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Democratic Union of Catalonia Unió Democràtica de Catalunya
Abbreviation	UDC, unio.cat
Founded	7 November 1931 (1931-11-07)
Registered	3 March 1977 (1977-03-03)
Dissolved	24 March 2017 (2017-03-24)
Succeeded by	United to Advance
Headquarters	C/ Nàpols, 35-39 08018, Barcelona
Ideology	Regionalism Christian democracy Pro-Europeanism
Political position	Centre-right
National affiliation	Union of the Centre and Christian Democracy of Catalonia (1976–77) Democracy and Catalonia (1977–78) Convergence and Union (1978–2015) Catalonia in the Senate (1982–83)
European affiliation	European People's Party
European Parliament group	European People's Party
International affiliation	Centrist Democrat International
Colors	Blue   White
Website
www.unio.cat
Politics of Catalonia Political parties Elections Politics of Spain Political parties Elections

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The Democratic Union of Catalonia (Catalan: Unió Democràtica de Catalunya; IPA: [uniˈo ðəmuˈkɾatikə ðə kətəˈluɲə], UDC), frequently shortened as Union (Catalan: Unió; IPA: [uniˈo]), was a regionalist, Christian-democratic political party in the Catalonia region of Spain existing between 1931 and 2017. Together with Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC), they formed the Convergence and Union (CiU) alliance and federation from 1978 until its dissolution in 2015, under which they would rule the government of Catalonia for almost three decades during the recent Spanish democratic period.

It described itself as Catalan nationalist and Christian-democratic and was a member of the European People's Party (EPP). It advocated for centrist and moderate Catalanism without explicitly renouncing independence, aiming for the constitution of a confederal state in Spain made up of sovereign entities (including Catalonia) that could become independent but rejecting unilateralism as a viable political philosophy.

After the breakup of CiU, a party split that took away half of its membership, and UDC's failure in securing parliamentary representation in the 2015 Catalan and Spanish general elections, the party's mounting debts brought it to bankruptcy, leading to its dissolution on 24 March 2017.

History

Transition to democracy

Ahead of the 1977 Spanish general election, Unió joined the Union of the Centre and Christian Democracy of Catalonia (UCiDCC) alliance together with the Catalan Centre (CC) for the Congress of Deputies, which received the support of the Christian Democratic Team of the Spanish State (EDCEE). Both parties also joined the Democracy and Catalonia coalition for the Senate, whereas talks for Unió to join the Democratic Front coalition formed by Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC) and Democratic Left of Catalonia (EDC) failed to materialize. Election results were disappointing: the UCiDCC secured only two seats in Congress, one for each party, and the platform's nationwide referent the EDCEE failed to gain any parliamentary representation. This led to both Unió and CC breaking their alliance and going into different parliamentary groups.

After the election, an internal party crisis ensued as Unió found itself in need of seeking collaboration with other political parties to ensure its electoral viability in the future, with the question on the direction of such alliances dividing the party in two sectors: a more Catalan nationalist and progressive, centre-left one, and another more conservative one, attracted to the UCD's government halo and sympathetic to a merger with their former ally CC. The internal support for each position would be revealed ahead of the 6th Unió congress in September 1977, with the pro-UCD sector being in the minority, resulting in a group of 17 members led by Josep Miró i Ardèvol splitting into the Union of the Christian Democrats of Catalonia–Jacques Maritain Club, which would merge with other parties into the Union of the Centre of Catalonia (UCC) in March 1978 to join into a joint platform with the UCD. However, and despite the 6th congress resulting in a reinforcement of the party's identity as well as its more progressive turn, the internal crisis continued as Unió deputy in Congress Antón Cañellas kept advocating for a "large Catalan centre" that included the UCD. This position—which only garnered the support of about 15–20% of party members—was in clear contrast with the majority position of favouring a centre-left federation of parties that included CDC while rejecting any kind of election agreement with the regional branches of national parties.

