Misplaced Pages

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Logo of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Agency overview
Formed	1 July 1946
Preceding agencies	Office of National Defense Malaria Control Activities (1942) Office of Malaria Control in War Areas (1942–46) Communicable Disease Center (1946–67) National Communicable Disease Center (1967–70) Center for Disease Control (1970–80) Centers for Disease Control (1980–92)
Jurisdiction	Federal Government of the United States
Headquarters	Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. 33°47′58″N 84°19′42″W / 33.79944°N 84.32833°W / 33.79944; -84.32833
Employees	11,814
Annual budget	US$11.581 billion (FY24)
Agency executives	Mandy Cohen , Director Nirav D. Shah , Principal Deputy Director
Parent agency	United States Department of Health and Human Services
Website	www.cdc.gov

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the national public health agency of the United States. It is a United States federal agency under the Department of Health and Human Services, and is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia.

The agency's main goal is the protection of public health and safety through the control and prevention of disease, injury, and disability in the US and worldwide. The CDC focuses national attention on developing and applying disease control and prevention. It especially focuses its attention on infectious disease, food borne pathogens, environmental health, occupational safety and health, health promotion, injury prevention, and educational activities designed to improve the health of United States citizens. The CDC also conducts research and provides information on non-infectious diseases, such as obesity and diabetes, and is a founding member of the International Association of National Public Health Institutes.

The CDC's current director is Mandy Cohen who assumed office on July 10, 2023.

History

Establishment

The Communicable Disease Center was founded July 1, 1946, as the successor to the World War II Malaria Control in War Areas program of the Office of National Defense Malaria Control Activities.

Preceding its founding, organizations with global influence in malaria control were the Malaria Commission of the League of Nations and the Rockefeller Foundation. The Rockefeller Foundation greatly supported malaria control, sought to have the governments take over some of its efforts, and collaborated with the agency.

The new agency was a branch of the U.S. Public Health Service and Atlanta was chosen as the location because malaria was endemic in the Southern United States. The agency changed names (see infobox on top) before adopting the name Communicable Disease Center in 1946. Offices were located on the sixth floor of the Volunteer Building on Peachtree Street.

With a budget at the time of about $1 million, 59 percent of its personnel were engaged in mosquito abatement and habitat control with the objective of control and eradication of malaria in the United States (see National Malaria Eradication Program).

Among its 369 employees, the main jobs at CDC were originally entomology and engineering. In CDC's initial years, more than six and a half million homes were sprayed, mostly with DDT. In 1946, there were only seven medical officers on duty and an early organization chart was drawn. Under Joseph Walter Mountin, the CDC continued to be an advocate for public health issues and pushed to extend its responsibilities to many other communicable diseases.

In 1947, the CDC made a token payment of $10 to Emory University for 15 acres (61,000 m) of land on Clifton Road in DeKalb County, still the home of CDC headquarters as of 2019. CDC employees collected the money to make the purchase. The benefactor behind the "gift" was Robert W. Woodruff, chairman of the board of the Coca-Cola Company. Woodruff had a long-time interest in malaria control, which had been a problem in areas where he went hunting. The same year, the PHS transferred its San Francisco based plague laboratory into the CDC as the Epidemiology Division, and a new Veterinary Diseases Division was established.

Growth

In 1951, Chief Epidemiologist Alexander Langmuir's warnings of potential biological warfare during the Korean War spurred the creation of the Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) as a two-year postgraduate training program in epidemiology. The success of the EIS program led to the launch of Field Epidemiology Training Programs (FETP) in 1980, training more than 18,000 disease detectives in over 80 countries. In 2020, FETP celebrated the 40th anniversary of the CDC's support for Thailand's Field Epidemiology Training Program. Thailand was the first FETP site created outside of North America and is found in numerous countries, reflecting CDC's influence in promoting this model internationally. The Training Programs in Epidemiology and Public Health Interventions Network (TEPHINET) has graduated 950 students.

The mission of the CDC expanded beyond its original focus on malaria to include sexually transmitted diseases when the Venereal Disease Division of the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) was transferred to the CDC in 1957. Shortly thereafter, Tuberculosis Control was transferred (in 1960) to the CDC from PHS, and then in 1963 the Immunization program was established.

It became the National Communicable Disease Center effective July 1, 1967, and the Center for Disease Control on June 24, 1970. At the end of the Public Health Service reorganizations of 1966–1973, it was promoted to being a principal operating agency of PHS.

Recent history

It was renamed to the plural Centers for Disease Control effective October 14, 1980, as the modern organization of having multiple constituent centers was established. By 1990, it had four centers formed in the 1980s: the Center for Infectious Diseases, Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, the Center for Environmental Health and Injury Control, and the Center for Prevention Services; as well as two centers that had been absorbed by CDC from outside: the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health in 1973, and the National Center for Health Statistics in 1987.

An act of the United States Congress appended the words "and Prevention" to the name effective October 27, 1992. However, Congress directed that the initialism CDC be retained because of its name recognition. Since the 1990s, the CDC focus has broadened to include chronic diseases, disabilities, injury control, workplace hazards, environmental health threats, and terrorism preparedness. CDC combats emerging diseases and other health risks, including birth defects, West Nile virus, obesity, avian, swine, and pandemic flu, E. coli, and bioterrorism, to name a few. The organization would also prove to be an important factor in preventing the abuse of penicillin. In May 1994 the CDC admitted having sent samples of communicable diseases to the Iraqi government from 1984 through 1989 which were subsequently repurposed for biological warfare, including Botulinum toxin, West Nile virus, Yersinia pestis and Dengue fever virus.

On April 21, 2005, then–CDC director Julie Gerberding formally announced the reorganization of CDC to "confront the challenges of 21st-century health threats". She established four coordinating centers. In 2009 the Obama administration re-evaluated this change and ordered them cut as an unnecessary management layer.

As of 2013, the CDC's Biosafety Level 4 laboratories were among the few that exist in the world. They included one of only two official repositories of smallpox in the world, with the other one located at the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR in the Russian Federation. In 2014, the CDC revealed they had discovered several misplaced smallpox samples while their lab workers were "potentially infected" with anthrax.

The city of Atlanta annexed the property of the CDC headquarters effective January 1, 2018, as a part of the city's largest annexation within a period of 65 years; the Atlanta City Council had voted to do so the prior December. The CDC and Emory University had requested that the Atlanta city government annex the area, paving the way for a MARTA expansion through the Emory campus, funded by city tax dollars. The headquarters were located in an unincorporated area, statistically in the Druid Hills census-designated place.

On August 17, 2022, Dr. Walensky said the CDC would make drastic changes in the wake of mistakes during the COVID-19 pandemic. She outlined an overhaul of how the CDC would analyze and share data and how they would communicate information to the general public. In her statement to all CDC employees, she said: "For 75 years, CDC and public health have been preparing for COVID-19, and in our big moment, our performance did not reliably meet expectations." Based on the findings of an internal report, Walensky concluded that "The CDC must refocus itself on public health needs, respond much faster to emergencies and outbreaks of disease, and provide information in a way that ordinary people and state and local health authorities can understand and put to use" (as summarized by the New York Times).

Organization

The CDC is organized into centers, institutes, and offices (CIOs), with each organizational unit implementing the agency's activities in a particular area of expertise while also providing intra-agency support and resource-sharing for cross-cutting issues and specific health threats.

