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Turned g
G ᵷ
Usage
Writing system	Latin script
Type	alphabetic
Language of origin	Tabasaran language, Karaim language, Kwakʼwala, multiple phonetic trascriptions
Sound values	[ɣ]
In Unicode	U+1D77
History
Development	(speculated origin) Γ γ 𐌂 C c G g G ᵷ
Time period	1844, 1880, 1892-1921, 1900, 1929, 1959, 1965
Other
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between , / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

G ᵷ or turned g is a letter of the Latin alphabet, formed by rotating g 180°. It is used to transliterate the Georgian letter ჹ. ჹ itself is the Georgian letter გ "g" rotated.

Usage

In 1844, Bartłomiej Beniowski [pl] created his Anti-absurd or Phenotypic alphabet, featuring turned g for the diphthong .

In 1880, John Wesley Powell created a phonetic transcription for transcribing Native American languages in publications of the Smithsonian Institution. In the transcriptions, turned letters were used as supplementary characters.

In 1900, turned g was a proposed phonetic symbol in the International Phonetic Association’s Exposé des principes to represent a voiceless laminal closed postalveolar sibilant, as found in Adyghe, and other Northwest Caucasian languages.

Franz Boas used turned g to represent the voiced velar fricative [ɣ] in his transcription of the Kwakʼwala language, published in American Anthropologist in 1900.

In 1921, Ivar Adolf Lyttkens [sv] and Fredrik Amadeus Wulff [sv] used turned g in their phonetic transcription, notably in Metodiska ljudöfningar published in 1892 or the dictionary Svensk ordlista published in 1921.

In 1929, Tadeusz Jan Kowalski used the turned g and turned k in Karaim language texts to represent an alveolar plosive pronounced as a velar plosive before the vowel [i]. Omeljan Pritsak reused this in a 1959 Karaim work.

Turned g represents a [ɢ] in the transcription of the Tabasaran language by Alexander Amarovich Magometov [ru] in his book Табасаранский язык: Исследование и тексты published in 1965.

A rotated capital G (⅁) has sometimes been used as a substitute for the similar-looking eng [ŋ]. It is encoded in Unicode at U+2141. It looks similar to the Hebrew letter Pe ⟨פ⟩. But you can make the turned g actually rendered like this. ⟨G⟩

Computing codes

ᵷ was added to Unicode 4.1 in 2005, as U+1D77. Fonts that can display the character include Code2000, Doulos SIL and Charis SIL. Lowercase "B with hook", an IPA letter that resembles a turned one-story g, is more widely available as a substitute, at U+0253. However the vertical alignment does not match.

References

1. Powell 1880, p. 15. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPowell1880 (help)
2. Association phonétique internationale 1900, p. 7‒8. sfn error: no target: CITEREFAssociation_phonétique_internationale1900 (help)
3. Boas et al. 1900. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBoas1900 (help)
4. Lyttkens & Wulff 1892, p. 34. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLyttkensWulff1892 (help)
5. Lyttkens & Wulff 1921, p. 16. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLyttkensWulff1921 (help)
6. Németh 2011, p. 81–82. sfn error: no target: CITEREFNémeth2011 (help)
7. Магометов (ალ. მაჰომეტოი), Александр Амарович (1965). Табасаранский язык : исследование и тексты (ტაბასარანუმი ენა : გამოკვლევა და ტექსტები) (in Russian). Тбилиси: Мецниереба.

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