In September 1978, Unió would sign an agreement with CDC to form Convergence and Union (CiU), an alliance initially appealing to the Catalan centre-left that would end up becoming a big tent platform lasting for the next 37 years. The CiU negotiations had seen political clashing ensue between Unió and Cañellas because of the latter's courtship of the UCD–UCC platform. In the 7th Unió congress held in November 1978, Cañellas was expelled from the party, prompting him together with other party members to establish the Democratic Union–Broad Centre (UDCA), an instrumental party that would join the UCD and UCC into the newly established Centrists of Catalonia coalition.

CiU breakup and dissolution

From 2013 and until 2015 tensions within the two parties forming the Convergence and Union (CiU) federation reached an all-time high over differences between the positions of the UDC leadership and Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC) leader Artur Mas over the sovereignty process, as well as on the opportunity of forming a joint, pro-independence electoral list with Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC). CDC was in favour of outright independence even if it meant breaking the established Spanish legality, while UDC was against doing it without agreement with the Spanish government.

As a result, a referendum of UDC members was held on 14 June 2015, asking whether UDC should commit itself to continue with the process but with under certain conditions, including not violating the legality in force through unilateral independence declarations or starting a constituent process at the margin of Spanish legal norms. Such a position, supported by UDC leaders and contrary to the signed agreements between CDC, ERC and sovereignty entities, was approved by UDC members with an adjusted 50.9%. After this, meetings between CiU leaders led to an ultimatum from CDC to UDC for the latter to decide within "two or three days" whether it committed itself to the independence plan. This led to UDC withdrawing all three of its members from Mas's cabinet, although they agreed to maintain parliamentary stability until the end of the legislature. That CDC leadership subsequently confirmed in a press conference the next day that UDC and CDC would not stand together in the 2015 Catalan regional election, and that the political project of the CiU federation was over, signalling the end of 37 years of cooperation between both parties.

Later in July 2015, a pro-independence faction within UDC—including historical members Antoni Castellà, Núria de Gispert, Rosa Maria Carrasco Azemar and Joan Rigol—broke away from the party to found the Democrats of Catalonia (DC), and by August the new DC party claimed to have taken away 1,600 UDC volunteers, 23 out of the 43 UDC city mayors and 118 out of UDC's 191 city councillors. In the regional election held on 27 September, UDC would fall short of the 3% threshold to secure parliamentary representation, meaning the party was to be expelled from the Parliament of Catalonia for the first time since 1980. The party would also fail in its attempt to maintain its presence in the Cortes Generales in the 2015 Spanish general election, with party's spokesman Josep Antoni Duran i Lleida losing his seat.

On 24 March 2017, UDC was dissolved by its last secretary general, Ramon Espadaler, because of mounting economic debts and the lack of public funding resulting from UDC's various election defeats bringing the party to bankruptcy. Some of its former members, including Espalader, founded a new catalanist political party called United to Advance, which eventually joined an electoral alliance with the Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC) in order to contest the 2017 Catalan regional election.

Electoral performance

Parliament of Catalonia

Parliament of Catalonia
Election	Votes	%	#	Seats	+/–	Leading candidate	Status in legislature
1980	Within CiU			8 / 135	—	Jordi Pujol	Minority
1984	Within CiU			16 / 135	8	Jordi Pujol	Coalition (CiU–ERC)
							Majority (from Feb. 1987)
1988	Within CiU			15 / 135	1	Jordi Pujol	Majority
1992	Within CiU			16 / 135	1	Jordi Pujol	Majority
1995	Within CiU			14 / 135	2	Jordi Pujol	Minority
1999	Within CiU			13 / 135	1	Jordi Pujol	Minority
2003	Within CiU			13 / 135	0	Artur Mas	Opposition
2006	Within CiU			14 / 135	1	Artur Mas	Opposition
2010	Within CiU			17 / 135	3	Artur Mas	Minority
2012	Within CiU			13 / 135	4	Artur Mas	Minority (CDC–UDC)
							Minority (CDC; from Jun. 2015)
2015	103,293	2.51%	7th	0 / 135	13	Ramon Espadaler	No seats

