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An area of tropical monsoon climate (occasionally known as a sub-equatorial, tropical wet climate or a tropical monsoon and trade-wind littoral climate) is a tropical climate subtype that corresponds to the Köppen climate classification category Am. Tropical monsoon climates have monthly mean temperatures above 18 °C (64 °F) in every month of the year and a dry season. The tropical monsoon climate is the intermediate climate between the wet Af (or tropical rainforest climate) and the drier Aw (or tropical savanna climate).

A tropical monsoon climate's driest month has on average less than 60 mm, but more than ${\textstyle 100-\left({\frac {Total\ Annual\ Precipitation\ (mm)}{25}}\right)}$. This is in direct contrast to a tropical savanna climate, whose driest month has less than 60 mm of precipitation and also less than ${\textstyle 100-\left({\frac {Total\ Annual\ Precipitation\ (mm)}{25}}\right)}$ of average monthly precipitation. In essence, a tropical monsoon climate tends to either have more rainfall than a tropical savanna climate or have less pronounced dry seasons. A tropical monsoon climate tends to vary less in temperature during a year than does a tropical savanna climate. This climate has the driest month, which nearly always occurs at or soon after the winter solstice.

Versions

There are generally two versions of a tropical monsoon climate:

• Less pronounced dry seasons. Regions with this variation of the tropical monsoon climate typically see copious amounts of rain during the wet season(s), usually in the form of frequent thunderstorms. Unlike most tropical savanna climates, a sizeable amount of precipitation also falls during the dry season(s), but not quite enough for a tropical rainforest classification. In essence, this version of the tropical monsoon climate generally has less pronounced dry seasons than tropical savanna climates.
• Extraordinarily rainy wet seasons and pronounced dry seasons. This variation features pronounced dry seasons similar in length and character to dry seasons observed in tropical savanna climates. This is followed by a sustained period (or sustained periods) of extraordinary rainfall. In some instances, up to (and sometimes in excess of) 1,000 mm of precipitation is observed per month for two or more consecutive months. Tropical savanna climates generally do not see this level of sustained rainfall.

Area

Tropical monsoon are most commonly found in Africa (West and Central Africa), Asia (South and Southeast Asia), South America and Central America. This climate also occurs in sections of the Caribbean, North America, and northern Australia.

Factors

The major controlling factor over a tropical monsoon climate is its relationship to the monsoon circulation. The monsoon is a seasonal change in wind direction. In Asia, during the summer (or high-sun season) there is an onshore flow of air (air moving from ocean toward land). In the “winter” (or low-sun season) an offshore air flow (air moving from land toward water) is prevalent. The change in direction is due to the difference in the way water and land heat.

Changing pressure patterns that affect the seasonality of precipitation also occur in Africa, though it generally differs from the way it operates in Asia. During the high-sun season, the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) induces rain. During the low-sun season, the subtropical high creates dry conditions. The monsoon climates of Africa, and the Americas for that matter, are typically located along trade wind coasts.

Countries and cities

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See also

• Tropical climate
• Tropical rainforest climate
• Tropical savanna climate
• Köppen climate classification

References

1. ^ McKnight, Tom L; Hess, Darrel (2000). "Climate Zones and Types". Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-020263-5.
2. "Average Conditions - Chittagong, Bangladesh". BBC Weather. Archived from the original on 11 March 2006. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
3. "Climatological Normals of Conakry". Hong Kong Observatory. Retrieved 2014-02-12.
4. "Climatological Average of Kemayoran Meteorological Station for 1981–2010" (in Indonesian). Pondok Betung Climatological Station – Indonesian Bureau of Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
5. "Weather Information for Miami, Florida". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 25 June 2018.

• Tropics
• Köppen climate types