As of the most recent reorganization in February 2023, the CIOs are:

• Director
  • National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
  • National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases
    • Division of Global Migration Health
  • National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention
  • National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities
  • National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
  • National Center for Environmental Health / Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
  • National Center for Injury Prevention and Control
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
  • Public Health Infrastructure Center
  • Global Health Center
  • Immediate Office of the Director
    • Chief of Staff
    • Office of the Chief Operating Officer
    • Office of Policy, Performance, and Evaluation
    • Office of Equal Employment Opportunity and Workplace Equity
    • Office of Communications
    • Office of Health Equity
    • Office of Science
    • CDC Washington Office
    • Office of Laboratory Science and Safety
    • Office of Readiness and Response
      • Center for Forecasting and Outbreak Analytics
    • Office of Public Health Data, Surveillance, and Technology
      • National Center for Health Statistics

The Office of Public Health Preparedness was created during the 2001 anthrax attacks shortly after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Its purpose was to coordinate among the government the response to a range of biological terrorism threats.

Locations

Most CDC centers are located in Atlanta. Building 18, which opened in 2005 at the CDC's main Roybal campus (named in honor of the late Representative Edward R. Roybal), contains the premier BSL4 laboratory in the United States.

A few of the centers are based in or operate other domestic locations:

• The National Center for Health Statistics is primarily located in Hyattsville, Maryland, with a branch in Research Triangle Park in North Carolina.
• The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's primary locations are Cincinnati; Morgantown, West Virginia; Pittsburgh; Spokane, Washington; and Washington, D.C., with branches in Denver; Anchorage, Alaska; and Atlanta.
• The CDC Washington Office is based in Washington, D.C.
• Two divisions of the National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases are based outside Atlanta. The Division of Vector-Borne Diseases is based in Fort Collins, Colorado, with a branch in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The Arctic Investigations Program is based in Anchorage.

In addition, CDC operates quarantine facilities in 20 cities in the U.S.

Budget

The CDC budget for fiscal year 2024 is $11.581 billion.

Workforce

As of 2021, CDC staff numbered approximately 15,000 personnel (including 6,000 contractors and 840 United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps officers) in 170 occupations. Eighty percent held bachelor's degrees or higher; almost half had advanced degrees (a master's degree or a doctorate such as a PhD, D.O., or M.D.).

Common CDC job titles include engineer, entomologist, epidemiologist, biologist, physician, veterinarian, behavioral scientist, nurse, medical technologist, economist, public health advisor, health communicator, toxicologist, chemist, computer scientist, and statistician. The CDC also operates a number of notable training and fellowship programs, including those indicated below.

Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS)

The Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) is composed of "boots-on-the-ground disease detectives" who investigate public health problems domestically and globally. When called upon by a governmental body, EIS officers may embark on short-term epidemiological assistance assignments, or "Epi-Aids", to provide technical expertise in containing and investigating disease outbreaks. The EIS program is a model for the international Field Epidemiology Training Program.

Public Health Associates Program

The CDC also operates the Public Health Associate Program (PHAP), a two-year paid fellowship for recent college graduates to work in public health agencies all over the United States. PHAP was founded in 2007 and currently has 159 associates in 34 states.

Leadership

The director of CDC is a Senior Executive Service position that may be filled either by a career employee, or as a political appointment that does not require Senate confirmation, with the latter method typically being used. The director serves at the pleasure of the President and may be fired at any time. On January 20, 2025, the CDC Director position will change to require Senate confirmation, due to a provision in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023. The CDC Director concurrently serves as the Administrator of the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.

Twenty directors have served the CDC or its predecessor agencies, including three who have served during the Trump administration (including Anne Schuchat who twice served as acting director) and three who have served during the Carter administration (including one acting director not shown here). Two served under Bill Clinton, but only one under the Nixon to Ford terms.

Portrait	Director	Took office	Left office
	Louis L. Williams Jr.	1942	1943
	Mark D. Hollis	1944	1946
	Raymond A. Vonderlehr	1947	1951
	Justin M. Andrews	1952	1953
	Theodore J. Bauer	1953	1956
	Robert J. Anderson	October 1, 1956	June 30, 1960
	Clarence A. Smith	1960	1962
	James L. Goddard	1962	January 1966
	David J. Sencer	1966	May 1977
	William H. Foege	May 1977	1983
	James O. Mason	1983	1989
	William L. Roper	March 1, 1990	June 30, 1993
	David Satcher	1993	February 13, 1998
	Jeffrey P. Koplan	October 5, 1998	March 31, 2002
	Julie Gerberding	June 3, 2002	January 20, 2009
	Thomas R. Frieden	June 8, 2009	January 20, 2017
	Anne Schuchat (acting)	January 20, 2017	July 7, 2017
	Brenda Fitzgerald	July 7, 2017	January 31, 2018
	Anne Schuchat (acting)	January 31, 2018	March 26, 2018
	Robert R. Redfield	March 26, 2018	January 20, 2021
	Rochelle Walensky	January 20, 2021	June 30, 2023
	Nirav D. Shah (acting)	July 1, 2023	July 10, 2023
	Mandy Cohen	July 10, 2023	Present

Datasets and survey systems

• CDC Scientific Data, Surveillance, Health Statistics, and Laboratory Information.
• Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), the world's largest, ongoing telephone health-survey system.
• Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), a surveillance system on maternal and infant health with telephone and mail questionnaires in English and Spanish in 50 US jurisdictions.
• Mortality Medical Data System.
• Abortion statistics in the United States
• CDC WONDER (Wide-ranging ONline Data for Epidemiologic Research)
• Data systems of the National Center for Health Statistics

Areas of focus

Communicable diseases

The CDC's programs address more than 400 diseases, health threats, and conditions that are major causes of death, disease, and disability. The CDC's website has information on various infectious (and noninfectious) diseases, including smallpox, measles, and others.

Influenza

The CDC targets the transmission of influenza, including the H1N1 swine flu, and launched websites to educate people about hygiene.

Division of Select Agents and Toxins

Within the division are two programs: the Federal Select Agent Program (FSAP) and the Import Permit Program. The FSAP is run jointly with an office within the U.S. Department of Agriculture, regulating agents that can cause disease in humans, animals, and plants. The Import Permit Program regulates the importation of "infectious biological materials."

The CDC runs a program that protects the public from rare and dangerous substances such as anthrax and the Ebola virus. The program, called the Federal Select Agent Program, calls for inspections of labs in the U.S. that work with dangerous pathogens.

During the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa, the CDC helped coordinate the return of two infected American aid workers for treatment at Emory University Hospital, the home of a special unit to handle highly infectious diseases.

As a response to the 2014 Ebola outbreak, Congress passed a Continuing Appropriations Resolution allocating $30,000,000 towards CDC's efforts to fight the virus.

Non-communicable diseases

The CDC also works on non-communicable diseases, including chronic diseases caused by obesity, physical inactivity and tobacco-use. The work of the Division for Cancer Prevention and Control, led from 2010 by Lisa C. Richardson, is also within this remit.

Antibiotic resistance

The CDC implemented their National Action Plan for Combating Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria as a measure against the spread of antibiotic resistance in the United States. This initiative has a budget of $161 million and includes the development of the Antibiotic Resistance Lab Network.