Cortes Generales

Nationwide

Cortes Generales
Election	Congress					Senate		Leading candidate	Status in legislature
	Votes	%	#	Seats	+/–	Seats	+/–
1977	Within UCiDCC/DiC			1 / 350	—	0 / 207	—	Joaquín Ruiz-Giménez	Opposition
1979	Within CiU			1 / 350	0	0 / 208	0	Jordi Pujol	Opposition
1982	Within CiU/CatSen			3 / 350	2	1 / 208	1	Miquel Roca	Opposition
1986	Within CiU			5 / 350	2	1 / 208	0	Miquel Roca	Opposition
1989	Within CiU			5 / 350	0	2 / 208	1	Miquel Roca	Opposition
1993	Within CiU			5 / 350	0	3 / 208	1	Miquel Roca	Confidence and supply
1996	Within CiU			5 / 350	0	2 / 208	1	Joaquim Molins	Confidence and supply
2000	Within CiU			4 / 350	1	2 / 208	0	Xavier Trias	Opposition
2004	Within CiU			4 / 350	0	0 / 208	2	Josep Antoni Duran i Lleida	Opposition
2008	Within CiU			4 / 350	0	0 / 208	0	Josep Antoni Duran i Lleida	Opposition
2011	Within CiU			6 / 350	2	2 / 208	2	Josep Antoni Duran i Lleida	Opposition
2015	65,388	0.26%	14th	0 / 350	6	0 / 208	2	Josep Antoni Duran i Lleida	No seats

Regional breakdown

Election	Catalonia
	Congress					Senate
	Votes	%	#	Seats	+/–	Seats	+/–
1977	Within UCiDCC/DiC			1 / 47	—	0 / 16	—
1979	Within CiU			1 / 47	0	0 / 16	0
1982	Within CiU/CatSen			3 / 47	2	1 / 16	1
1986	Within CiU			5 / 47	2	1 / 16	0
1989	Within CiU			5 / 46	0	2 / 16	1
1993	Within CiU			5 / 47	0	3 / 16	1
1996	Within CiU			5 / 46	0	2 / 16	1
2000	Within CiU			4 / 46	1	2 / 16	0
2004	Within CiU			4 / 47	0	0 / 16	2
2008	Within CiU			4 / 47	0	0 / 16	0
2011	Within CiU			6 / 47	2	2 / 16	2
2015	65,388	1.74%	7th	0 / 47	6	0 / 16	2

European Parliament

European Parliament
Election	Total
	Votes	%	#	Seats	+/–
1987	Within CiU			1 / 60	—
1989	Within CiU			1 / 60	0
1994	Within CiU			1 / 64	0
1999	Within CiU			1 / 64	0
2004	Within CiU (Galeusca)			0 / 54	1
2009	Within CiU (CEU)			1 / 54	1
2014	Within CiU (CEU)			1 / 54	0

