| Voiceless bilabial fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɸ | |||
| IPA number | 126 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| source · help | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɸ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0278 | ||
| X-SAMPA | p\ | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
The voiceless bilabial fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɸ⟩, a Latinised form of the Greek letter Phi.
Features
Features of the voiceless bilabial fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is bilabial, which means it is articulated with both lips.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ainu | フチ | 'grandmother' | |||
| Angor | fi | 'body' | |||
| Bengali | Eastern dialects | ফল | 'fruit' | Allophone of /f/ in some eastern dialects; regular allophone of /pʰ/ in western dialects | |
| English | Scouse | Allophone of /pʰ/. See British English phonology | |||
| Southern England (some accents) |
thought | Conflation of /f/ and /θ/ (see th-fronting) | |||
| fought | |||||
| Ewe | éƒá | 'he polished' | Contrasts with /f/ | ||
| Italian | Tuscan | i capitani | 'the captains' | Intervocalic allophone of /p/. See Italian phonology and Tuscan gorgia. | |
| Itelmen | чуфчуф | 'rain' | |||
| Japanese | 腐敗 / fuhai | 'decay' | Allophone of /h/ before /ɯ/. See Japanese phonology | ||
| Kaingang | fy | 'seed' | |||
| Korean | 후두개 / hudugae | 'epiglottis' | Allophone of /h/ before /u/ and /w/. See Korean phonology | ||
| Kwama | 'basket' | ||||
| Māori | whakapapa | 'genealogy' | Now more commonly /f/ due to the influence of English. See Māori phonology. | ||
| Nepali | वाफ | 'vapour' | Allophone of /pʰ/. See Nepali phonology | ||
| Odoodee | pagai | 'coconut' | |||
| Okinawan | fifaci | 'type of spice' | |||
| Spanish | Some dialects | fuera | 'outside' | Non-standard variant of /f/. See Spanish phonology | |
| Standard European | pub | 'pub' | An approximant; allophone of /b/ before a pause. | ||
| North-Central Peninsular | abdicar | 'abdicate' | Allophone of /b/ in the coda. In this dialect, the unvoiced coda obstruents - /p, t, k/ - are realized as fricatives only if they precede a voiced consonant; otherwise, they emerge as stops. | ||
| Southern Peninsular | los vuestros | 'yours' | It varies with in some accents. Allophone of /b/ after /s/. | ||
| Shompen | 'bench' | ||||
| Sylheti | ꠙꠥꠀ | 'boy' | |||
| Tahitian | ʻōfī | 'snake' | Allophone of /f/ | ||
| Turkish | Some speakers | ufuk | 'horizon' | Allophone of /f/ before rounded vowels and, to a lesser extent, word-finally after rounded vowels. See Turkish phonology | |
| Turkmen | fabrik | 'factory' | |||
| Yalë | dife | 'village' | |||
See also
References
- Watson, Kevin (2007). Illustrations of the IPA: Liverpool English (Cambridge University Press ed.). Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37. pp. 351–360.
- Ladefoged (2005:156)
- ^ Hall (1944:75)
- Okada (1999:118)
- Boyd-Bowman (1953:229)
- Cotton & Sharp (1988:15)
- ^ Wetzels & Mascaró (2001), p. 224.
- "Microsoft Word - codaobs-roa.do" (PDF). Retrieved 2019-04-21.
- Pérez, Aguilar & Jiménez (1998:225–228)
- "The language of the Shom Pen: a language isolate in the Nicobar Islands" (PDF). Mother Tongue. 12: 179–202.
- ^ Göksel & Kerslake (2005:6)
Sources
- Boyd-Bowman, Peter (1953), "Sobre la pronunciación del español en el Ecuador", Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica, 7: 221–233, doi:10.24201/nrfh.v7i1/2.310
- Cotton, Eleanor Greet; Sharp, John (1988), Spanish in the Americas, Georgetown University Press, ISBN 978-0-87840-094-2
- Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005), Turkish: a comprehensive grammar, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415114943
- Hall, Robert A. Jr. (1944). "Italian phonemes and orthography". Italica. 21 (2). American Association of Teachers of Italian: 72–82. doi:10.2307/475860. JSTOR 475860.
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
- Pérez, Ramón Morillo-Velarde; Aguilar, Rafael Cano; Jiménez, Antonio Narbona (1998), El Español hablado en Andalucía, Editorial Ariel, ISBN 84-344-8225-8
- Wetzels, W. Leo; Mascaró, Joan (2001), "The Typology of Voicing and Devoicing" (PDF), Language, 77 (2): 207–244, doi:10.1353/lan.2001.0123, S2CID 28948663