Global health

Globally, the CDC works with other organizations to address global health challenges and contain disease threats at their source. They work with many international organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) as well as ministries of health and other groups on the front lines of outbreaks. The agency maintains staff in more than 60 countries, including some from the U.S. but more from the countries in which they operate. The agency's global divisions include the Division of Global HIV and TB (DGHT), the Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria (DPDM), the Division of Global Health Protection (DGHP), and the Global Immunization Division (GID).

The CDC has been working with the WHO to implement the International Health Regulations (IHR), an agreement between 196 countries to prevent, control, and report on the international spread of disease, through initiatives including the Global Disease Detection Program (GDD).

The CDC has also been involved in implementing the U.S. global health initiatives President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) and President's Malaria Initiative.

Travelers' health

The CDC collects and publishes health information for travelers in a comprehensive book, CDC Health Information for International Travel, which is commonly known as the "yellow book." The book is available online and in print as a new edition every other year and includes current travel health guidelines, vaccine recommendations, and information on specific travel destinations. The CDC also issues travel health notices on its website, consisting of three levels:

• "Watch": Level 1 (practice usual precautions)
• "Alert": Level 2 (practice enhanced precautions)
• "Warning": Level 3 (avoid nonessential travel)

Vaccine safety

The CDC uses a number of tools to monitor the safety of vaccines. The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), a national vaccine safety surveillance program run by CDC and the FDA. "VAERS detects possible safety issues with U.S. vaccines by collecting information about adverse events (possible side effects or health problems) after vaccination." The CDC's Safety Information by Vaccine page provides a list of the latest safety information, side effects, and answers to common questions about CDC recommended vaccines.

The Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) works with a network of healthcare organizations to share data on vaccine safety and adverse events. The Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment (CISA) project is a network of vaccine experts and health centers that research and assist the CDC in the area of vaccine safety.

CDC also runs a program called V-safe, a smartphone web application that allows COVID-19 vaccine recipients to be surveyed in detail about their health in response to getting the shot.

CDC Foundation

The CDC Foundation operates independently from CDC as a private, nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization incorporated in the State of Georgia. The creation of the Foundation was authorized by section 399F of the Public Health Service Act to support the mission of CDC in partnership with the private sector, including organizations, foundations, businesses, educational groups, and individuals. From 1995 to 2022, the foundation raised over $1.6 billion and launched more than 1,200 health programs. Bill Cosby formerly served as a member of the foundation's Board of Directors, continuing as an honorary member after completing his term.

Activities

The foundation engages in research projects and health programs in more than 160 countries every year, including in focus areas such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, emergency response, and infectious diseases, particularly HIV/AIDS, Ebola, rotavirus, and COVID-19.

• EmPOWERED Health Program: Launched in November 2019 with funding from Amgen, the program works to empower cancer patients to become actively involved in the decision making around their treatments.
• Fries Prize for Improving Health: An annual prize first awarded in 1992 that "recognizes an individual who has made major accomplishments in health improvement and with the general criteria of the greatest good for the greatest number".

Criticism

In 2015, BMJ associate editor Jeanne Lenzer raised concerns that the CDC's recommendations and publications may be influenced by donations received through the Foundation, which includes pharmaceutical companies.

Controversies

Tuskegee study of untreated syphilis in Black men

For 15 years, the CDC had direct oversight over the Tuskegee syphilis experiment. In the study, which lasted from 1932 to 1972, a group of Black men (nearly 400 of whom had syphilis) were studied to learn more about the disease. The disease was left untreated in the men, who had not given their informed consent to serve as research subjects. The Tuskegee Study was initiated in 1932 by the Public Health Service, with the CDC taking over the Tuskegee Health Benefit Program in 1995.

Gun control

An area of partisan dispute related to CDC funding is studying firearms effectiveness. Although the CDC was one of the first government agencies to study gun related data, in 1996 the Dickey Amendment, passed with the support of the National Rifle Association of America, states "none of the funds available for injury prevention and control at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention may be used to advocate or promote gun control". Advocates for gun control oppose the amendment and have tried to overturn it.

Looking at the history of the passage of the Dickey Amendment, in 1992, Mark L. Rosenberg and five CDC colleagues founded the CDC's National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, with an annual budget of approximately $260,000. They focused on "identifying causes of firearm deaths, and methods to prevent them". Their first report, published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 1993 entitled "Guns are a Risk Factor for Homicide in the Home", reported "mere presence of a gun in a home increased the risk of a firearm-related death by 2.7 percent, and suicide fivefold – a "huge" increase." In response, the NRA launched a "campaign to shut down the Injury Center." Two conservative pro-gun groups, Doctors for Responsible Gun Ownership and Doctors for Integrity and Policy Research joined the pro-gun effort, and, by 1995, politicians also supported the pro-gun initiative. In 1996, Jay Dickey (R) Arkansas introduced the Dickey Amendment statement stating "none of the funds available for injury prevention and control at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention may be used to advocate or promote gun control" as a rider. in the 1996 appropriations bill." In 1997, "Congress re-directed all of the money for gun research to the study of traumatic brain injury." David Satcher, CDC head 1993–98 advocated for firearms research. In 2016 over a dozen "public health insiders, including current and former CDC senior leaders" told The Trace interviewers that CDC senior leaders took a cautious stance in their interpretation of the Dickey Amendment and that they could do more but were afraid of political and personal retribution.

In 2013, the American Medical Association, the American Psychological Association, and the American Academy of Pediatrics sent a letter to the leaders of the Senate Appropriations Committee asking them "to support at least $10 million within the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in FY 2014 along with sufficient new taxes at the National Institutes of Health to support research into the causes and prevention of violence. Furthermore, we urge Members to oppose any efforts to reduce, eliminate, or condition CDC funding related to violence prevention research." Congress maintained the ban in subsequent budgets.

Ebola

In October 2014, the CDC gave a nurse with a fever who was later diagnosed with Ebola permission to board a commercial flight to Cleveland.

COVID-19

The CDC has been widely criticized for its handling of the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2022, CDC director Rochelle Walensky acknowledged "some pretty dramatic, pretty public mistakes, from testing to data to communications", based on the findings of an internal examination.

The first confirmed case of COVID-19 was discovered in the U.S. on January 20, 2020. However, widespread COVID-19 testing in the United States was effectively stalled until February 28, when federal officials revised a faulty CDC test, and days afterward, when the Food and Drug Administration began loosening rules that had restricted other labs from developing tests. In February 2020, as the CDC's early coronavirus test malfunctioned nationwide, CDC Director Robert R. Redfield reassured fellow officials on the White House Coronavirus Task Force that the problem would be quickly solved, according to White House officials. It took about three weeks to sort out the failed test kits, which may have been contaminated during their processing in a CDC lab. Later investigations by the FDA and the Department of Health and Human Services found that the CDC had violated its own protocols in developing its tests. In November 2020, NPR reported that an internal review document they obtained revealed that the CDC was aware that the first batch of tests which were issued in early January had a chance of being wrong 33 percent of the time, but they released them anyway.

In May 2020, The Atlantic reported that the CDC was conflating the results of two different types of coronavirus tests – tests that diagnose current coronavirus infections, and tests that measure whether someone has ever had the virus. The magazine said this distorted several important metrics, provided the country with an inaccurate picture of the state of the pandemic, and overstated the country's testing ability.