References

1. Nordsieck, Wolfram (2015). "Catalonia/Spain". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
2. "¿Dónde están los restos de CiU?". Gara (in Spanish). 11 November 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
3. ^ "Unió inicia el proceso de liquidación de partido". El Mundo (in Spanish). 24 March 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
4. ^ "Unió afronta su disolución tras 86 años de actividad política". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 24 March 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
5. "Centre Català y Unió Democràtica de Catalunya hacen público un programa electoral común". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 29 December 1976. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
6. Llorens Pascual, F. (5 January 1977). ""El anuncio de nuestro pacto es importante para Cataluña ya que obliga a que otros partidos decidan su espacio político"". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 July 2020.
7. Sáenz-Díez, Margarita (4 May 1977). "Con la formación de siete coaliciones se clarifica el panorama catalán". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 July 2020.
8. Roses, Joan (5 May 1977). "Se perfilan las opciones para el Senado". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 July 2020.
9. Roses, Joan (13 April 1977). "U.D.C. propone un programa electoral al Front Democrátic". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 July 2020.
10. "Cada vez más remota la posibilidad de pacto entre Unió Democrática y Convergencia y Esquerra Democrática". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 23 April 1977. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
11. "Unió Democràtica de Catalunya". enciclopedia.cat (in Catalan). Diccionari dels Partits Polítics de Catalunya, segle XX. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
12. ^ Culla i Clarà, Joan B. (1989). "L'evolució de l'espai centrista a Catalunya (1976-1982)" (PDF). Working Papers (in Catalan) (4). Barcelona: Institut de Ciències Polítiques i Socials. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
13. "Cañellas: "Es un error oponerse a un gran centro catalán"". El País (in Spanish). 30 September 1978. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
14. "Hubo acuerdo entre Convergència y Unió Democrática". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 17 September 1978. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
15. "Hoy, Convergència y Unió firman el acuerdo electoral". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 19 September 1978. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
16. "Convergencia y Unió quieren vertebrar el centro-izquierda catalán". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 20 September 1978. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
17. "Las fechas clave de CiU". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 17 June 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
18. Canals, Enric (16 September 1978). "La integración de Cañellas en UCD parece inminente". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
19. Canals, Enric (19 September 1978). "Cañellas insiste en vertebrar a todos los partidos del centro catalán". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
20. Canals, Enric (3 October 1978). "UDC suspende la militancia de Antón Cañellas en el partido". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
21. Canals, Enric (14 November 1978). "Antón Cañellas, expulsado de Unió Democrática de Catalunya". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
22. Llorens Pascual, F. (25 November 1978). ""Hem fet una Constitució per a l'autonomia: aprofitem-la"". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 July 2020.
23. Pi, Jaume (22 January 2013). "Máxima tensión entre CDC y UDC". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 July 2020.
24. "Duran carga contra CDC por plantear plebiscitarias con una lista unitaria y por hacer seguidismo de la ANC y Òmnium". Crónica Global (in Spanish). 17 October 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
25. Fernández Guerrero, David (21 February 2015). "Unió consultará a sus militantes para definirse sobre el proceso soberanista". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
26. Noguer, Miquel (14 June 2015). "Unió somete a votación el compromiso con el plan soberanista". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
27. Noguer, Miquel (14 June 2015). "Duran logra un ajustado apoyo para condicionar el plan de Mas". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
28. Noguer, Miquel (15 June 2015). "Mas da tres días a Duran para que decida si apoya la independencia". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
29. Noguer, Miquel (17 June 2015). "Unió sale del Gobierno de Mas como rechazo al plan de independencia". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
30. Oms, Javier (18 June 2015). "CiU se desintegra: 'El proyecto político de la federación se ha acabado'". El Mundo (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
31. Noguer, Miquel (18 June 2015). "La ruptura de CiU da vía libre a Mas para volcarse en su plan soberanista". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
32. Tort, Àlex (12 July 2015). "Nace Demòcrates de Catalunya, nuevo partido político independentista escindido de Unió". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 July 2020.
33. "Neix Demòcrates de Catalunya, la refundació independentista d'Unió" (in Catalan). VilaWeb. ACN. 12 July 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
34. "Castellà defensa que amb 68 escons hi ha 'legitimitat' per començar el procés cap a la independència" (in Catalan). VilaWeb. 8 August 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
35. Baquero, Camilo Sixto (27 September 2015). "Unió se queda fuera del Parlament". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
36. "Unió llega a las elecciones generales con el peligro de desaparecer del Congreso". 20 minutos (in Spanish). 27 November 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
37. Pérez, Aldara (20 December 2015). "Unió se queda fuera del Congreso por primera vez en democracia" (in Spanish). RTVE. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
38. "Nace Units per Avançar, partido catalanista y liberal que rechaza el referéndum". El Mundo (in Spanish). EFE. 19 June 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
39. Pascual, Roger (7 November 2017). "El PSC cierra un acuerdo para ir al 21-D con Units per avançar". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 July 2020.
40. "Ramon Espadaler irá de número tres de la lista del PSC liderada por Iceta". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 8 November 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2020.

