Tsiang Tingfu - Misplaced Pages

Chinese historian and diplomat In this Chinese name, the family name is Tsiang.

Tsiang Tingfu 蔣廷黻
Tsiang Tingfu as pictured in The Most Recent Biographies of Chinese Dignitaries

Ambassador of the Republic of China to the United States
In office 18 November 1961 – 29 May 1965
Preceded by	George Yeh
Succeeded by	Chow Shu-Kai [zh]
Permanent Representative of the Republic of China to the United Nations
In office 13 November 1947 – 29 July 1962
Preceded by	Guo Taiqi
Succeeded by	Liu Chieh
Ambassador of the Republic of China to the Soviet Union
In office 26 August 1936 – 1 January 1938
Preceded by	Wu Nanru [zh] (Chargé d'affaires ad interim)
Succeeded by	Yu Ming

Personal details
Born	(1895-12-07)7 December 1895 Shaoyang, Hunan, Qing Empire
Died	9 October 1965(1965-10-09) (aged 69) New York City, New York, USA
Nationality	Republic of China
Alma mater	Oberlin College Columbia University
Known for	Qing, Modern Chinese history

Tsiang Tingfu

Chinese

蔣廷黻

Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Jiǎng Tíngfú
Wade–Giles	Chiang T'ingfu
Tongyong Pinyin	Jiǎng Tíngfú
Yale Romanization	Jyǎng Tíngfú
IPA

Tsiang Tingfu (Chinese: 蔣廷黻; pinyin: Jiǎng Tíngfú; 17 February 1895 – 9 October 1965), was a historian and diplomat of the Republic of China who published in English under the name T.F. Tsiang.

Early life and education

Tsiang was born in Shaoyang, Hunan. Tsiang's education from his teenage years had been Western and largely Christian, and he converted to Christianity at 11. Having been urged to study in the US by his teacher from a missionary school, he was sent in 1911 to study in the United States, where he attended the Park Academy, Oberlin College and Columbia University. His dissertation, "Labor and Empire: A Study of the Reaction of British Labor, Mainly as Represented in Parliament, to British Imperialism Since 1880," led him into issues in the relation of foreign relations and domestic politics, which would structure his scholarship after he returned to China. After obtaining a Ph.D., he returned to China in 1923, where he took up a position at Nankai University and then at Tsinghua University.

Academic career

At Tsinghua, Tsiang became the head of the History Department, where he edited and published a number of works on Chinese history and edited the English-language journal Chinese Social and Political Science Review. Using newly opened Qing dynasty archives and diplomatic publications, Tsiang argued that China should adopt Western approaches if it wanted to score diplomatic victories. Tsiang blamed China's unequal treatment by Western powers after the First Opium War (1839–42) on Chinese unequal treatment of Western powers before the war. During his tenure at Tsinghua, he mentored a number of historians in the study of Qing history, including John K. Fairbank.

Diplomatic career

Following mounting tensions in China's relations with Japan, Tsiang left academia in 1935 and joined the Chinese Nationalist government, which he served in many different capacities throughout the Sino-Japanese War. Between 1947 and 1962, Tsiang served as the Permanent Representative of China to the United Nations. Following the establishment of the People's Republic of China on the Chinese mainland, Tsiang defended the exclusive right of the Taipei-based Republic of China to represent China in the United Nations and in the UN Security Council. In 1955 Tsingfu made use of China's veto power in the security council and placed the sole vote against Mongolia joining the UN, following which Mongolia did not become a member of the UN. It would be the only time, the ROC made use of its veto power. He also served as the ambassador of China to the United States. He died of cancer in New York City on 9 October 1965, at 69.

Political theories

1954 television interview

In 1938, Tsiang advocated for centralized authority which should override popular will when necessary. He argued that China had to modernize quickly given the multiple threats it faced. To Tsiang, the "iron rule of modern history" was that countries which used modernization to preserve national territory survived, while countries that did not were exterminated. In his view, natural science and mechanized agriculture were the essential elements of modernization. He wrote that such a focus for modernization was supported by the "left-wing, right-wing, imperialist, anti-imperialist, man, woman, white, yellow, old, young."

During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Tsiang advocated that China develop a "total defense state" along the lines of what Japan itself had. Tsiang viewed such a commitment as a necessity of the historical era, not solely one required by the current war. Consistent with the general views of the Nationalist Party, Tsiang believed that the war should be used to create a state based on principles of order rather than political liberties.

After spending time in the United States under President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's New Deal, Tingfu's views on political freedom and modernization changed.