In July 2020, the Trump administration ordered hospitals to bypass the CDC and instead send all COVID-19 patient information to a database at the Department of Health and Human Services. Some health experts opposed the order and warned that the data might become politicized or withheld from the public. On July 15, the CDC alarmed health care groups by temporarily removing COVID-19 dashboards from its website. It restored the data a day later.

In August 2020, the CDC recommended that people showing no COVID-19 symptoms do not need testing. The new guidelines alarmed many public health experts. The guidelines were crafted by the White House Coronavirus Task Force without the sign-off of Anthony Fauci of the NIH. Objections by other experts at the CDC went unheard. Officials said that a CDC document in July arguing for "the importance of reopening schools" was also crafted outside the CDC. On August 16, the chief of staff, Kyle McGowan, and his deputy, Amanda Campbell, resigned from the agency. The testing guidelines were reversed on September 18, 2020, after public controversy.

In September 2020, the CDC drafted an order requiring masks on all public transportation in the United States, but the White House Coronavirus Task Force blocked the order, refusing to discuss it, according to two federal health officials.

In October 2020, it was disclosed that White House advisers had repeatedly altered the writings of CDC scientists about COVID-19, including recommendations on church choirs, social distancing in bars and restaurants, and summaries of public-health reports.

In the lead up to 2020 Thanksgiving, the CDC advised Americans not to travel for the holiday saying, "It's not a requirement. It's a recommendation for the American public to consider." The White House coronavirus task force had its first public briefing in months on that date but travel was not mentioned.

The New York Times later concluded that the CDC's decisions to "ben to political pressure from the Trump White House to alter key public health guidance or withhold it from the public cost it a measure of public trust that experts say it still has not recaptured" as of 2022.

In May 2021, following criticism by scientists, the CDC updated its COVID-19 guidance to acknowledge airborne transmission of COVID-19, after having previously claimed that the majority of infections occurred via "close contact, not airborne transmission".

In December 2021, following a request from the CEO of Delta Air Lines, CDC shortened its recommended isolation period for asymptomatic individuals infected with COVID-19 from 10 days to five.

Until 2022, the CDC withheld critical data about COVID-19 vaccine boosters, hospitalizations and wastewater data.

On June 10, 2022, the Biden Administration ordered the CDC to remove the COVID-19 testing requirement for air travelers entering the United States.

In January 2022, it was revealed that the CDC had communicated with moderators at Facebook and Instagram over COVID-19 information and discussion on the platforms, including information that the CDC considered false or misleading and that might influence people not to get the COVID-19 vaccines.

Controversy over the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report

During the pandemic, the CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) came under pressure from political appointees at the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to modify its reporting so as not to conflict with what Trump was saying about the pandemic.

Starting in June 2020, Michael Caputo, the HHS assistant secretary for public affairs, and his chief advisor Paul Alexander tried to delay, suppress, change, and retroactively edit MMR releases about the effectiveness of potential treatments for COVID-19, the transmissibility of the virus, and other issues where the president had taken a public stance. Alexander tried unsuccessfully to get personal approval of all issues of MMWR before they went out.

Caputo claimed this oversight was necessary because MMWR reports were being tainted by "political content"; he demanded to know the political leanings of the scientists who reported that hydroxychloroquine had little benefit as a treatment while Trump was saying the opposite. In emails Alexander accused CDC scientists of attempting to "hurt the president" and writing "hit pieces on the administration".

In October 2020, emails obtained by Politico showed that Alexander requested multiple alterations in a report. The published alterations included a title being changed from "Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults" to "Persons." One current and two former CDC officials who reviewed the email exchanges said they were troubled by the "intervention to alter scientific reports viewed as untouchable prior to the Trump administration" that "appeared to minimize the risks of the coronavirus to children by making the report's focus on children less clear."

Eroding trust in the CDC as a result of COVID-19 controversies

A poll conducted in September 2020 found that nearly 8 in 10 Americans trusted the CDC, a decrease from 87 percent in April 2020. Another poll showed an even larger drop in trust with the results dropping 16 percentage points. By January 2022, according to an NBC News poll, only 44% of Americans trusted the CDC compared to 69% at the beginning of the pandemic. As the trustworthiness eroded, so too did the information it disseminates. The diminishing level of trust in the CDC and the information releases also incited "vaccine hesitancy" with the result that "just 53 percent of Americans said they would be somewhat or extremely likely to get a vaccine."

In September 2020, amid the accusations and the faltering image of the CDC, the agency's leadership was called into question. Former acting director at the CDC, Richard Besser, said of Redfield that "I find it concerning that the CDC director has not been outspoken when there have been instances of clear political interference in the interpretation of science." In addition, Mark Rosenberg, the first director of CDC's National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, also questioned Redfield's leadership and his lack of defense of the science.

Historically, the CDC has not been a political agency; however, the COVID-19 pandemic, and specifically the Trump administration's handling of the pandemic, resulted in a "dangerous shift" according to a previous CDC director and others. Four previous directors claim that the agency's voice was "muted for political reasons." Politicization of the agency has continued into the Biden administration as COVID-19 guidance is contradicted by State guidance and the agency is criticized as "CDC's credibility is eroding".

In 2021, the CDC, then under the leadership of the Biden administration, received criticism for its mixed messaging surrounding COVID-19 vaccines, mask-wearing guidance, and the state of the pandemic.

Publications

• CDC publications
• State of CDC report
• CDC Programs in Brief
• Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
• Emerging Infectious Diseases (monthly journal)
• Preventing Chronic Disease
• Vital statistics

Popular culture

Zombie Apocalypse campaign

On May 16, 2011, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's blog published an article instructing the public on what to do to prepare for a zombie invasion. While the article did not claim that such a scenario was possible, it did use the popular culture appeal as a means of urging citizens to prepare for all potential hazards, such as earthquakes, tornadoes, and floods.

According to David Daigle, the associate director for communications, public health preparedness and response, the idea arose when his team was discussing their upcoming hurricane-information campaign and Daigle mused that "we say pretty much the same things every year, in the same way, and I just wonder how many people are paying attention." A social-media employee mentioned that the subject of zombies had come up a lot on Twitter when she had been tweeting about the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster and radiation. The team realized that a campaign like this would most likely reach a different audience from the one that normally pays attention to hurricane-preparedness warnings and went to work on the zombie campaign, launching it right before hurricane season began. "The whole idea was, if you're prepared for a zombie apocalypse, you're prepared for pretty much anything," said Daigle.

Once the blog article was posted, the CDC announced an open contest for YouTube submissions of the most creative and effective videos covering preparedness for a zombie apocalypse (or apocalypse of any kind), to be judged by the "CDC Zombie Task Force". Submissions were open until October 11, 2011. They also released a zombie-themed graphic novella available on their website. Zombie-themed educational materials for teachers are available on the site.