v t e Catalan nationalism and independence movement
Events	¡Cu-Cut! incident 1918-1919 autonomy campaign Plot of Prats de Molló Catalan Republic (1931) Events of 6 October Operation Garzón Fresno Case 2009–2011 independence referendums support 2010 autonomy protest 2012 independence demonstration 2013 Catalan Way 2014 Catalan Way 2014 self-determination referendum 2015 Free Way 2016 We are ready 2017–2018 Spanish constitutional crisis 2017 National Day for Yes 2017 Yes Campaign 2017 Operation Anubis 2017 independence referendum reactions 2017 Catalan general strike 2017 Wake Up Europe! 2017 Catalan regional election 2019 trial of independence leaders 2019–2020 protests 2019 Catalan general strike
Concepts	Catalan Countries Principality of Catalonia Republican Generalitat Anti-Catalan sentiment Federalism
Documents	Bases de Manresa (1892) Draft Constitution of the Catalan Republic (1928) Declaration of Sovereignty (23 Jan 2013) White Paper on the National Transition of Catalonia (Sep 2014) Initiation of the Process of Independence (9 Nov 2015) Let Catalans Vote (May 2017) Law on the Referendum on Self-determination (6 Sep 2017) Law of juridical transition (8 Sep 2017) Catalan declaration of independence (10/27 Oct 2017)
People	Valentí Almirall Enric Prat de la Riba Josep Puig i Cadafalch Francesc Macià Lluís Companys Joan Comorera Josep Irla Josep Tarradellas Jordi Pujol Guillem Agulló Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira Artur Mas Oriol Junqueras Muriel Casals Carme Forcadell Jordi Sànchez Jordi Cuixart Carles Puigdemont Roger Torrent Anna Gabriel Quim Torra Elisenda Paluzie Pere Aragonès Lluís Llach
Organisations	Pro-independence Association of Municipalities for Independence Assemblea Nacional Catalana Òmnium Cultural Committees for the Defense of the Republic Estat Català Socialist Party of National Liberation† Catalan European Democratic Party† Republican Left of Catalonia Sobiranistes Junts per Catalunya DC MES Popular Unity Candidacy Endavant Poble Lliure Més per Mallorca PSM Més per Menorca PSMe Catalan Solidarity for Independence Reagrupament Republican Left of the Valencian Country Democratic Tsunami Catalan Alliance Autonomist and federalist Assembly of Catalonia† Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia† Democratic Convergence of Catalonia† Catalonia in Common Proposta per les Illes Youth Young Republican Left of Catalonia Nationalist Youth of Catalonia Arran La Forja Maulets†
Sign † marks defunct organisations.

v t e Political parties in Spain
Congress of Deputies (350)	People's Party (137) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (120) Vox (33) Sumar (27) Sumar (11) Comuns (6) United Left (5) Coalició Compromís (2) Más Madrid (1) Chunta Aragonesista (1) Més per Mallorca (1) Republican Left of Catalonia (7) Together for Catalonia (7) EH Bildu (6) Basque Nationalist Party (5) Podemos (4) Navarrese People's Union (1) Canarian Coalition (1) Galician Nationalist Bloc (1) Independent (José Luis Ábalos, 1)
Senate (266)	People's Party (144) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (91) Republican Left of Catalonia (6) EH Bildu (5) Basque Nationalist Party (5) Together for Catalonia (3) Vox (3) Galician Nationalist Bloc (1) Independent Herrenian Group (1) Gomera Socialist Group (1) Canarian Coalition (1) Coalició Compromís (1) Eivissa i Formentera al Senat (1) Geroa Bai (1) Más Madrid (1) Navarrese People's Union (1)
Other parties in regional parliaments	Andalusia Adelante Andalucía Aragón Teruel Existe Aragonese Party Asturias Asturias Forum Balearic Islands Més per Menorca Sa Unió de Formentera Canary Islands New Canaries Cantabria Regionalist Party of Cantabria Castile and León Soria ¡Ya! Leonese People's Union For Ávila Catalonia Popular Unity Candidacy Catalan Alliance Galicia Ourensan Democracy Ceuta Movement for Dignity and Citizenship Ceuta Ya! Melilla Coalición por Melilla Somos Melilla
European Parliament (61 of 720)	People's Party (22) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (20) Vox (6) Ahora Repúblicas (3) Republican Left of Catalonia (1) EH Bildu (1) Galician Nationalist Bloc (1) Sumar (3) Sumar (1) Comuns (1) Coalició Compromís (1) Se Acabó La Fiesta (3) Podemos (2) Together and Free for Europe (1) Coalition for a Solidary Europe (1) Basque Nationalist Party (1)
Cortes Generales Spanish regional legislatures Basque political parties Catalan political parties

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• 2017 disestablishments in Catalonia
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