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Close back rounded vowel
u
IPA number	308
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	u
Unicode (hex)	U+0075
X-SAMPA	u
Braille

IPA: Vowels
Front Central Back Close i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u Near-close ɪ ʏ ʊ Close-mid e ø ɘ ɵ ɤ o Mid e̞ ø̞ ə ɤ̞ o̞ Open-mid ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔ Near-open æ ɐ Open a ɶ ä ɑ ɒ
IPA help  audio full chart template Legend: unrounded • rounded

The close back rounded vowel, or high back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨u⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is u.

In most languages, this rounded vowel is pronounced with protruded lips ('endolabial'). However, in a few cases the lips are compressed ('exolabial').

alternates with labio-velar approximant in certain languages, such as French, and in the diphthongs of some languages, with the non-syllabic diacritic and are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound.

Close back protruded vowel

The close back protruded vowel is the most common variant of the close back rounded vowel. It is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨u⟩ (the convention used in this article). As there is no dedicated IPA diacritic for protrusion, the symbol for the close back rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, ⟨  ̫⟩, can be used as an ad hoc symbol ⟨u̫⟩. Another possible transcription is ⟨uʷ⟩ or ⟨ɯʷ⟩ (a close back vowel modified by endolabialization), but that could be misread as a diphthong.

Features

• Its vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned close to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
• Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
• Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.

Occurrence

Close back compressed vowel

Some languages, such as Japanese and Swedish, have a close back vowel that has a distinct type of rounding, called compressed or exolabial. Only Shanghainese is known to contrast it with the more typical protruded (endolabial) close back vowel, but the height of both vowels varies from close to close-mid.

There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA. However, compression of the lips can be shown with the letter ⟨β̞⟩ as ⟨ɯ͡β̞⟩ (simultaneous and labial compression) or ⟨ɯᵝ⟩ ( modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic ⟨  ͍⟩ may also be used with a rounded vowel letter ⟨u͍⟩ as an ad hoc symbol, but 'spread' technically means unrounded.

Features

• Its vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned close to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
• Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
• Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed.

Occurrence

See also

• Index of phonetics articles
• Close central compressed vowel
• Close front protruded vowel

Citations

1. While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
2. Donaldson (1993), pp. 2, 5.
3. Donaldson (1993), p. 5.
4. Thelwall & Sa'Adeddin (1990), p. 38.
5. Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
6. ^ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
7. Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999), p. 56.
8. Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
9. Lee & Zee (2003), pp. 110–111.
10. Duanmu (2007), pp. 35–36.
11. Zee (1999), pp. 59–60.
12. ^ Chen & Gussenhoven (2015), pp. 328–329.
13. Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
14. Basbøll (2005), p. 46.
15. Gussenhoven (1992), p. 47.
16. ^ Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
17. Cox & Palethorpe (2007), p. 344.
18. Cox & Fletcher (2017), p. 65.
19. ^ Finn (2004), p. 970.
20. Lass (2002), p. 116.
21. Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
22. Watt & Allen (2003), p. 268.
23. Raymond Hickey (2004). Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider (ed.). A Handbook of Varieties of English Volume 1: Phonology. De Gruyter. p. 91.
24. Cruttenden (2014), p. 91.
25. Roach (2004), p. 242.
26. Collins & Mees (1990), p. 95.
27. Connolly (1990), p. 125.
28. Tench (1990), p. 135.
29. Mahboob & Ahmar (2004), p. 1007.
30. Raymond Hickey (2004). Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider (ed.). A Handbook of Varieties of English Volume 1: Phonology. De Gruyter. p. 287.
31. Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006). The Atlas of North American English. chpt. 17
32. ^ "NZE Phonology" (PDF). Victoria University of Wellington. p. 3.
33. ^ Bauer & Warren (2004), p. 585.
34. Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368.
35. Iivonen & Harnud (2005), pp. 60, 66.
36. Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008), p. 21.
37. Árnason (2011), pp. 68, 74.
38. Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
39. Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
40. Shosted & Chikovani (2006), pp. 261–262.
41. Hall (2003), pp. 87, 107.
42. Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
43. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
44. Arvaniti (2007), p. 28.
45. Trudgill (2009), p. 81.
46. Szende (1994), p. 92.
47. Árnason (2011), p. 60.
48. Einarsson (1945:10), cited in Gussmann (2011:73)
49. "Indonesian Alphabet and Pronunciation". mylanguages.org. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
50. Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 119.
51. Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676–677, 682.
52. Thackston (2006a), p. 1.
53. Khan & Lescot (1970), pp. 8–16.
54. Fattah describes the sound as being voyelle longue centrale arrondie (p. 116).
55. Wheelock's Latin (1956).
56. ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
57. ^ Peters (2006), p. 119.
58. ^ Stone (2002), p. 600.
59. Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 70.
60. Iivonen & Harnud (2005), pp. 62, 66–67.
61. Allison (2006).
62. Jassem (2003), p. 105.
63. Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
64. Sarlin (2014), p. 18.
65. Jones & Ward (1969), p. 67.
66. "Aspiration". Scottish Gaelic Dialect Survey. Archived from the original on 2021-04-24. Retrieved 2021-04-23.
67. Oftedal (1956), p. 75–76.
68. Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
69. Fast Mowitz (1975), p. 2.
70. Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 256.
71. ^ Doke & Mofokeng (1974), p. ?.
72. Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993), p. 24.
73. Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.
74. Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 11.
75. Iivonen & Harnud (2005), pp. 64, 68.
76. Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
77. Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 20.
78. Bamgboṣe (1966), p. 166.
79. Merrill (2008), p. 109.
80. Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 295.
81. ^ Okada (1999), p. 118.
82. ^ Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 78.
83. Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 17.
84. While Vanvik (1979) does not describe the exact type of rounding of this vowel, some other sources (e.g. Haugen (1974:40) and Kristoffersen (2000:16)) state explicitly that it is compressed.
85. Vanvik (1979), p. 17.
86. ^ Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
87. Rosenqvist (2007), p. 9.