See also

• Gun violence in the United States
• Haddon Matrix
• List of national public health agencies
• Safe Kids Worldwide

CDC Departments

• ATSDR – CDC department
• NIOSH – CDC department
  • N95 respirator – regulated by NIOSH
  • Division of Industrial Hygiene – predecessor to NIOSH

Other US Executive Departments

• MSHA – co-regulator of respirators prior to 1998
  • Bureau of Mines – predecessor to MSHA
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
• OSHA

References

Citations

1. "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Salary Statistics". federalpay.org. Retrieved July 4, 2019. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention had 10,899 employees in 2015 ...
2. "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention". United States Department of Health and Human Services. October 4, 2019. Archived from the original on April 10, 2020. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
3. ^ Niesse, Mark. "City of Atlanta's expansion to Emory and CDC approved". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
4. "Mission, Role and Pledge". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. April 14, 2014. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017.
5. "Home: CDC". cdc.gov. Retrieved November 19, 2008.
6. "Director". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. July 1, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
7. ^ Parascandola J (November–December 1996). "From MCWA to CDC – origins of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention". Public Health Reports. 111 (6): 549–551. PMC 1381908. PMID 8955706.
8. ^ "Records of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Record Group 442) 1921–2004". Guide to Federal Records. United States: National Archives and Records Administration. November 9, 2010. Archived from the original on November 19, 2010. Retrieved October 4, 2009.
9. ^ Nájera JA (June 2001). "Malaria control: achievements, problems and strategies". Parassitologia. 43 (1–2): 1–89. PMID 11921521.
10. Stapleton DH (2004). "Lessons of history? Anti-malaria strategies of the International Health Board and the Rockefeller Foundation from the 1920s to the era of DDT". Public Health Rep. 119 (2): 206–215. doi:10.1177/003335490411900214. PMC 1497608. PMID 15192908.
11. Sledge, Daniel (2012). "War, Tropical Disease, and the Emergence of National Public Health Capacity in the United States". Studies in American Political Development. 26 (2): 125–162. doi:10.1017/S0898588X12000107. hdl:10106/24372. S2CID 145297402.
12. CDC (March 22, 2017). "Celebrating 7 Decades of Firsts". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
13. Division of Parasitic Diseases (February 8, 2010). "Malaria Control in War Areas (1942–1945)". The History of Malaria, an Ancient Disease (2004). Atlanta, Georgia: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
14. Scheele, L. A (1952). "Dr. Joseph W. Mountin, pioneer in public health, 1891–1952". Public Health Rep. 67 (5): 425. PMC 2030772. PMID 14930166.
15. "FETP 40th Anniversary | Division of Global Health Protection | Global Health | CDC". CDC. March 12, 2021.
16. White, Mark; McDonnell, Sharon M.; Werker, Denise H.; Cardenas, Victor M.; Thacker, Stephen B. (2001). "Partnerships in International Applied Epidemiology Training and Service". American Journal of Epidemiology. 154 (11): 993–999. doi:10.1093/aje/154.11.993. PMID 11724714.
17. "Thailand Field Epidemiology Training Program | TEPHINET". www.tephinet.org.
18. Beth E. Meyerson; Fred A. Martich; Gerald P. Naehr (2008). Ready to Go: The History and Contributions of U.S. Public Health Advisors. Research Triangle Park: American Social Health Association.
19. ^ Etheridge, Elizabeth W. (1992). Sentinel for Health: A History of the Centers for Disease Control. University of California Press. pp. 229–231, 342–343. ISBN 978-0520910416.
20. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (1992). "CDC: the nation's prevention agency". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 41 (44): 833. PMID 1331740. Archived from the original on June 11, 2011.
21. "The eleventh plague: the politics of biological and chemical warfare" (pp. 84–86) by Leonard A. Cole (1993)
22. Gerberding, Julie Louise (April 21, 2005). "Letter from Dr. Gerberding". CDC, Office of Director, The Futures Initiative. Archived from the original on June 29, 2016. Retrieved December 28, 2008.
23. Koenig, Robert (August 7, 2009). "New Chief Orders CDC to Cut Management Layers". ScienceInsider. Science. Archived from the original on September 20, 2009. Retrieved April 16, 2012.
24. "Viral Special Pathogens Branch". DHCPP | NCEZID | CDC. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
25. Scutti, Susan (July 16, 2014). "CDC Smallpox and Anthrax Mishaps Signal Other Potential Dangers". Newsweek. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
26. Chess, Richard; Bober, Madison (December 4, 2017). "Emory, CDC to be Annexed into Atlanta". The Emory Wheel. Retrieved May 27, 2023.
27. Torpy, Bill (August 7, 2017). "Torpy at Large: DeKalb has annexation anxiety over Emory, CDC". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved March 11, 2020.
28. "2010 Census Block Map – Druid Hills CDP, GA" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 11, 2023. – Compare with the address: "1600 Clifton Rd. Atlanta, GA 30333, USA"
29. Steenhuysen, Julie (August 17, 2022). "U.S. CDC plans to focus on public health response after pandemic failings". Reuters. Retrieved August 17, 2022.
30. ^ LaFraniere, Sharon; Weiland, Noah (August 17, 2022). "Walensky, Citing Botched Pandemic Response, Calls for C.D.C. Reorganization". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 21, 2022.
31. "CDC Organization". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. February 21, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2023.
32. National Center of Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Disease (February 14, 2019). "Divisions and Office Overview". cdc.gov. Retrieved October 30, 2020.
33. "Bio-terrorism Office Gets a New Director". The New York Times. May 2, 2002. Retrieved October 17, 2018.
34. "CDC Structural Façade Inspection, Building 18". Innovative Engineering. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
35. "Centre for Disease Control – Building 18". MCW Hemisphere. Archived from the original on August 21, 2018. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
36. Young, Alison (June 2, 2016). "Newly disclosed CDC biolab failures 'like a screenplay for a disaster movie'". USA Today.
37. "Living in Atlanta". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. April 23, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2019.
38. "U.S. Quarantine Stations". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. April 24, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2019.
39. "CDC Statement on President's Fiscal Year 2024 Budget". CDC. March 9, 2023. Retrieved October 2, 2024.
40. Office of the Associate Director for Communication (May 19, 2010). "State of CDC: Budget and Workforce". CDC Impact Story Topics. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original (XHTML) on January 22, 2013. Retrieved March 21, 2011. For more data on 2008, click on the "2008" link.
41. "Top Jobs at the CDC". Employment Information Homepage. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. April 1, 2008. Archived from the original on November 16, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
42. "Epidemic Intelligence Service". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
43. "Epidemiologic Assistance". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
44. Cliff, A.D. (2009). Infectious diseases: emergence and re-emergence: a geographical analysis. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199244737.
45. Koplan, Jeffrey P.; Foege, William H. (December 1, 2011). "Introduction: the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Epi-Aids – a fond recollection". American Journal of Epidemiology. 174 (11 Suppl): S1–3. doi:10.1093/aje/kwr303. ISSN 1476-6256. PMID 22135388.
46. Public Health Associate Program website, CDC; retrieved April 12, 2014.
47. "United States Government Policy and Supporting Positions (Plum Book)". U.S. Government Publishing Office. 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
48. ^ Wilgoren, Debbi and Shear, Michael D. "Obama Chooses NYC Health Chief to Head CDC", The Washington Post, May 16, 2009.
49. Patel, Kant; Rushefsky, Mark E.; and McFarlane, Deborah R. The Politics of Public Health in the United States. M.E. Sharpe, 2005; ISBN 978-0765611352.
50. Frieden, Joyce (June 28, 2023). "CDC Director Post Will Require Senate Confirmation Starting in 2025". MedPage Today. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
51. Dull, H. Bruce (May–June 1991). "About the CDC". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 7 (3): 188. doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(18)30938-3.
52. "Past CDC Directors/Administrators". Office of Enterprise Communication. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). February 19, 2009. Retrieved May 19, 2009.
53. "Health Official Reigned in '76 Swine-Flu Fight". The Wall Street Journal. May 4, 2011.
54. "National Public Health Institute, NPHI Advocacy". IANPHI. Archived from the original on October 15, 2010. Retrieved April 16, 2012.
55. "Principal Deputy Director: Anne Schuchat, MD". cdc.gov. August 2, 2019.
56. Hellmann, Jessie (January 31, 2018). "CDC head resigns after report she traded tobacco stocks". The Hill. Retrieved January 31, 2018.
57. Sun, Lena H. (March 21, 2018). "Longtime AIDS researcher Robert Redfield picked to lead CDC". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
58. "CDC Data and Statistics". CDC – National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Retrieved August 10, 2006.
59. "Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System". CDC: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Retrieved August 5, 2006.
60. Wang, Kevin; Sha, M. Mandy (March 1, 2013). "A Comparison of Results from a Spanish and English Mail Survey: Effects of Instruction Placement on Item Missingness". Survey Methods: Insights from the Field (SMIF). doi:10.13094/SMIF-2013-00006. ISSN 2296-4754.
61. "About PRAMS | CDC". www.cdc.gov. April 22, 2022. Retrieved December 21, 2023.
62. "NCHS – Mortality Data – About the Mortality Medical Data System". CDC – National Center for Health Statistics. Retrieved January 9, 2007.
63. "CDC – Data and Statistics – Reproductive Health". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. April 4, 2012. Retrieved April 16, 2012.
64. "CDC WONDER". wonder.cdc.gov.
65. "CDC – NCHS – National Center for Health Statistics". CDC. August 8, 2021.
66. "Influenza (Flu)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. June 4, 2021.
67. "About the Division of Select Agents and Toxins". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. October 10, 2018. Retrieved October 17, 2018.
68. Cohen, Bryan. "CDC's Select Agents Program protects against bioterror threats" Archived October 18, 2014, at archive.today, BioPrepWatch, February 10, 2014; accessed October 17, 2014.
69. Achenbach, Joel; Dennis, Brady; Hogan, Caelainn. "American doctor infected with Ebola returns to U.S." The Washington Post. Retrieved August 2, 2014.
70. "Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2015" (PDF). congress.gov. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
71. "Overweight & Obesity". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved August 4, 2015.
72. "Organization Chart". National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP). CDC. March 22, 2024.
73. "Division of Cancer Prevention and Control – at a glance" (PDF). CDC. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 18, 2019. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
74. "Antibiotic Resistance Lab Network | Antibiotic/Antimicrobial Resistance | CDC". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. January 5, 2017. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
75. "CDC Global Health – What We're Doing". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. September 15, 2017. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
76. "Organization of the CDC Center for Global Health". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. March 24, 2016.
77. "Module 2: WHO and CDC Global Surveillance Systems". Unite for Sight. Archived from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
78. "CDC's Role in Global HIV Control". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
79. "2018 Yellow Book Home". CDC. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
80. "Travel Health Notices". CDC. August 29, 2019.
81. "Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. July 23, 2020. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
82. "Safety Information by Vaccine". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. July 17, 2020. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
83. Chen, R. T.; Glasser, J. W.; Rhodes, P. H.; Davis, R. L.; Barlow, W. E.; Thompson, R. S.; Mullooly, J. P.; Black, S. B.; Shinefield, H. R.; Vadheim, C. M.; Marcy, S. M.; Ward, J. I.; Wise, R. P.; Wassilak, S. G.; Hadler, S. C. (June 1, 1997). "Vaccine Safety Datalink Project: A New Tool for Improving Vaccine Safety Monitoring in the United States". Pediatrics. 99 (6): 765–773. doi:10.1542/peds.99.6.765. PMID 9164767.
84. "Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment (CISA) Project". CDC. September 30, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2022.
85. CDC (July 18, 2022). "V-safe After Vaccination Health Checker". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved October 7, 2022.
86. "42 U.S. Code § 280e–11 – Establishment and duties of Foundation". Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on September 18, 2016. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
87. "CDCfoundation.org". CDCfoundation.org. Archived from the original on April 27, 2012. Retrieved April 16, 2012.
88. ^ "CDC Foundation". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. July 7, 2022. Archived from the original on July 25, 2022. Retrieved August 7, 2022.
89. Stokes, Charles; Jacobs, Phil. "Fiscal Year 2008 Report to Contributors" (PDF). CDC Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 6, 2022. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
90. "CDC Foundation Active Programs October 1, 2020 – September 30, 2021". CDC Foundation. December 9, 2021. Archived from the original on January 15, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
91. "EmPOWERED Health Program". CDC Foundation. 2022. Archived from the original on August 8, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
92. "Fries Prize for Improving Health | CDC Foundation". www.cdcfoundation.org. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
93. Lenzer, Jeanne (May 15, 2015). "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: protecting the private good?". BMJ. 350: h2362. doi:10.1136/bmj.h2362. ISSN 1756-1833. PMID 25979454. S2CID 37357486.
94. ^ "U.S. Public Health Service Syphilis Study at Tuskegee: The Tuskegee Timeline". National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, CDC. December 22, 2015. Archived from the original on January 3, 2016.
95. ^ "Public Law 104-208" (PDF). Congressional Record. September 30, 1996. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 6, 2009. ... none of the funds available for injury prevention and control at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention may be used to advocate or promote gun control.
96. ^ "Quietly, Congress extends a ban on CDC research on guns". Pri.org. Archived from the original on July 3, 2015. Retrieved November 29, 2015.
97. ^ Masters, Kate (April 5, 2016). "Why Did the CDC Stop Researching Guns?". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on April 5, 2016. Retrieved February 21, 2018. The agencys' former leaders say they could do more to explore the subject, but officials fear political – and personal – retribution.
98. Office of Public Health and Science (January 4, 2007). "David Satcher (1998–2002)". U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Archived from the original on December 5, 2007. Retrieved January 17, 2008.
99. "Democrats push to restart CDC funding for gun violence research". Philly.com. May 21, 2014. Retrieved November 29, 2015.
