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Ulmus 'Purpurea'
'Purpurea', Warriston Cemetery, Edinburgh
Genus	Ulmus
Cultivar	'Purpurea'
Origin	Europe

The elm cultivar Ulmus 'Purpurea', the purple-leaved elm, was listed and described as Ulmus Stricta Purpurea, the 'Upright Purpled-leaved Elm', by John Frederick Wood, F.H.S., in The Midland Florist and Suburban Horticulturist (1851), as Ulmus purpurea Hort. by Wesmael (1863), and as Ulmus campestris var. purpurea, syn. Ulmus purpurea Hort. by Petzold and Kirchner in Arboretum Muscaviense (1864). Koch's description followed (1872), the various descriptions appearing to tally. Henry (1913) noted that the Ulmus campestris var. purpurea Petz. & Kirchn. grown at Kew as U. montana var. purpurea was "probably of hybrid origin", Ulmus montana being used at the time both for wych elm cultivars and for some of the U. × hollandica group. His description of Kew's U. montana var. purpurea matches that of the commonly-planted 'Purpurea' of the 20th century. His discussion of it (1913) under U. campestris, however, his name for English Elm, may be the reason why 'Purpurea' is sometimes erroneously called U. procera 'Purpurea' (as in USA and Sweden ('Cultivation' and 'Accessions').

The fact that 'Purpurea' occasionally produces root-suckers confirms a hybrid origin with some U. minor component. F. J. Fontaine (1968) conjectured U. glabra × U. minor 'Stricta' and placed the tree in the U. × hollandica group under the name U. × hollandica 'Purpurascens', a name accepted by Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh and in Australian publications. Hillier preferred U. × hollandica 'Purpurea', conjecturing 'Sarniensis' in its parentage. The samarae, leaves and the habit of 'Purpurea' appear to support this conjecture.

See also 'Atropurpurea', possibly synonymous, raised by the Späth nursery in Berlin c.1881 and sometimes classed as a wych cultivar.

Wych elm itself occasionally produces red- or purple-flushed new leaves, the 19th century variety 'Corylifolia Purpurea' perhaps being an example. There is also a small-leaved elm U. minor 'Purpurascens' ( = Ulmus 'Myrtifolia Purpurea'), which nurseries listed and distributed separately from U. campestris purpurea Hort..

In North America, purple-leaved elms encountered in the fall are likely to be the new hybrid Ulmus 'Frontier'.

Description

Of Ulmus Stricta Purpurea Wood wrote (1851): "When young, the foliage is dark purple, in the way of the Purple Beech. As the season advances, it becomes somewhat greener, but always retains a distinct and peculiar character." The leaves of Wesmael's (1863) Ulmus purpurea Hort. were a "characteristic bronzy green" (canopy new leaves). Those of Petzold and Kirchner's (1864) Ulmus campestris var. purpurea, syn. Ulmus purpurea Hort., "emerged dark purple, later becoming more green, but always of a very dark, reddish-green which is peculiar". Koch's U. purpurea (1872) had "leaves purple when young, changing to dark green".

'Purpurea' grows to > 25 m in height, and is short-trunked with open, straggling, ascending branches. The leaf-buds are long, sharply pointed and dark purple, on shoots of the same colour. The flowers, too, emerge a uniform dark purple. The fruit, tinged purple over the seed, is intermediate between U. glabra and U. minor. The leaves, which are slightly folded, have a brief purplish-green flush in spring. The new leaves of lower bole-shoots and of suckers are pure dark purple, without any green. After the spring flush, the leaves become olive green then darken in the summer. Their underside is paler, so that, with their increasing fold as the year progresses, the late-summer foliage has a greyish look. The bark of younger trees has a reddish-brown hue.

• 'Purpurea' samarae, confirming hybridity
• New bole-shoots
• Low bole-shoots
• New canopy-leaves
• Olive green canopy, May
• Summer foliage, Brighton
• Pressed leaves, August
• Bark

Pests and diseases

The tree is susceptible to Dutch elm disease.

Cultivation

'Purpurea' Hort. was in cultivation in Europe from the 1860s. Later, U. × hollandica 'Purpurascens' was "produced in quantity" by nurseries in Oudenbosch, the Netherlands. It is still present in Sweden, but appears to have been rarer in cultivation in the UK; Wilkinson in his researches for Epitaph for the Elm (1978) had never seen a specimen. In 2007 the Swedish Biodiversity Centre's 'Programme for Diversity of Cultivated Plants' included 'Purpurascens' (mistakenly called Ulmus procera 'Purpurea' in Sweden) in their plant conservation programme.

Introduced to the USA in the late 1860s as Ulmus stricta purpurea, 'Purple leaved elm' was stocked by the Mount Hope Nursery (also known as Ellwanger and Barry) of Rochester, New York. An U. campestris purpurea, 'Purple-leaved English Elm', of "compact upright growth" with "leaves a purple color in May and June", appeared in the 1902 catalogue of the Bobbink and Atkins nursery, Rutherford, New Jersey, and an U. stricta purpurea, also called 'Purple-leaved English Elm', "a tree with erect branches and purplish-red leaves", in both Bobbink and Atkins' 1902 catalogue and Kelsey's 1904 catalogue, New York. An elm obtained in 1922 from H. Kohankie & Son is listed by the Morton Arboretum, Illinois, as Ulmus procera 'Purpurea', but without description. Its leaves do not flush purple. In arboretum photographs (2011) its bark and form do not appear to resemble hybrid 'Purpurea'.