Selected writings

Tingfu F. Tsiang, "Labor and Empire; a Study of the Reaction of British Labor, Mainly as Represented in Parliament to British Imperialism since 1880," Issued also as thesis (PH D) Columbia university Columbia university, 1923).
"New Light on Chinese Diplomacy, 1836-49," The Journal of Modern History 3.4 (1931): 578–591.
"The Extension of Equal Commercial Privileges to Other Nations Than the British after the Treaty of Nanking," The Chinese Social and Political Science Review 15.3 (1931): 422–44.
"The Present Situation in China: A Critical Analysis," International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1931–1939) 14.4 (1935): 496–513.
"Chinese and European Expansion," Politica 2.5 (March 1936): 1–18.
'Zhongguo jindaishi dagang (Outline of Modern Chinese History) (Chongqing: Qingnian shudian, 1939; rpr. Beijing: Dongfang chubanshe, 1996).
Jiang Tingfu Xuanji 蔣廷黻選集 (Selected works of Jiang Tingfu) (Taipei: Wenxing, 1965 4 vols. Reprinted)

References

Boorman (1967), p. 354.
"T.F. Tsiang and Modernization," John King Fairbank, China Bound: A Fifty Year Memoir (New York: Harper & Row, 1982), 85-93
^ Clark, Keith Allan (2018). ""Imagined Territory: The Republic of China's 1955 Veto of Mongolian Membership in the United Nations"". The Journal of American-East Asian Relations. 25 (3): 263–264. doi:10.1163/18765610-02503003. ISSN 1058-3947. JSTOR 26549248.
"Events From Day to Day". Taiwan Today. 1 November 1965. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
^ Mitter, Rana (2020). China's good war : how World War II is shaping a new nationalism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-674-98426-4. OCLC 1141442704.
^ Mitter, Rana (2020). China's good war : how World War II is shaping a new nationalism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-674-98426-4. OCLC 1141442704.
^ Mitter, Rana (2020). China's good war : how World War II is shaping a new nationalism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-674-98426-4. OCLC 1141442704.

Citations

Boorman, Howard, ed. (1967). "Chiang T'ing-fu". Biographical Dictionary of Republican China Volume I. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 354–358. ISBN 9780231089555.
T.F. Tsiang, (Crystal Lorch, ed.), Reminiscences of Ting-fu Fuller Tsiang: Oral History (New York: Columbia Center for Oral History, 1965.
Charles Ronald Lilley, "Tsiang T'ing-Fu between Two Worlds, 1895-1935," (Doctoral Thesis University of Maryland, College Park, 1979).
Matray, James I., ed. East Asia and the United States: an encyclopedia of relations since 1784. (2 vol, Greenwood, 2002) 1:276–277.

External links

Description of the Tsiang Diaries
Finding aid to the Tingfu Tsiang papers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library
A film clip "Longines Chronoscope with Tsiang F. Tingfu" is available for viewing at the Internet Archive
A film clip "Longines Chronoscope with Tsiang F. Tingfu" is available for viewing at the Internet Archive
T. F. Tsiang (蔣廷黻) Boxer Indemnity Scholars

Diplomatic posts
Preceded byQuo Tai-chi	Permanent Representative and Ambassador of China to the United Nations 1947–1962	Succeeded byLiu Chieh

v t e Permanent representatives and ambassadors of China to the United Nations
Republic of China (1946–1971)	Guo Taiqi Tsiang Tingfu Liu Chieh
People's Republic of China (1971–present)	Huang Hua Chen Chu Ling Qing Li Luye Li Daoyu Li Zhaoxing Qin Huasun Wang Yingfan Wang Guangya Zhang Yesui Li Baodong Liu Jieyi Ma Zhaoxu Zhang Jun Fu Cong

v t e Ambassador of China to the United States
Qing minister 1875–1912	Chen Lanbin 1875–81 Cheng Tsao-Ju 1881–85 Zhang Yinhuan 1885–89 Tsui Kwo Yin 1889–93 Yang Yü 1893–96 Wu Tingfang 1896–1902 Liang Cheng 1902–07 Wu Tingfang 1907–09 Zhang Yintang 1909–11 Alfred Sao-ke Sze 1911–12
Republic of China Envoy 1912–35	Zhang Yintang 1912–13 Xia Xiefu 1913–15 V. K. Wellington Koo 1915–20 Alfred Sao-ke Sze 1920–29 Wu Chaoshu 1929–31 Yan Huiqing 1931–33 Alfred Sao-ke Sze 1933–35
Republic of China Ambassador 1935–79	Alfred Sao-ke Sze 1935–36 Chengting T. Wang 1936–38 Hu Shih 1938–42 Wei Tao-ming 1942–46 Wellington Koo 1946–56 Hollington Tong 1956–58 George Yeh 1958–61 Tsiang Tingfu 1961–65 Zhou Shukai 1965–71 James Shen 1971–79
People's Republic of China Liaison Office Chief 1973–79	Huang Zhen 1973–77 Chai Zemin 1978–79
People's Republic of China Ambassador 1979–present	Chai Zemin 1979–82 Zhang Wenjin 1983–85 Han Xu 1985–89 Zhu Qizhen 1989–93 Li Daoyu 1993–98 Li Zhaoxing 1998–2001 Yang Jiechi 2001–05 Zhou Wenzhong 2005–10 Zhang Yesui 2010–13 Cui Tiankai 2013–21 Qin Gang 2021–23 Xie Feng 2023-present

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