100. "Ebola nurse got CDC OK for Cleveland trip". October 15, 2014. Archived from the original on October 17, 2014. Retrieved October 16, 2014.
101. Holshue, Michelle L.; DeBolt, Chas; Lindquist, Scott; Lofy, Kathy H.; Wiesman, John; Bruce, Hollianne; Spitters, Christopher; Ericson, Keith; Wilkerson, Sara; Tural, Ahmet; Diaz, George (March 5, 2020). "First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States". New England Journal of Medicine. 382 (10): 929–936. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001191. ISSN 0028-4793. PMC 7092802. PMID 32004427.
102. Whoriskey, Peter; Satija, Neena. "How U.S. coronavirus testing stalled: Flawed tests, red tape and resistance to using the millions of tests produced by the WHO". The Washington Post.
103. ^ Murray, Sara; Valencia, Nick; Diamond, Jeremy; Glover, Scott (April 20, 2020). "How coronavirus testing fumbles squandered valuable time". CNN. Retrieved August 9, 2020.
104. Willman, David (June 20, 2020). "CDC coronavirus test kits were likely contaminated, federal review confirms". The Washington Post.
105. Kelly, Alexandra (November 6, 2020). "CDC knew first coronavirus test was flawed but released it anyway: report". The Hill. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
106. Meyer, Alexis C. Madrigal, Robinson (May 21, 2020). "How Could the CDC Make That Mistake?". The Atlantic. Retrieved August 9, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
107. Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (July 14, 2020). "Trump Administration Strips C.D.C. of Control of Coronavirus Data". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 9, 2020.
108. Ornstein, Charles (July 16, 2020). "Out of View: After Public Outcry, CDC Adds Hospital Data Back to Its Website – for Now". ProPublica. Retrieved August 9, 2020.
109. "Who took down the CDC's coronavirus data? The agency itself". Politico. July 16, 2020. Retrieved August 9, 2020.
110. CDC (July 16, 2020). "COVID-19 Data Dashboard – Patient Impact & Hospital Capacity". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved August 9, 2020.
111. Wu, Katherine J. (August 25, 2020). "C.D.C. Now Says People Without Covid-19 Symptoms Do Not Need Testing". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
112. Sheridan, Kate (August 27, 2020). "CDC director attempts to clarify controversial Covid-19 testing guidelines". STAT. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
113. Branswell, Helen; Sheridan, Kate (August 27, 2020). "New Covid-19 testing guidelines, crafted at the White House, alarm public health experts". STAT. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
114. "Covid-19 Live Updates: C.D.C. Website's Controversial Testing Guideline Was Not Written by C.D.C. Scientists". The New York Times. September 18, 2020. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
115. ^ Weiland, Noah, "'Like a Hand Grasping': Trump Appointees Describe the Crushing of the C.D.C.", The New York Times, December 16, 2020.
116. "After Criticism, C.D.C. Reverses Covid-19 Guidelines on Testing People Who Were Exposed". The New York Times. September 19, 2020. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
117. Kaplan, Sheila (October 10, 2020). "Covid-19 Live Updates: White House Blocked C.D.C. From Mandating Masks on Public Transit". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
118. Ballhaus, Rebecca; Armour, Stephanie; McKay, Betsy (October 15, 2020). "A Demoralized CDC Grapples With White House Meddling and Its Own Mistakes". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
119. "Coronavirus: CDC urges Americans not to travel for Thanksgiving". BBC News. November 20, 2020. Retrieved November 21, 2020.
120. May, Brandon (May 10, 2021). "After Months of Prodding, CDC Updates Guidance on COVID-19 Airborne Transmission". BioSpace. Retrieved August 21, 2022.
121. Shivaram, Deepa (December 29, 2021). "Delta's CEO asked the CDC for a 5-day isolation. Some flight attendants feel at risk". NPR. Archived from the original on February 4, 2024.
122. Shepardson, David (December 21, 2021). "Delta CEO asks CDC to cut quarantine time for breakthrough COVID cases". Reuters. Archived from the original on July 14, 2023.
123. "US shortens Covid-19 isolation window amid airline push". Argus Metals. December 28, 2021. Archived from the original on November 1, 2023. Retrieved November 1, 2023.
124. Mandavilli, Apoorva (February 20, 2022). "The C.D.C. Isn't Publishing Large Portions of the Covid Data It Collects". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 18, 2022.
125. Collins, Kaitlan (June 11, 2022). "US will end Covid-19 testing requirement for air travelers entering the country". CNN.
126. Flood, Brian, "Emails show CDC had 'significant influence' on COVID policies at Facebook, worked to 'silence' vaccine dissent", Fox News, 19 January 2022
127. ^ Diamond, Dan (September 11, 2020). "Trump officials interfered with CDC reports on Covid-19". Politico. Retrieved September 14, 2020.
128. Sun, Lena H. (September 12, 2020). "Trump officials seek greater control over CDC reports on coronavirus". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 14, 2020.
129. Weiland, Noah; Stolberg, Sheryl Gay; Goodnough, Abby (September 12, 2020). "Political Appointees Meddled in C.D.C.'s 'Holiest of the Holy' Health Reports". The New York Times. Retrieved September 14, 2020.
130. Diamond, Dan (October 5, 2020). "Trump official pressured CDC to change report on Covid and kids". Politico. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
131. ^ Monroe, Madeline (September 15, 2020). "Polls show trust in scientific, political institutions eroding". The Hill. Retrieved November 15, 2020.
132. Hamblin, James (March 12, 2022). "Can Public Health Be Saved?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 1, 2022.
133. ^ "CDC director is seen as allowing agency to buckle to political influence". STAT. September 16, 2020. Retrieved November 15, 2020.
134. "CDC's politicization 'extremely dangerous' for Americans, says its former head". PBS NewsHour. July 14, 2020. Retrieved May 7, 2021.
135. "New CDC guidance won't end NY mask mandate yet, Cuomo says". Iohud. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
136. "'CDC's credibility is eroding' amid conflicting mask guidance, ex-Obama official says". CNBC. May 12, 2021. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
137. Chow, Denise (April 6, 2021). "CDC's messaging problem highlights pandemic's uncertain future". NBC News. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
138. Stanley-Becker, Isaac; Guarino, Ben; Stead Sellers, Frances; Eunjung Cha, Ariana; Sun, Lena H. (May 15, 2021). "CDC's mask guidance spurs confusion and criticism, as well as celebration". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 16, 2021.
139. "Publications". CDC. Retrieved October 10, 2012.
140. "CDC Publication Archives". CDC. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 10, 2012.
141. "Programs in Brief: Home Page". CDC. Archived from the original on July 18, 2006. Retrieved August 10, 2006.
142. "Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report". CDC. Retrieved October 10, 2012.
143. "About the Emerging Infectious Diseases journal". CDC. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved October 10, 2012.
144. "CDC/National Center for Health Statistics". Retrieved October 14, 2014.
145. Khan, Ali S. (May 16, 2011). "Preparedness 101: Zombie Apocalypse". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Zombie Warning. Archived from the original on March 11, 2014. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
146. "Centers for Zombie Control and Prevention". Skepticality Podcast. October 25, 2011. Archived from the original on December 25, 2013. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
147. "Are You Prepared? Video Contest". Prepare.challenge.gov. Archived from the original on July 13, 2012. Retrieved April 16, 2012.
148. "Zombie Novella|Zombie Preparedness|Are We Prepared?". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. April 10, 2015. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
149. "Zombie Preparedness". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. April 10, 2015. Archived from the original on August 9, 2021. Retrieved December 22, 2021.

