering plant species, although most reports of trioecy could be misinterpretations of gynodioecy. It is rare as well as poorly understood in animals.

Species that exhibit trioecy

The following species have been observed to exhibit a trioecious breeding system.

Plants

Animals

See also

References

  1. ^ Chaudhuri, Jyotiska; Bose, Neelanjan; Tandonnet, Sophie; Adams, Sally; Zuco, Giusy; Kache, Vikas; Parihar, Manish; von Reuss, Stephan H.; Schroeder, Frank C.; Pires-daSilva, Andre (December 3, 2015). "Mating dynamics in a nematode with three sexes and its evolutionary implications". Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 17676. Bibcode:2015NatSR...517676C. doi:10.1038/srep17676. PMC 4668576. PMID 26631423.
  2. Choe, Jae (2019-01-21). "Hermaphrodite Mating Systems". In Leonard, Janet (ed.). Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior. Vol. 4. Academic Press. pp. 584–589. ISBN 978-0-12-813252-4.
  3. ^ Fusco, Giuseppe; Minelli, Alessandro (2019-10-10). The Biology of Reproduction. Cambridge University Press. pp. 134–135. ISBN 978-1-108-49985-9.
  4. ^ Avise, John C. (2011-03-18). Hermaphroditism: A Primer on the Biology, Ecology, and Evolution of Dual Sexuality. Columbia University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-231-52715-6.
  5. "Definition of TRIOECIOUS". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2024-06-09.
  6. ^ Kanzaki, Natsumi; Kiontke, Karin; Tanaka, Ryusei; Hirooka, Yuuri; Schwarz, Anna; Müller-Reichert, Thomas; Chaudhuri, Jyotiska; Pires-daSilva, Andre (2017-09-11). "Description of two three-gendered nematode species in the new genus Auanema (Rhabditina) that are models for reproductive mode evolution". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 11135. Bibcode:2017NatSR...711135K. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-09871-1. PMC 5593846. PMID 28894108.
  7. Kliman, Richard (2016). Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Biology. Vol. 2. Academic Press. p. 476. ISBN 978-0-12-800426-5. Archived from the original on July 1, 2016.
  8. Subramoniam, Thanumalaya (2016-09-27). Sexual Biology and Reproduction in Crustaceans. Academic Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-12-809606-2.
  9. Fleming, Theodore H.; Valiente-Banuet, Alfonso (2002). Columnar Cacti and Their Mutualists: Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation. University of Arizona Press. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-8165-2204-0.
  10. ^ Albert, Béatrice; Morand-Prieur, Marie-Élise; Brachet, Stéphanie; Gouyon, Pierre-Henri; Frascaria-Lacoste, Nathalie; Raquin, Christian (2013-10-01). "Sex expression and reproductive biology in a tree species, Fraxinus excelsior L". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 336 (10): 479–485. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2013.08.004. ISSN 1631-0691. PMID 24246889.
  11. Fleming, Theodore H.; Valiente-Banuet, Alfonso (2002). Columnar Cacti and Their Mutualists: Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation. University of Arizona Press. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-8165-2204-0.
  12. ^ Oyarzún P, Nuñez J, Toro JE, Gardner J (2020). "Trioecy in the Marine Mussel Semimytilus algosus (Mollusca, Bivalvia): Stable Sex Ratios Across 22 Degrees of a Latitudinal Gradient". Frontiers in Marine Science. 7 (348): 1–10. doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.00348.
  13. Geber, Monica A.; Dawson, Todd E.; Delph, Lynda F. (2012-12-06). Gender and Sexual Dimorphism in Flowering Plants. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 74. ISBN 978-3-662-03908-3.
  14. Silva, C. A.; Oliva, M.; Vieira, M. F.; Fernandes, G. W. (October 27, 2008). "Trioecy in Coccoloba cereifera Schwacke (Polygonaceae), a narrow endemic and threatened tropical species". Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology. 51 (5): 1003–1010. doi:10.1590/S1516-89132008000500017. S2CID 85673074.
  15. Joseph KS, Murthy HN (2015). "Sexual system of Garcinia indica Choisy: geographic variation in trioecy and sexual dimorphism in floral traits". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 301 (3): 1065–1071. doi:10.1007/s00606-014-1120-y. S2CID 15926083.
  16. Husaini, Amjad M.; Neri, Davide (2016). Strawberry: growth, development and diseases. Boston, MA: CAB International.
  17. Godley, E. J. (1955). "Breeding Systems in New Zealand Plants: I. Fuchsia." Annals of botany, 19(4), 549-559.
  18. Perry, Laura E.; Pannell, John R.; Dorken, Marcel E. (2012-04-19). "Two's Company, Three's a Crowd: Experimental Evaluation of the Evolutionary Maintenance of Trioecy in Mercurialis annua (Euphorbiaceae)". PLOS ONE. 7 (4): e35597. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...735597P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035597. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3330815. PMID 22532862.
  19. Fleming, Theodore H. (September 2000). "Pollination of Cacti in the Sonoran Desert: When closely related species vie for scarce resources, necessity is the mother of some pretty unusual evolutionary inventions". American Scientist. 88 (5): 432–439. doi:10.1511/2000.5.432. JSTOR 27858091. S2CID 122244912.
  20. Roy, Scott (1 November 2021). "Digest: Three sexes from two loci in one genome: A haploid alga expands the diversity of trioecious species". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 2023-05-12.
  21. Armoza-Zvuloni, Rachel; Kramarsky-Winter, Esti; Loya, Yossi; Schlesinger, Ami; Rosenfeld, Hanna (2014-06-01). "Trioecy, a Unique Breeding Strategy in the Sea Anemone Aiptasia diaphana and Its Association with Sex Steroids". Biology of Reproduction. 90 (6): 122. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.113.114116. ISSN 0006-3363. PMID 24790160.
  22. Leonard, Janet L. (2013-10-01). "Williams' Paradox and the Role of Phenotypic Plasticity in Sexual Systems". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 53 (4): 671–688. doi:10.1093/icb/ict088. ISSN 1540-7063. PMID 23970358.
Categories: