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Georgios Tsolakoglou
Γεώργιος Τσολάκογλου
Georgios Tsolakoglou, c. 1941
Prime Minister of the Hellenic State
In office 30 April 1941 – 2 December 1942
Deputy	Konstantinos Logothetopoulos
Preceded by	Office established
Succeeded by	Konstantinos Logothetopoulos
Personal details
Born	April 1886 Rentina, Kingdom of Greece
Died	22 May 1948(1948-05-22) (aged 62) Athens, Kingdom of Greece
Occupation	Politician
Profession	Soldier
Military service
Allegiance	Kingdom of Greece Second Hellenic Republic Hellenic State
Branch/service	Hellenic Army
Rank	Lieutenant General
Commands	Western Macedonia Army Section Epirus Army Section
Battles/wars	Balkan Wars First Balkan War Battle of Sarantaporo Battle of Yenidje Second Balkan War Battle of Kilkis Battle of Dzumaya World War I Macedonian front Russian Civil War Allied intervention Southern Front Southern Russia Intervention Soviet Invasion of Ukraine Greco-Turkish War World War II Greco-Italian War Battle of Greece

Georgios Tsolakoglou (Greek: Γεώργιος Τσολάκογλου; April 1886 – 22 May 1948) was a Greek army officer who headed the government of Greece from 1941 to 1942, in the early phase of the country's occupation by Axis powers during World War II.

An officer of the Hellenic Army, Tsolakoglou was a veteran of the Balkan Wars, the First World War and the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922. After Greece was overrun following a German invasion in 1941, Tsolakoglou, then a lieutenant general, offered the surrender of the Hellenic Army to the Wehrmacht. In April, he was appointed Prime Minister of the puppet government, which was beset by corruption and infighting from the start. Tsolakoglou's popularity plunged further following the Italian takeover of the occupation, as well as Bulgaria's annexation of Northern Greece. He was unable to alleviate Germany's large-scale plunder of the country, which led to the Great Famine that resulted in the deaths of nearly 300,000 Greeks.

Tsolakoglou remained head of the government until December 1942, when he was dismissed and replaced by Konstantinos Logothetopoulos. After the liberation of Greece, he was arrested, tried and sentenced to death. His sentence was ultimately commuted to life imprisonment, and he died in prison of leukaemia in 1948.

Early life and ancestors

Tsolakoglou was of Aromanian origins and spoke Aromanian. He was the grandson of Dimitrios Tsolakoglou, the proestos of Agrafa (1775-1822) and later in his life a Greek War of Independence fighter and a Filiki Eteria member. Dimitrios Tsolakoglou was a controversial figure; he is seen by some sources (including Georgios Karaiskakis) as a Turkophile, as a conspirator with Ali Pasha, and responsible for the deaths of Georgios Zotos, Konstantinos Zacharapoulos and, notably, Antonis Katsantonis. He and his family were widely accused of treason for that reason, however these charges cannot be definitively confirmed. Dimitrios and his son, Konstantinos Tsolakoglou, were hanged in 1822 by Hursid Pasha.

Georgios Tsolakoglou himself was born in Rentina, a village in Agrafa.

Military career

Early career

As an officer in the Hellenic Army, Tsolakoglou participated in the Balkan Wars, the First World War, the 1919 Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War and the Asia Minor Campaign.

Greco-Italian War

With the rank of Lieutenant General, he led the Western Macedonia Army Section in the Greco-Italian War. After the German invasion and capture of Thessaloniki on 9 April 1941, the withdrawal of WMAS from Northern Epirus was belatedly ordered on 12 April. The German motorized units, however, succeeded in reaching the vital Metsovon Pass on 18 April, overcame local Greek resistance and captured Ioannina on the following day, thereby effectively cutting off the Hellenic Army.

Initiative to surrender the Greek army in Epirus

When the hopelessness of resistance became apparent, Tsolakoglou, along with several other senior generals began considering surrendering to the Germans. Thus, on 20 April, with the cooperation of the commanders of I Corps, Lt. Gen. Panagiotis Demestichas and II Corps, Lt. Gen. Georgios Bakos, and the metropolitan of Ioannina, Spyridon, he relieved and replaced Lt. Gen. Ioannis Pitsikas, the commander of the Epirus Army Section. He immediately sent messengers to the Germans proposing surrender, and on the same day signed a surrender protocol with the commander of the Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler brigade, SS-Obergruppenführer Sepp Dietrich.

Despite urgent orders by Greek Commander-in-chief Alexandros Papagos, that he be relieved and resistance continued to the last, the next day, at Larissa, the surrender was formalized, with Tsolakolglou signing the unconditional surrender of the Hellenic Army to the Germans. The protocol made – deliberately – no reference to the other invading Axis partner, Italy, whom the Greeks considered to have defeated and wished to, in the words of John Keegan, "...deny the Italians the satisfaction of a victory they had not earned...". However, at Benito Mussolini's insistence, the surrender ceremony was repeated a third time to include Italian representatives on 23 April.

On 26 April 1941, Tsolakoglou wrote a letter to Adolf Hitler, whom he referred to as the "Führer of the German People" proclaiming his willingness to head a collaborationist government, which he promised would consist of senior generals. At the time, Athens had not fallen and the British Expeditionary Force consisting of a division each from Australia and New Zealand plus a British armored brigade together with the rest of the Royal Hellenic Army were retreating into the Peloponnese to be rescued by the Royal Navy, to take them to Crete. Hitler called Tsolakoglou's letter "a gift from Heaven", and immediately accepted his offer, believing it would hasten the fall of Greece. What Hitler wanted in Greece was a government that would obey German orders and ensure that the majority of the work in administering Greece on behalf of the Reich be done by Greeks rather than Germans. As the majority of the Greek civil servants, judges, and policemen who had served the 4th of August Regime were willing to obey orders from Tsolakoglou's government, this was exactly what Hitler wanted as he preferred to occupy Greece lightly in order to free up manpower for the invasion of the Soviet Union, which was scheduled for later in the spring of 1941. Hitler's first choice for heading a collaborationist government in Greece would have been the legal government headed by King George II and Prime Minister Emmanouil Tsouderos, but as the government had retreated to Crete to continue the struggle, Tsolakoglou was considered a satisfactory substitute.

Tsolakoglou himself wrote in his memoirs: "I found myself before a historic dilemma: To allow the fight to continue and have a holocaust or, obeying the pleas of the Army's commanders, to assume the initiative of surrendering.... Having made my decision to dare, I did not consider responsibilities.... Until today I have not regretted my actions. On the contrary, I feel proud."

Prime Minister of the collaborationist government

Cabinet

On 30 April 1941, Tsolakoglou was appointed Prime Minister of a collaborationist government by the Axis occupation authorities. Several other generals who had served in the Greco-Italian War became members of the Tsolakoglou government, such as Generals Panagiotis Demestichas and Georgios Bakos. Archbishop Chrysanthus of Athens refused to swear in Tsolakoglou as prime minister, and was replaced as archbishop by Damaskinos of Athens, who proved more willing to administer the necessary oaths to Tsolakoglou and his cabinet. The narrowness of Tsolakoglou's support was reflected in the composition of his cabinet, which consisted of six other generals, the professor of medicine Konstantinos Logothetopoulos, whose principal qualification for office seemed to be was that he was married to the niece of Field Marshal Wilhelm List, and a shady, disreputable businessman Platon Hadzimikalis, whose main qualification for office was that he had many connections with German businesses and was considered to be a clever man. As a cabinet minister, Hadzimikalis turned out to be so corrupt that his wife eventually left him (divorce was not legal in Greece at the time), saying she could not in good conscience go on living with a man who was enriching himself by plundering the public coffers at a time when thousands of Greeks were starving to death.

Italian occupation

Tsolakoglou attempted to prevent an Italian occupation of Greece, telling Günther Altenburg of the German Foreign Office that the Greeks knew that Germany had defeated Greece, but also that Greece had defeated Italy, and that the Greek people would find an Italian occupation deeply humiliating. Tsolakoglou wanted Germany to take control of Greece entirely. He warned of a collapse in law and order in Greece if the Italians arrived and behaved "like tyrants". In a letter to Hitler, Tsolakoglou warned that allowing the Italians to occupy Greece would "completely undermine the authority of the Greek government". Both the German Foreign Office and the Wehrmacht supported Tsolakogou, saying that Greece could be occupied by minimal German forces if only the Italians were kept out. On 13 May 1941, Hitler ordered the majority of the Wehrmacht forces out of Greece to redeploy them for Operation Barbarossa, to be replaced by the Italians. At the time, Hitler said: "It is none of our business whether the Italian occupation troops can cope with the Greek government or not" as the "German-Italian relationship was of paramount importance". Under the terms of the armistice, the Germans took the strategically important areas such as the Athens area; Thessaloniki and the surrounding area in Greek Macedonia; Crete; the border area with Turkey; and some of the Aegean islands, while leaving the rest of Greece to be occupied by the Italians and the Bulgarians.

Bulgarian annexation of northern Greece

The handing over of part of Macedonia and Thrace to the Bulgarians, the traditional archenemies of the Greeks, ruined the limited amount of legitimacy that the Tsolakoglou government possessed. The fact that the Bulgarians immediately annexed these territories and began expelling Greek officials and ordinary citizens while Tsolakoglou was reduced to writing letters to German and Italian officials fruitlessly asking them to stop the expulsions contributed to his unpopularity and undermined his claim to be protecting the Greeks. Tsolakoglou's opposition to the Bulgarian occupation of Greek Macedonia and Thrace led him to take a tour of northern Greece in the summer of 1942 where he told Greek refugees expelled by the Bulgarians: "Hitler abhors the idea of servitude. He will not allow us to lose any territory! Have heart, you refugees from East Macedonia and Thrace, you will soon return". Tsolakoglou ended his speeches with the phrase "Long live a greater Greece!", which reflected his belief that if he was sufficiently subservient enough, then Hitler would reward him by allowing a "greater Greece" to be created.

Economic policies and the Great Famine

Tsolakoglou's attempts to alleviate the suffering caused by the ruthless German economic exploitation of Greece were completely ineffective. Likewise his attempts to stop the black market from becoming the main form of economic activity were a complete failure. To combat the black market, on 8 May 1941 Tsolakoglou announced the establishment of special courts with powers to impose the death penalty with no appeal on black marketeers whom he accused of hoarding food. The decree did not end the problem of food hoarding and instead Greece experienced what Greeks call the Great Famine in 1941-42 that killed about 300,000 Greeks as the German occupation authorities continue the requisition of food with no thought for the Greek people. The officials of the Hellenic State gathered up the dead and dumped them into mass graves. Many Greeks at the time believed that those buried in unconsecrated ground would turn into vampire-like creatures known as vrykolakas, leading to complaints that the Hellenic State have failed the living by allowing them to starve to death had now also failed them in death, as many feared the corpses dumped into the mass graves would return as vrykolakas to haunt the living.

As the famine processed, for many Greeks it seemed that society was breaking down as hundreds of emaciated corpses of those who starved to death lay rotting on the streets while for most ordinary people life became reduced down to desperate, almost primeval struggle to find enough food to keep themselves and their loved ones alive for one more day. According to a study done by the Hellenic State's Ministry of Health in late 1942, during the Great Famine years 1941-42 for the first time in modern history, the population of Athens declined. In Athens, the daily death rate rose from 12 deaths per 1, 000 people in 1940 to 39 deaths per 1, 000 people in 1942 while the daily birth rate declined from 15 births per 1,000 people in 1940 to 9 births per 1, 000 people in 1942. During World War II, about 555,000 Greeks making up 8% of the population perished, with the Great Famine being the largest cause of death. The inability of Tsolakoglou's government, which had promised to protect the Greek people from the occupation by giving Greece a role in the "New Order in Europe", to do anything to change German policies completely discredited the Hellenic State.

Goals

The Tsolakoglou government aimed to release Greek POWs and help the victims of the war. Additionally, it aimed to mitigate the effects of the Great Famine, to keep the private and public economy functioning by strengthening the agricultural and industrial economy, to restore public transport in the country and to ensure order and security.

Attempts to create a Greek SS unit

Tsolakoglou and Georgios Bakos attempted to create a Schutzstaffel unit composed by volunteer Greeks, in order to help the Germans fight against the Soviet Union. However, such attempts failed.

Downfall

By mid-November 1942, both the Italians and Germans had felt that Tsolakoglou had become "untrustworthy" and that it was better to let him go. His prickly sense of Greek nationalism led Tsolakoglou to demand that the Hellenic State be treated as an equal in the "New Order in Europe" instead of the subordinate role that the Germans and Italians saw it as playing.

Tsolakoglou remained as head of the government until 2 December 1942, when he retired, citing health issues, and was replaced by Konstantinos Logothetopoulos. Altenburg had long wanted to replace Tsolakoglou with the veteran politician Ioannis Rallis, but he demurred for the moment following the Allied victory at the Second Battle of El Alamein, which ended the Axis hopes of conquering Egypt, leading to Logothetopoulos to be appointed instead. Altenburg considered Tsolakoglou to be a stupid and clumsy leader, and wanted a mainstream Greek politician to assume the leadership of the Hellenic State to give it more legitimacy and competent leadership.

Trial and imprisonment

After Greece regained independence, Tsolakoglou was arrested, tried by a Special Collaborators Court in 1945 and sentenced to death. His sentence was ultimately commuted to life imprisonment, and he died in prison of leukaemia in 1948.

Notes

1. Historia tou Hellēnikou Ethnous: Synchronos Hellēnismos apo tou 1941 ōs to telos tou aiōna (in Greek). Vol. 16. Ekdotikē Athēnōn. 1941. p. 46. ...κυρίως όμως προσέκρουσε στην αντίδραση όλων σχεδόν των παρατάξεων του διαφημισμένου από τους Ιταλούς « λατινικού στοιχείου » , μη εξαι- ρουμένου του επίσης βλάχικης καταγωγής Τσολάκογλου .
2. Mertzos, N. I. (2001). Αρμάνοι χοι Βλάχοι (in Greek). Rekos. p. 108. ISBN 9789603581437. Βλαχόφωνος , όμως , από τα Άγραφα ήταν και ο τότε κατοχικός Πρωθυπουρ- γός στρατηγός Τσολάκογλου...
3. Τσολάκογλου, Απομνημονεύματα 1959.
4. Ενθυμήματα στρατιωτικά της Επαναστάσεως των Ελλήνων 1821-1833 : προτάσσεται ιστορία του Αρματωλισμού / Νικολάου Κ. Κασομούλη, εισαγωγή και σημειώσεις υπό Γιάννη Βλαχογιάννη. p. 125
5. Ιωάννης Ζιώγας (1987). Το Σμόκοβο p. 139
6. Σπανός, Βασίλης Κ (2000). "Πέντε ανέκδοτα έγγραφα της χήρας του Ρεντινιώτη προεστού Δημητρίου Γ. Τσολάκογλου για το τσιφλίκι της στη Φθιώτιδα 1838-1839". Θεσσαλικό Ημερολόγιο (in Greek). 37: 353–366.
7. Τσιουρής, Ιωάννης (2004). Ο τοιχογραφικός διάκοσμος του καθολικού της Μονής Αγίας Τριάδος Δρακότρυπας (1758) και η εντοίχια θρησκευτική ζωγραφική του 18ου αιώνα στην περιοχή των Αγράφων (Thesis) (in Greek). Πανεπιστήμιο Ιωαννίνων, Σχολή Φιλοσοφική, Τμήμα Ιστορίας και Αρχαιολογίας. doi:10.12681/eadd/21864. pp. 9-12
8. Keegan, John, The Second World War, Penguin (Non-Classics) 2005 Reprint edition, p. 157
9. Mazower 1995, p. 18-19.
10. ^ Mazower 1995, p. 19.
11. ^ Mazower 1995, p. 18.
12. Tsolakoglou, G.K.S, Memoirs, Akropolis Editions, Athens 1959. The quote used here comes from the Rizospastis newspaper, 8 April 2001
13. Brewer 2016, p. 49.
14. ^ Mazower 1995, p. 20.
15. Mazower 1995, p. 19-20.
16. ^ Mazower 1995, p. 71.
17. ^ Brewer 2016, p. 58.
18. ^ Mazower 1995, p. 41.
19. Mazower 1995, p. 41-43.
20. ^ Mazower 1995, p. 40.
21. Gluckstein 2012, p. 38.
22. Mazower 1995, p. 41-42.
23. ^ Σπύρος Γασπαρινάτος, Η Κατοχή, τομ. 1 ,εκδ.Ι. Σιδέρης, Αθήνα, 1998, σελ.212-215
24. ΦΕΚ Α 306/1942