In Australia cultivars by the name of U. glabra Huds. 'Purpurea', U. procera 'Purpurea' and U. purpurea appear in nursery catalogues dating from 1882; these are now believed to be synonymous with the clone in cultivation there as U. × hollandica 'Purpurascens'. 'Purpurascens' was sold by Searl's Garden Emporium, Sydney at the beginning of the 20th century and was "quite widely" planted in the south-east of the country, where it is said to tolerate dry conditions. Urban plantings include avenue specimens and scattered trees in Fawkner Park, Melbourne.

• 'Purpurea', State Nursery, Campbelltown, New South Wales, 1908

Notable trees

A large specimen stands in Warriston Cemetery, Edinburgh (middle level). Six of the seven mature specimens growing there were felled in the 1990s; the seventh, near the east gate, remains healthy (2019) (height 20 m, bole-girth 2.2 m; labelled 03159 CEM). (Ignorance of this cultivar may have occasioned unnecessary felling: the tree's naturally upcurled, greyish foliage in late summer may be mistaken for foliage affected by Dutch elm disease.) A vigorous sucker in the cemetery has now become an established tree. In the Netherlands an old specimen, supplied by De Reebock nurseries in Oudenaarde, Belgium, stood until c.2010 in the Burgemeester Mijnlieffstraat in the town of Anna Paulowna. In Australia the Avenue of Honour at Wallan, Victoria, was planted solely with 'Purpurascens' in the early 1920s, most of which survive, and the cultivar was also included in the Avenue of Honour in Ballarat in 1918. A large old purple-flushing elm stands in the gardens of the Hedvig Eleonora Church, Östermalm, Stockholm, with foliage appearing to match the hybrid purple elms in Edinburgh and Brighton.

• Hedvig Eleonora Church purple-leaved elm, Stockholm, 2014
• 'Purpurascens' (left), Ned. Herv. Kerk, Burgemeester Mijnlieffstraat, Anna Paulowna, 2010

Synonymy

• Ulmus montana (: glabra) var. atropurpurea: Elwes and Henry
• Ulmus montana (: glabra) 'Purpurea': Kew Garden list of names
• Ulmus 'Purpurea': Koch; Bean; National Elm Collection elm list
• Ulmus x hollandica 'Purpurascens': Fontaine, Dendroflora No.5 (1968)
• ?Ulmus campestris (: minor) 'Purpurea': Kirchner
• ?Ulmus procera 'Purpurea': Morton Arboretum Catalogue 2006.

Accessions

Europe

• Brighton & Hove City Council, UK. NCCPG elm collection .
• Grange Farm Arboretum, Sutton St. James, Spalding, Lincolnshire, UK. As U. glabra 'Purpurea'. Acc. no. 1068.
• RBG Wakehurst Place, UK. Listed as U. glabra 'Atropurpurea'. Acc. no. 1896–1411.

Australasia

• Avenue of Honour, Wallan, Victoria, Australia.
• Avenue of Honour, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia.

North America

• Dominion Arboretum, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Acc. no. 2596.

Nurseries

Europe

• Centrum voor Botanische Verrijking vzw, Kampenhout, Belgium (as Ulmus glabra 'Purpurea').
• Loenbaek Planteskole , Holstebro, Denmark.
• Propagation Nurseries Vermeerderingstuin Horst and Zeewolde, Netherlands

