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Umm el-Qanatir
Arabic: ام القناطر
Partially reconstructed synagogue, in 2016
Religion
Affiliation	Judaism (former)
Ecclesiastical or organisational status	Ancient synagogue Archaeological site
Status	Ruins; partially reconstructed
Location
Location	Golan Heights
Country	Syria
Location of the ancient former synagogue in the Golan Heights
Geographic coordinates	32°50′58.92″N 35°44′16.18″E / 32.8497000°N 35.7378278°E / 32.8497000; 35.7378278
Website
einkeshatot.org.il
Umm el-Qanatir
Alternative name	Hebrew: עין קשתות (Ein Keshatot)
Type	Settlement
History
Abandoned	749 CE
Periods	Roman period to Umayyad period
Cultures	Hellenistic, Pagan, Jewish
Site notes
Archaeologists	Yehoshua "Yeshu" Dray (reconstruction)
Public access	Yes

Umm el-Qanatir, also spelled Umm el-Kanatir (Arabic: ام القناطر, romanized: Umm al-Qanāṭir, lit. 'mother of the arches'), recent Israeli name Ein Keshatot (Hebrew: עין קשתות, lit. 'spring of the arches'), is a former ancient Jewish synagogue and archaeological site, located on the Golan Heights, in modern-day Syria, whose main phase is dated to the mid-5th–8th centuries. Excavations have revealed a Roman-period Pagan and later Jewish settlement, who left behind the ruins of a synagogue when they abandoned the town after it being destroyed by the catastrophic 749 earthquake. The archaeological site is located 10 km (6.2 mi) east of the Dead Sea Transform, and 1 km (0.62 mi) southwest of Natur.

Identification attempts based on Jewish sources have led to two possible ancient names: Kantur, mentioned by Rabbi Menachem di Luzano in his book Ma'arikh (16th/early 17th century); and Qamtra, the name of a place mentioned in the Talmud and with a Jewish past dating back to the Byzantine period.

Etymology

The Arabic word qantara, pl. qanatir, can mean arch, a bridge built of stone or masonry, an aqueduct or a dam, and a high building. The name of the site derives from its location 200 metres from a natural spring that flows from the cliff into three basins that were once topped by monumental basalt arches, one of which has survived.

Some Israeli authorities are starting to use the new Hebrew name of Ein Keshatot ("Spring of the Arches"), such as seen on official postage stamps. The site is also being advertised as Rehavam's Arches, so named after former Israeli Minister of Tourism, Rehavam Ze'evi.

History

Ancient town: Pagan, then Jewish

The site is believed to have been a Pagan Roman town that venerated the nearby spring. Jews began to settle in the vicinity in 23 BCE. Early Jewish inhabitants of Umm el-Qanatir established a flax industry there, using the water for washing and whitening flax from which they wove fine cloth. The textiles were sold to wealthy residents in the nearby towns of Sussita and Beit Saida. The villagers may have engaged in mixed farming, and raised sheep and olives, although no terracing has been found.

The catastrophic 749 earthquake brought the settlement to an end.

Syrian village

Local Syrian shepherds continued to inhabit the ruins of Umm el-Qanatir into the 1950s, reusing the carved stones. The Syrian census of 1960 listed a farm here with 90 inhabitants.

Ancient synagogue

Use in antiquity (5th-8th century)

It was apparently in the fifth century that the Jewish residents built a large synagogue, which they embellished during the sixth century. The building was 18 meters (59 feet) long by 13 meters (43 feet) wide and calculated to have been 12 meters (39 feet) high, making it one of the largest of at least 25 ancient synagogues discovered in the region. It was destroyed in the Golan earthquake of 749, when the Jewish inhabitants left the shattered settlement.

Rediscovery

The existence of a synagogue at the site was first documented in 1884, by Laurence Oliphant and Gottlieb Schumacher. Amid ruined walls and large blocks of stone, Oliphant discovered a stone carving of a vulture, a fragment of a cornice, a large triangular slab that he believes was placed on the lintel of the main entrance and fragments of Corinthian capitals. The vulture, a well-known motif in ancient Jewish art, particularly in the Golan and Galilee, is visible on a double column and on the front gable of the synagogue and might come from the same workshop as the decorated Torah shrine base from 'En Samsam, another Golan Heights site.

Reconstruction

Reconstruction of the synagogue was completed thanks to Yehoshua Dray and Haim Ben-David of Kinneret Academic College and Bar-Ilan University. The project, inaugurated in 2003, used special high-tech computer technology to code and digitally record the stones. Blocks were then labelled with RFID chips and a special crane lifted and inserted them in the correct sequence. With the help of this technology, the synagogue was restored with great accuracy.

See also

• Ancient synagogues in the Palestine region - covers entire Palestine region/Land of Israel
  • Ancient synagogues in Israel - covers the modern State of Israel
• History of the Jews in Israel
• List of synagogues in Israel
• Oldest synagogues in the world