Sources

•  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Further reading

• Editorial (May 16, 2020). "Reviving the US CDC". The Lancet. 395 (10236): 1521. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31140-5. PMC 7255307. PMID 32416772.

External links

• Official website
• CDC in the Federal Register
• CDC-Wide Activities and Program Support account on USAspending.gov
• CDC Online Newsroom
• CDC Public Health Image Library
• CDC Global Communications Center
• CDC Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory – Atlanta, Georgia (archived 3 July 2008)
• CDC WONDER online databases.
• Vaccine Safety Monitoring Systems and Methods (CDC) a slide deck presented at October 2019 Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) meeting

Links to related articles

v t e United States Department of Health and Human Services Headquarters: Hubert H. Humphrey Building Xavier Becerra, Secretary of Health and Human Services Andrea Palm, Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services Secretariat staff offices Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services Office of the Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology Public Health Service Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health Office of the Surgeon General Public Health Service Commissioned Corps Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry National Center for Injury Prevention and Control National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Food and Drug Administration Health Resources and Services Administration Indian Health Service National Institutes of Health Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality Human services agencies Administration for Children and Families (Administration for Native Americans, Office of Refugee Resettlement) Administration for Community Living Administration on Aging Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Programs Child Welfare Information Gateway National Toxicology Program v t e Biological warfare and bioterrorism Modern incidents Unit 731 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack 1989 California medfly attack 2001 anthrax attacks Wood Green ricin plot 2003 ricin letters 2013 ricin letters Prevention and response Australia Group Caribbean Public Health Agency Center for Health Security Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Defense Threat Reduction Agency European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Global Health Security Initiative Health Threat Unit Laboratory Response Network India's Ministry of Health and Family Welfare National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases Biological agents Anthrax Avian influenza Botulinum toxin Brucellosis Burkholderia pseudomallei Chlamydophila psittaci Coxiella burnetii Ebola Equine encephalitis (Eastern Western Venezuelan) Foodborne illness Fungi Glanders Hantavirus Henipavirus Legionnaires' disease Marburg virus Mold Plague Ricin Salmonella enterica Salmonellosis Salmonella typhi Smallpox Staphylococcus Tularemia Typhus Viral hemorrhagic fever Related concepts Agro-terrorism Anthrax hoaxes Psychochemical weapons Bacteria Biocontainment Biological hazard Biological warfare in popular culture Ethnic bioweapon Decontamination Entomological warfare Infectious disease Virus Toxin Terrorism International law Geneva Protocol Biological Weapons Convention United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540 Wiktionary definition Wikimedia Commons Wikisource v t e Public health General Auxology Biological hazard Chief Medical Officer Cultural competence Deviance Environmental health Eugenics History of Liberal Euthenics Genomics Globalization and disease Harm reduction Health economics Health literacy Health policy Health system Health care reform Housing First Human right to water and sanitation Management of depression Public health law National public health institute Health politics Labor rights Maternal health Medical anthropology Medical sociology Mental health (Ministers) Occupational safety and health Pharmaceutical policy Pollution Air Water Soil Radiation Light Prisoners' rights Public health intervention Public health laboratory Right to food Right to health Right to housing Right to rest and leisure Right to sit Security of person Sexual and reproductive health Social psychology Sociology of health and illness Unisex changing rooms Unisex public toilets Workers' right to access the toilet Preventive healthcare Behavior change Theories Family planning Health promotion Human nutrition Healthy diet Preventive nutrition Hygiene Food safety Hand washing Infection control Oral hygiene Occupational safety and health Human factors and ergonomics Hygiene Controlled Drugs Injury prevention Medicine Nursing Patient safety Organization Pharmacovigilance Safe sex Sanitation Emergency Fecal–oral transmission Open defecation Sanitary sewer Waterborne diseases Worker School hygiene Smoking cessation Vaccination Vector control Population health Biostatistics Child mortality Community health Epidemiology Global health Health impact assessment Health system Infant mortality Open-source healthcare software Multimorbidity Public health informatics Social determinants of health Commercial determinants of health Health equity Race and health Social medicine Biological and epidemiological statistics Case–control study Randomized controlled trial Relative risk Statistical hypothesis testing Analysis of variance (ANOVA) Regression analysis ROC curve Student's t-test Z-test Statistical software Infectious and epidemic disease prevention Asymptomatic carrier Epidemics List Notifiable diseases List Public health surveillance Disease surveillance Quarantine Sexually transmitted infection Social distancing Tropical disease Vaccine trial WASH Food hygiene and safety management Food Additive Chemistry Engineering Microbiology Processing Safety Safety scandals Good agricultural practice Good manufacturing practice HACCP ISO 22000 Health behavioral sciences Diffusion of innovations Health belief model Health communication Health psychology Positive deviance PRECEDE–PROCEED model Social cognitive theory Social norms approach Theory of planned behavior Transtheoretical model Organizations, education and history Organizations Caribbean Caribbean Public Health Agency China Center for Disease Control and Prevention Europe Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety India Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Canada Health Canada Public Health Agency U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Health departments in the United States Council on Education for Public Health Public Health Service World Health Organization World Toilet Organization (Full list) Education Health education Higher education Bachelor of Science in Public Health Doctor of Public Health Professional degrees of public health Schools of public health History Sara Josephine Baker Samuel Jay Crumbine Carl Rogers Darnall Joseph Lister Margaret Sanger John Snow Typhoid Mary Radium Girls Germ theory of disease Social hygiene movement Category Commons WikiProject v t e Druid Hills neighborhood of Atlanta and DeKalb County, Georgia Architects Frederick Law Olmsted Joel Hurt John Charles Olmsted Olmsted Brothers Historic buildings Briarcliff (mansion) Callanwolde Carlos H. Mason Mansion Druid Hills Baptist Church (Poncey–Highland) Lullwater House Rainbow Terrace Historic districts Druid Hills Historic District Emory Grove Historic District University Park–Emory Highlands–Emory Estates Historic District Institutions Callanwolde Fine Arts Center Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Druid Hills Golf Club Druid Hills High School Emory University Emory University Hospital Fernbank Forest Fernbank Museum of Natural History Fernbank Science Center Georgia Mental Health Institute The Paideia School People Ron Blomberg Asa Griggs Candler Asa G. Candler Jr. Jimmy Carnes Enrico Leide Carlos H. Mason Louie De Votie Newton Lucy Beall Candler Owens Heinz Leide Transportation Atlanta freeway revolts Clifton Corridor Freedom Parkway Moreland Avenue PATH trails Ponce de Leon Avenue Stone Mountain Freeway Education Atlanta Public Schools (portions in Atlanta) DeKalb County School District (CDP) Other Driving Miss Daisy (film) Emory Point mixed-use development Inman Park Morningside–Lenox Park Old Fourth Ward Poncey–Highland Virginia–Highland All neighborhoods of Atlanta v t e United States government agencies involved in environmental science Environmental Protection Agency Global Change Research Program National Aeronautics and Space Administration National Science Foundation Smithsonian Institution Department of the Interior Bureau of Indian Affairs Bureau of Land Management Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Bureau of Reclamation National Park Service United States Fish and Wildlife Service United States Geological Survey Office of the Assistant Secretary for Insular and International Affairs Office of Surface Mining, Reclamation, and Enforcement Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Geodetic Survey Marine Fisheries Service Ocean Service Oceanic and Atmospheric Research Weather Service Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Environmental Management Office of Science National Laboratories and Technology Centers Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Farm Service Agency Food and Nutrition Service Foreign Agricultural Service Natural Resources Conservation Service (National Water and Climate Center) Rural Utilities Service Forest Service Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate United States Coast Guard Department of Health and Human Services Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Department of Defense Air Force Research Laboratory Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Joint Typhoon Warning Center Office of Naval Research Combat Capabilities Development Command Executive Office of the President Climate Policy Office Clean Energy Innovation and Implementation U.S. Special Presidential Envoy for Climate Council on Environmental Quality Defunct Environmental Science Services Administration United States Fish Commission United States Coast and Geodetic Survey White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy

• United States
• Medicine

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
• 1946 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
• Biosafety level 4 laboratories
• Government agencies established in 1946
• Medical and health organizations based in Georgia (U.S. state)
• Medical research institutes in the United States
• Buildings and structures in DeKalb County, Georgia
• Buildings and structures in Atlanta
• Organizations based in Atlanta
• Organizations based in DeKalb County, Georgia
• Government health agencies