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Umman Manda (Akkadian: ππππ, romanized: UmmΔn Manda lit. 'the horde from who knows where') is a term used in the early second and first millennia BC for a poorly known people in the Ancient Near East. They have been identified in different contexts as Hurrians, Elamites, Medes, Cimmerians, and Scythians. The homeland of Umman Manda seems to be somewhere from Central Anatolia to north or northeastern Babylonia, possibly in what later came to be known as Mitanni, Mannae, or Media. Zaluti, whose name seems to have an Indo-Iranian etymology, is mentioned as a leader of Ummanda Manda. He is even suggested to be identified with Salitis the founder of the Hyksos, the Fifteenth dynasty of Egypt.
During the middle-6th century BC, the term UmmΔn Manda was used to designate the Cimmerians and the Scythians.
By the time of the fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, it was used to designate the Medes.
References
- "Umman-manda [1] (EN)". Corpus of Ancient Mesopotamian Scholarship/Geography of Knowledge. Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus, University of Pennsylvania.
- S. Ferruh AdalΔ± (2011). The Scourge of God: The Umman-manda and Its Significance in the First Millennium BC. Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project. ISBN 978-9521013355.
- Drews, Robert. The Coming of the Greeks: Indo-European Conquests in the Aegean and the Near East. Princeton University Press. 1988. p. 226.
- Drews, Robert. The Coming of the Greeks: Indo-European Conquests in the Aegean and the Near East. Princeton University Press. 1988. p. 227.
- ^ Spalinger 1978a, p. 401-402.
Bibliography
- The Coming of the Greeks: Indo-European Conquests in the Aegean and the Near East, Robert Drews, Princeton University Press, 1989, ISBN 0-691-03592-X, ISBN 978-0-691-02951-1, 276 pages, see pages 226-230.
- Spalinger, Anthony J. (1978a). "The Date of the Death of Gyges and Its Historical Implications". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 98 (4): 400β409. doi:10.2307/599752. JSTOR 599752. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
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