References

1. ^ Wood, John Frederick (1852). "Coppiceana". The Midland Florist and Suburban Horticulturist. 6. London: 365.
2. ^ Wesmael, Alfred, Bulletin de la Fédération des sociétés d'horticulture de Belgique 1862: (Ghent, 1863), p.390
3. ^ Petzold and Kirchner in Arboretum Muscaviense (Gotha, 1864), p.557
4. Koch, K. Dendrologie; Bäume, Sträucher und Halbsträucher, welche in Mittel- und Nord- Europa im Freien kultivirt werden 2 (1), 416 (1872)
5. Elwes, Henry John; Henry, Augustine (1913). The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland. Vol. 7. p. 1905.
6. ^ Elwes, Henry John; Henry, Augustine (1913). The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland. Vol. 7. p. 1868.
7. ^ F. J., Fontaine (1968). "Ulmus". Dendroflora. 5: 37–55. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
8. ^ Bean, W. J. (1988) Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain, 8th edition, Murray, London, p. 640 (under U. angustifolia
9. Kemp, Eddie (1979). "The Plantsman's Elm". In Clouston, Brian; Stansfield, Kathy (eds.). After the Elm. London: William Heinemann Ltd. p. 35. ISBN 9780434139002.
10. ^ Spencer, Roger, ed., Horticultural Flora of South-Eastern Australia, Vol. 2 (Sydney, 1995), Ulmus, p.111
11. Spencer, R., Hawker, J. and Lumley, P. (1991). Elms in Australia. Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne. ISBN 0724199624.
12. Hilliers' Manual of Trees & Shrubs (Winchester, 1973), p.402
13. Green, Peter Shaw (1964). "Registration of cultivar names in Ulmus". Arnoldia. 24 (6–8). Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University: 41–80. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
14. ^ Katalog (PDF). Vol. 108. Berlin, Germany: L. Späth Baumschulenweg. 1902–1903. pp. 132–133.
15. Späth, Ludwig (1930). Späth-Buch, 1720-1930. Berlin: Self published. pp. 311–313, 351–352.
16. "Inglise jalakas ´Purpurea´" [Purple English Elm]. jarvselja.ee (in Estonian). Retrieved 2017-08-31.
17. Catalogue of the trees and shrubs in the arboretum and botanic gardens at the central experimental farm (2nd ed.). 1899. p. 75.
18. "Herbarium specimen - L.1581936". Botany catalogues. Naturalis Biodiversity Center. Sheet labelled U. procera Salisb. var. stricta purpurea (Arnold Arboretum specimen, 1930); "Herbarium specimen - L.1581933". Botany catalogues. Naturalis Biodiversity Center. Sheet labelled U. procera Salisb. var. purpurea Rehder (Arnold Arboretum specimen, 1930); "Herbarium specimen - WAG.1847116". Botany catalogues. Naturalis Biodiversity Center. Sheet labelled U. × hollandica var. purpurea; "Herbarium specimen - L.1590639". Botany catalogues. Naturalis Biodiversity Center. Sheet labelled U. campestris L. complicata (Baenitz) (Breslau, 1903) (?); Herbarium specimen of U. montana purpurea, science.udau.edu.ua
19. Photograph of newly emerged leaves of 'Purpurea' in Denmark, www.loenbaek.dk
20. Emerging 'Purpurea' leaves photographed against sunlight, www.kuningas.ee
21. Photograph of 'Purpurea' cuttings, www.kuningas.ee
22. Spencer, Roger, ed., Horticultural Flora of South-Eastern Australia, Vol. 2 (Sydney, 1995), Ulmus, p.112
23. Anthony waterer's catalogue. 1880. p. 20.
24. Cultures de Louis van Houtte: Plantes Vivaces de Pleine Terre, Catalogue de Louis van Houtte, 1881-2, p.303
25. 'Standard Ornamental Trees' in Forest, hardy ornamental trees, conifers, etc., Richard Smith & Co., Worcester, 1887–88, p.27
26. E. E. Kemp (Curator, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 1950-71) in After the Elm, eds. Clouston & Stansfield, (London, 1979), p.35
27. ^ Lagerstedt, Lars (2014). "Märkesträd i Sverige - 10 Almar" [Notable trees in Sweden - 10 Elms] (PDF). Lustgården. 94: 60, 71, 76. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
28. ^ Leaves and samarae of 'Purpurascens', 'Programme for Diversity of Cultivated Plants', Sweden, pom.info,
29. Ellwanger & Barry, Descriptive Catalogue of Hardy Ornamental Trees ... at the Mount Hope Nurseries (Rochester, N.Y., 1868), p.9
30. Bobbink and Atkins, Rutherford. N.J. 1902. p. 51.
31. General catalogue, 1904 : choice hardy trees, shrubs, evergreens, roses, herbaceous plants, fruits, etc. New York: Frederick W. Kelsey. 1904. p. 18.
32. Ulmus procera 'Purpurea': Morton Arboretum Catalogue, Accession no. 593–22
33. " U. procera 'Purpurea' ", acorn.mortonarb.org
34. Photographs of " U. procera 'Purpurea' " from H. Kohankie & Son, at Morton Arboretum (2011); 'Ulmus Series', acorn.mortonarb.org
35. Brookes, Margaret, & Barley, Richard, Plants listed in nursery catalogues in Victoria, 1855-1889 (Ornamental Plant Collection Association, South Yarra, Victoria, 1992), p.303–304
36. Spencer, R.; Hawker, J. & Lumley, P. (1991). Elms in Australia. Australia: Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne. ISBN 0-7241-9962-4.
37. Sibbing, Nick. "Significant Elms of South-Eastern Australia". advancedtrees.com.au. Retrieved 2017-06-19.
38. 'Purpurascens' in Fawkner Park, Melbourne: elsewhere.polydistortion.net
39. Google Maps: Burgemeester Mijnlieffstraat Google Maps (July 2009), accessdate: November 3, 2020
40. Photographs of 'Purpurascens', Avenue of Honour, Wallan, Victoria: vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au
41. ballarat.com Archived 2014-04-13 at the Wayback Machine
42. www.tradgardsakademin.se
43. Photograph of purple-flushing elm, Hedvig Eleonora Church, Stockholm (to right of church)
44. Aerial photograph of Hedvig Eleonora Church, the dark crown of purple-flushing elm visible near the east window
45. National Elm Collection list www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/index.cfm?request=c1108042
46. Centrum voor Botanische Verrijking vzw: Voorraadlijst, accessdate: November 2, 2016

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