References

• Brewer, David (2016). Greece The Decade of War, Occupation, Resistance, and Civil War. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-78076-854-0.
• Gluckstein, Donny (2012). A People's History of the Second World War: Resistance Versus Empire. Pluto Press. ISBN 978-1-84964-719-9.
• Mazower, Mark (1995). Inside Hitler's Greece: The Experience of Occupation, 1941-1944. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300089236.

v t e Greece during World War II
1940–1941 Balkans Campaign Greco-Italian War (1940–1941) Battles Pindus Elaia–Kalamas Korytsa/Korcë Saranda Morava–Ivan Himara Klisura Pass Trebeshina Italian spring offensive Hill 731 Leaders Greece Ioannis Metaxas Alexandros Papagos Charalambos Katsimitros Konstantinos Davakis Markos Drakos and Ioannis Pitsikas Dimitrios Papadopoulos Georgios Kosmas Italy Benito Mussolini Galeazzo Ciano Sebastiano Visconti Prasca Ubaldo Soddu Ugo Cavallero Carlo Geloso Units Greece 8th Infantry Division Epirus Army Section Western Macedonia Army Section Italy 9th Army 11th Army German invasion (April–May 1941) Battles Operation Lustre Metaxas Line Vevi Kleisoura Pass Thermopylae Crete Leaders Greece King George II Alexandros Papagos Konstantinos Bakopoulos Georgios Tsolakoglou British Commonwealth Henry Maitland Wilson Thomas Blamey Bernard Freyberg Germany Wilhelm List Sepp Dietrich Kurt Student Units Greece Eastern Macedonia Army Section Central Macedonia Army Section Epirus Army Section British Commonwealth 1st Armoured Brigade 2nd New Zealand Division 6th Australian Division Germany XVIII Army Corps XXXX Panzer Corps Luftflotte 4 1st Parachute Division 5th Mountain Division
Occupation and collaboration Occupying powers Leaders and commands Germany Günther Altenburg Hermann Neubacher Walter Schimana Alexander Löhr Army Group E Hellmuth Felmy LXVIII Army Corps Hubert Lanz XXII Mountain Corps Alexander Andrae, Bruno Bräuer and Friedrich-Wilhelm Müller Fortress Crete Max Merten Italy Angelico Carta Pellegrino Ghigi Piero Parini Carlo Geloso and Carlo Vecchiarelli 11th Army III Army Corps [it] VIII Army Corps XXVI Corps Bulgaria Ivan Markov [bg] Trifon Trifonov [bg] Asen Sirakov Atrocities Kondomari Kandanos Alikianos Doxato Mousiotitsa Kommeno Kalavryta Lingiades Distomo Domenikon Drakeia Cephalonia (Acqui Division) Mesovouno Pyrgoi Vorizia Viannos Kallikratis and Kali Sykia Anogeia Kedros Kleisoura Haidari concentration camp Larissa concentration camp 200 of Kaisariani Chortiatis Economic exploitation Great Famine GWRA Hyperinflation DEGRIGES Compulsory loan Occupation Reichsmark [el] The Holocaust Bulgarian-occupied Greece Thessaloniki Zvi Koretz Jewish cemetery of Salonica Baron Hirsch ghetto Expropriation of property Rescue of the Jews of Zakynthos Collaborationist government People Georgios Tsolakoglou K. Logothetopoulos Ioannis Rallis Sotirios Gotzamanis Georgios Bakos Georgios Poulos Friedrich Schubert Nikolaos Bourantas George S. Mercouris Ioannis Plytzanopoulos Dionysios Papadongonas Organizations Security Battalions Hellenic Socialist Patriotic Organisation (ESPO) National Union of Greece (EEE) Greek National Socialist Party Secessionists Roman Legion Alcibiades Diamandi Nicolaos Matussis Vassilis Rapotikas Ohrana Andon Kalchev Cham collaboration Këshilla Xhemil Dino Atrocities Paramythia Executions of Kokkinia
Resistance and Free Greece National Liberation Front (EAM) People Aris Velouchiotis Stefanos Sarafis Andreas Tzimas Georgios Siantos Alexandros Svolos Ilias Tsirimokos Markos Vafeiadis Evripidis Bakirtzis Organizations Communist Party of Greece (KKE) Socialist Party of Greece (SKE) Union of People's Democracy (ELD) Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS) Greek People's Liberation Navy (ELAN) Political Committee of National Liberation (PEEA) and National Council United Panhellenic Organization of Youth (EPON) National Solidarity (EA) Organization for the Protection of the People's Struggle (OPLA) Slavic-Macedonian National Liberation Front (SNOF) Anti-Fascist Committee for a Free Germany (AKFD) Operations Drama uprising Ryka Mikro Chorio Gorgopotamos Bridge Meritsa Protests against labour mobilization Fardykambos Porta Sarantaporos Kournovo Tunnel 1943 Athens protest Pinerolo disarmament Steiri Agorelitsa Killing of Franz Krech Atrocities Feneos executions 5/42 Regiment dissolution Meligalas Kilkis Red Terror (Greece) Non-EAM resistance People Napoleon Zervas Georgios Kartalis Dimitrios Psarros Komninos Pyromaglou Antonis Fosteridis Kostas Perrikos Ilias Degiannis Vasileios Sachinis Lela Karagianni Konstantinos Ventiris Manolis Paterakis Petrakogiorgis Kimonas Zografakis Organizations National Republican Greek League (EDES) National Bands of Greek Guerrillas (EOEA) National and Social Liberation (EKKA) 5/42 Regiment Defenders of Northern Greece (YVE)/Panhellenic Liberation Organization (PAO) Panhellenic Union of Fighting Youths (PEAN) Prometheus II Apollo National Organization of Crete (ΕΟΚ) Hellenic Army (ES) Northern Epirus Liberation Front (MAVI) others... Operations ESPO bombing Gorgopotamos Bridge (Operation "Harling") Agia Kyriaki Milia Skala Paramythias Execution of Josef Salminger Xirovouni Trahili Menina Dodona Atrocities Expulsion of Cham Albanians British Military Mission (SOE) People Eddie Myers Monty Woodhouse Patrick Leigh Fermor Bill Stanley Moss Themis Marinos George Psychoundakis Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz Operations Operation "Albumen" Gorgopotamos Bridge (Operation "Harling") Operation "Animals" Asopos Bridge (Operation "Washing") Kidnapping of Heinrich Kreipe Damasta sabotage
Greek government-in-exile Greek government in exile Events/Battles Mareth Line El Alamein Wadi Akarit Dodecanese April 1944 mutiny Rimini Symi Santorini People King George II Emmanouil Tsouderos Sofoklis Venizelos Panagiotis Kanellopoulos Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos Christodoulos Tsigantes Pafsanias Katsotas Greek Armed Forces in the Middle East 3rd Mountain Brigade Sacred Band Vasilissa Olga Adrias Katsonis Papanikolis 13th Squadron 335th Squadron 336th Squadron
Liberation and road to the civil war Prelude to Civil War Events National Bands Agreement Plaka agreement [el] Red Terror Lebanon Conference Caserta Agreement Operation "Manna" Percentages agreement Dekemvriana Treaty of Varkiza White Terror People Ronald Scobie Georgios Papandreou Archbishop Damaskinos Georgios Grivas Angelos Evert Nikos Zachariadis
Commemoration Events Ohi Day Museums Athens War Museum Holocaust Museum of Greece Kalavryta Massacre Museum Kalpaki War Museum Museum of the Battle of Crete and the National Resistance Thessaloniki War Museum Popular culture Aera! Aera! Aera! Captain Corelli's Mandolin film Ill Met by Moonlight film Ipolochagos Natassa Mediterraneo The 11th Day: Crete 1941 The Guns of Navarone film What Did You Do in the War, Thanasis?

• 1886 births
• 1948 deaths
• 20th-century prime ministers of Greece
• People from Karditsa (regional unit)
• Greek people of Aromanian descent
• Aromanian politicians
• Greek collaborators with Nazi Germany
• Greek military personnel of World War I
• Greek people of World War II
• Aromanian people of World War II
• World War II political leaders
• People of the Greco-Italian War
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