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External links

• List of languages with [u] on PHOIBLE

v t e International Phonetic Alphabet (chart)
IPA topics IPA International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA) Special topics Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects Encodings ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Kirshenbaum TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille
Consonants Pulmonic consonants Place → Labial Coronal Dorsal Laryngeal Manner ↓ Bi­labial Labio­dental Linguo­labial Dental Alveolar Post­alveolar Retro­flex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyn­geal/epi­glottal Glottal Nasal m̥ m ɱ̊ ɱ n̼ n̥ n ɳ̊ ɳ ɲ̊ ɲ ŋ̊ ŋ ɴ̥ ɴ Plosive p b p̪ b̪ t̼ d̼ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ Sibilant affricate ts dz t̠ʃ d̠ʒ tʂ dʐ tɕ dʑ Non-sibilant affricate pɸ bβ p̪f b̪v t̪θ d̪ð tɹ̝̊ dɹ̝ t̠ɹ̠̊˔ d̠ɹ̠˔ cç ɟʝ kx ɡɣ qχ ɢʁ ʡʜ ʡʢ ʔh Sibilant fricative s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ Non-sibilant fricative ɸ β f v θ̼ ð̼ θ ð θ̠ ð̠ ɹ̠̊˔ ɹ̠˔ ɻ̊˔ ɻ˔ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ h ɦ Approximant ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ ʔ̞ Tap/flap ⱱ̟ ⱱ ɾ̼ ɾ̥ ɾ ɽ̊ ɽ ɢ̆ ʡ̆ Trill ʙ̥ ʙ r̥ r ɽ̊r̥ ɽr ʀ̥ ʀ ʜ ʢ Lateral affricate tɬ dɮ tꞎ d𝼅 c𝼆 ɟʎ̝ k𝼄 ɡʟ̝ Lateral fricative ɬ ɮ ꞎ 𝼅 𝼆 ʎ̝ 𝼄 ʟ̝ Lateral approximant l ɭ ʎ ʟ ʟ̠ Lateral tap/flap ɺ̥ ɺ 𝼈̥ 𝼈 ʎ̆ ʟ̆ IPA help  audio full chart template Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. Non-pulmonic consonants BL LD D A PA RF P V U EG Ejective Stop pʼ tʼ ʈʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ ʡʼ Affricate p̪fʼ t̪θʼ tsʼ t̠ʃʼ tʂʼ tɕʼ kxʼ qχʼ Fricative ɸʼ fʼ θʼ sʼ ʃʼ ʂʼ ɕʼ xʼ χʼ Lateral affricate tɬʼ c𝼆ʼ k𝼄ʼ q𝼄ʼ Lateral fricative ɬʼ Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular) Tenuis kʘ qʘ kǀ qǀ kǃ qǃ k𝼊 q𝼊 kǂ qǂ Voiced ɡʘ ɢʘ ɡǀ ɢǀ ɡǃ ɢǃ ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊 ɡǂ ɢǂ Nasal ŋʘ ɴʘ ŋǀ ɴǀ ŋǃ ɴǃ ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊 ŋǂ ɴǂ ʞ   Tenuis lateral kǁ qǁ Voiced lateral ɡǁ ɢǁ Nasal lateral ŋǁ ɴǁ Implosive Voiced ɓ ɗ ᶑ ʄ ɠ ʛ Voiceless ɓ̥ ɗ̥ ᶑ̊ ʄ̊ ɠ̊ ʛ̥ IPA help  audio full chart template Co-articulated consonants Nasal n͡m Labial–alveolar ɳ͡m Labial–retroflex ŋ͡m Labial–velar Plosive t͡pd͡b Labial–alveolar ʈ͡pɖ͡b Labial–retroflex k͡pɡ͡b Labial–velar q͡ʡ Uvular–epiglottal q͡p Labial–uvular Fricative/approximant ɥ̊ɥ Labial–palatal ʍw Labial–velar ɧ Sj-sound (variable) Lateral approximant ɫ Velarized alveolar Implosive ɠ̊͜ɓ̥ ɠ͡ɓ Labial–velar Ejective t͡pʼ Labial–alveolar IPA help full chart template Other Nasal labial–velar approximant Nasal palatal approximant Voiceless bidental fricative Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop Voiceless nasal glottal approximant Voiceless upper-pharyngeal plosive Voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive Bilabial percussive Bidental percussive Sublaminal lower-alveolar percussive
Vowels Front Central Back Close i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u Near-close ɪ ʏ ʊ Close-mid e ø ɘ ɵ ɤ o Mid e̞ ø̞ ə ɤ̞ o̞ Open-mid ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔ Near-open æ ɐ Open a ɶ ä ɑ ɒ IPA help  audio full chart template Legend: unrounded • rounded

• Close vowels
• Back vowels
• Rounded vowels