References

1. ^ Rosenberg, S. G. (February 19, 2009). "The synagogue of Umm el-Kanatir". Jerusalem Post.
2. ^ Rubin, Stephen. "Discovering Jewish History on the Golan Heights". The Tower Magazine.
3. ^ "Far from the Madding Crowd – 2 – Ein Keshatot". The Times of Israel.
4. Peterson, John; Kovrigo, Hila (2019). "שימור מורשת התרבות" (PDF). שימור מורשת התרבות (in Hebrew). 2: 104–114.
5. Wechsler, Neta; Katz, Oded; Dray, Yehoshua; Gonen, Ilana (July 2009). "Estimating location and size of historical earthquake by combining archaeology and geology in Umm-El-Qanatir, Dead Sea Transform". Natural Hazards. 50 (1). Springer Media: 27–43. Bibcode:2009NatHa..50...27W. doi:10.1007/s11069-008-9315-6. S2CID 140623417. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
6. Yassif, Eli. "Intertextuality in folklore: pagan themes in Jewish folktales from the Early Modern Era".
7. ^ Urman, Dan; Flesher, Paul Virgil McCracken (1998). "Ancient Synagogues: Historical Analysis and Archaeological Discovery". Studia Post Biblica. 1 & 2 (47 (Themes in Biblical Narrative)) (2nd ed.). Brill: 549. ISBN 9789004112544. Retrieved September 5, 2018 – via Google Books.
8. Palmer, E. H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. p. 23. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
9. van Donzel, Emeri Johannes (1994). Islamic Desk Reference. BRILL. p. 24. ISBN 9789004097384. Retrieved July 10, 2020 – via Google Books.
10. "Israel's National Heritage – Landmarks". Israel Post. Ein Keshatot, Golan. February 11, 2014. Retrieved September 5, 2018 – via virtualstampclub.com.
11. "To Rehavam's Arches". Israel Ministry of Tourism. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
12. Gurtler, Amy; Haimann, Julie; Simmons, Caroline (April 2010). "Syrian-Israeli peace in the Golan: No walk in the park" (PDF). IMES Capstone Serie. George Washington University, Elliot School of International Affairs, Inst. for Middle East Studies. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
13. Kipnis, Yigal (2013). The Golan Heights. London and New York: Routledge. p. 244.
14. Ḥachlili, Rachel (1988). "Ancient Jewish Art and Archaeology in the Land of Israel". Motifs of Jewish Art: 333. ISBN 90-04-08115-1. Retrieved September 5, 2018 – via Google Books.
15. Hachlili, Rachel (2013). "Ancient Synagogues - Archaeology and Art: New Discoveries and Current Research". The Near and Middle East (Book 105). Handbook of Oriental Studies: Section 1. Brill: 147. ISBN 978-9004257733. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
16. "Torah shrine base". En Samsam. Golan Heights. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
17. "For the Love of the Land: The Golan Heights". teva.org.il.
18. "Technology bringing history back to life". CNTV Canada. September 8, 2010.

External links

Media related to Um el Kantar at Wikimedia Commons

• Photos of Umm el-Kanatir from the Manar al-Athar photo archive

v t e   Ancient synagogues (Second Temple and Talmudic periods)
Land of Israel	Judea Anim Dikke Ein Gedi Eshtemoa Gaza Jericho Ma'on (Daroma) Naaran Theodotos Umm el-Umdan Wadi Qelt Galilee Arbel Bar'am Capernaum Chorazin Hammat Tiberias Hurvat Amudim Kfar Hananiah Maoz Haim Migdal Nabratein Peki'in Shema Shfaram Susya Tzippori Qision Gaulanitis Beth Alpha Deir Aziz Ein Nashut Gamla Katzrin Kfar Devora Ein Keshatot Zmimrah Negev Horvat Rimmon Ma'on
Asia Minor and Syria	Adrianke Dura-Europos Priene Sardis
Greece and the Balkans	Agora of Athens Delos Philippopolis Stobi
Italy, Iberia and North Africa	Bova Marina Elche Hammam-Lif Ostia

v t e   Synagogues in The State of Israel
Active	Central Yeshurun Central (Gedera) Great (Petah Tikva) Mausoleum of Abu Hurayra (Yavne) Haifa Emet veShalom (Nahariya) Ohel Ya'akov (Zikhron Ya'akov) Jerusalem Ades Ari Belz Great Four Sephardic Great Hecht Heichal Shlomo Hurva Ohel Yitzchak Ohr ha-Chaim Old Motza Old Yemenite Or Zaruaa Pressburg Rabbi Goldstein Ramban Shemesh Sedaqah Shira Hadasha Tzuf Dvash Warren's Gate Western Wall Wilson's Arch Zoharei Chama Northern Or Torah (Acre) Abuhav (Safed) Ari Ashkenazi (Safed) Tel Aviv Beit Daniel Cymbalista Great Hechal Yehuda Itzkovitch Kiryat Ono
Former	Inactive (still standing) Peki'in Ramchal (Acre) (now a mosque) Shfaram Ancient Old synagogues of Tiberias Destroyed or in ruins (no longer standing) Anim Arbel Beth Alpha Capernaum Chorazin Hammat Tiberias Hurvat Amudim Kfar Bar'am Kfar Hananiah Khirbet Shema Maon Maoz Haim Migdal Nabratein Shem and Eber Cave Susya Tzippori Under restoration Tiferet Yisrael Umm el-Qanatir
List of synagogues Jews and Judaism Category Ancient synagogues in the Land of Israel

v t e   Synagogues in Syria
Active	Damascus Elfrange
Former	Inactive (still standing) Racqy Under restoration Jobar Destroyed or in ruins (no longer standing) Aleppo Central Deir Aziz Dura-Europos Ed-Dikke Ein Nashut Gamla Katzrin Kfar Devora Menarsha Umm el-Qanatir
List of synagogues Jews and Judaism Ancient synagogues in the Land of Israel

• 8th-century disestablishments in the Umayyad Caliphate
• Ancient Jewish settlements of the Golan Heights
• Ancient synagogues in the Land of Israel
• Classical sites on the Golan Heights
• Establishments in the Herodian kingdom
• Former populated places in the Golan Heights
• Former synagogues in Syria
• Israel National Heritage Site
• Jews and Judaism in the Roman Empire