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"Tropheryma"
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Actinomycetota
Class:	Actinomycetia
Order:	Micrococcales
Family:	"Tropherymataceae" Nouioui et al. 2018
Genus:	"Tropheryma" La Scola et al. 2001
Species:	"T. whipplei"
Binomial name
"Tropheryma whipplei" La Scola et al. 2001
Synonyms
Tropheryma whippelii Relman et al. 1992

"Tropheryma whipplei" is a bacterium that is the causative organism of Whipple's disease, and rarely, endocarditis.

While "T. whipplei" is categorized with the Gram-positive Actinomycetota, the organism is commonly found to be Gram-positive or Gram-indeterminate when stained in the laboratory. Whipple himself probably observed the organisms as rod-shaped structures with silver stain in his original case.

History of the name

No name was given to the organism until 1991, when the name "Tropheryma whippelii" was proposed after sections of the bacterial genome were sequenced. The name was changed to "Tropheryma whipplei" in 2001 (correcting the spelling of Whipple's name) when the organism was deposited in bacterial collections.

As of 2008, the species, genus, and family name are considered to be invalid due to irregularities in the deposition of type material, and are thus styled in quotation marks.

Pathogenesis

Genome structure

Several strains of "T. whipplei" have been sequenced.

Genomes of intracellular or parasitic bacteria undergo massive reduction compared to their free-living relatives. With a genome size of less than 1 Mb, "T. whipplei" is a prime example of genome reduction among Actinomycetota. Other such examples include Mycoplasma for Bacillota (the low G+C content Gram-positive), Rickettsia for Alphaproteobacteria, and Wigglesworthia and Buchnera for Gammaproteobacteria.

Some of the largest virions like Megavirus chilense, Pandoravirus, Pithovirus and Mimivirus are comparable in size to miniature bacteria like "T. whipplei" and Rickettsia conorii.

References

1. ^ La Scola B, Fenollar F, Fournier PE, Altwegg M, Mallet MN, Raoult D (July 2001). "Description of Tropheryma whipplei gen. nov., sp. nov., the Whipple's disease bacillus". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 51 (Pt 4): 1471–9. doi:10.1099/00207713-51-4-1471. PMID 11491348.
2. Nouioui, Imen; Carro, Lorena; García-López, Marina; Meier-Kolthoff, Jan P.; Woyke, Tanja; Kyrpides, Nikos C.; Pukall, Rüdiger; Klenk, Hans-Peter; Goodfellow, Michael; Göker, Markus (2018). "Genome-based taxonomic classification of the phylum Actinobacteria". Frontiers in Microbiology. 9 (2007): 1–119. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.02007. PMC 6113628. PMID 30186281.
3. Liang Z, La Scola B, Raoult D (January 2002). "Monoclonal antibodies to immunodominant epitope of Tropheryma whipplei". Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 9 (1): 156–9. doi:10.1128/CDLI.9.1.156-159.2002. PMC 119894. PMID 11777846.
4. Whipple GH. (1907). "A hitherto undescribed disease characterized anatomically by deposits of fat and fatty acids in the intestinal and mesenteric lymphatic tissues". Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin. 18: 382–91.
5. Relman D, Schmidt T, MacDermott R, Falkow S (1992). "Identification of the uncultured bacillus of Whipple's disease". New England Journal of Medicine. 327 (5): 293–301. doi:10.1056/NEJM199207303270501. PMID 1377787.
6. From Greek τροφή trophê, "nourishment, food" and ἔρυμα eruma, "fence, a defence against, barrier".
7. "Species "Tropheryma whipplei"". LPSN - List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature.
8. ^ Raoult D, et al. (2003). "Tropheryma whipplei Twist: a human pathogenic Actinobacteria with a reduced genome". Genome Res. 13 (8): 1800–9. doi:10.1101/gr.1474603. PMC 403771. PMID 12902375. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
9. Bentley, SD.; Maiwald, M.; Murphy, LD.; Pallen, MJ.; Yeats, CA.; Dover, LG.; Norbertczak, HT.; Besra, GS.; et al. (Feb 2003). "Sequencing and analysis of the genome of the Whipple's disease bacterium Tropheryma whipplei". Lancet. 361 (9358): 637–44. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12597-4. PMID 12606174. S2CID 8743326.

• Micrococcales
• Bacteria described in 2001