Vade retro satana (Ecclesiastical Latin for "Begone, Satan", "Step back, Satan", or "Back off, Satan"; alternatively spelt vade retro satanas, or sathanas), is a medieval Western Christian formula for exorcism, recorded in a 1415 manuscript found in the Benedictine Metten Abbey in Bavaria; its origin is traditionally associated with the Benedictines. The initials of this formula (VRSNSMV SMQLIVB or VRS:NSMV:SMQL:IVB) have often been engraved around crucifixes or the Saint Benedict Medals of Western Christianity since at least 1780.
The phrase is also used allusively in literary contexts to depict rejection of possibly tempting, but undesirable, proposals; in such cases, it is generally used without any religious connotations.
Text
The Ecclesiastical Latin text, here alongside an approximate translation, says:
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Crux sacra sit mihi lux |
May the Holy Cross be my light |
Origins and history
The verse Vade retro satana is similar to a phrase that appears in several places in the New Testament. Firstly, in the Gospel of Mark, 8:33, spoken by Jesus to Peter is the admonition: "Vade retro me satana", ('Get behind me, Satan!') This story is repeated in Matthew 16:23. A similar phrase is used in the Gospel of Matthew's account of Christ's Temptation.
The exact origin of the passage as a whole is not clear. It is found in an early thirteenth century legend of the Devil's Bridge at Sens, wherein an architect sold his soul to the devil and then subsequently repented. M. le Curé of Sens, wearing his stole, exorcised the devil, driving him away with holy water and these words, which he made the penitent repeat.
The passage came to general attention in 1647, when women who were prosecuted for witchcraft declared that they had been unable to do harm where there was a cross, and the St. Michael's Benedictine Abbey in Metten was particularly exempt from their influence. A search of the monastery turned up crosses painted on the walls with the formula's initials. The meaning of those letters remained a mystery for some time, until the complete verses were found in a manuscript dating to 1415 in the abbey's library, next to an image of St. Benedict.
The same formula was later found in an Austrian manuscript from c. 1340–1350. The manuscript depicts Satan offering a drinking cup to the Saint, who keeps him at bay with a long cross-topped staff carrying a red banner. Below the staff is a single line of text, and below it are six lines of verse, starting with "Vade retro Satana".
The formula received the approval of Pope Benedict XIV, becoming part of the Roman Ritual (the liturgical books detailing the offices a priest or deacon may perform) of the Catholic Church in 1742. The formula's popularity grew considerably in the 19th century, mainly due to the efforts of Leo Dupont. According to publisher and historian H. C. Lea (1896): "As a rule ... it suffices to wear one devoutly, but, if some special favor is desired, it is advisable on a Tuesday to say five Glorias, three Aves and then three more Glorias to secure the protection of St. Benedict."
The vade retro satana is still included in the Roman Ritual. Following the 20th-century revision of the liturgical books, the latest version concerning exorcisms was promulgated in 1999 as the volume De exorcismis et supplicationibus quibusdam.
The phrase vade retro satana is also used as a witty or scholarly prose device, dissociated from its religious implications, to express strong rejection of an unacceptable (but possibly tempting) proposal, or dread of some looming menace. Namely, in the sense of "do not tempt me!", "I will have nothing to do with that", "will someone deliver us from that", and so on.
See also
References
Notes
- The Benedictine monastic tradition is found in all major historic Christian denominations, such as the Abbey of Saint-Joseph de Clairval of the Catholic Church, the Östanbäck Monastery of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Sweden, the Saint Finian Orthodox Abbey of Western Orthodoxy, the Holy Cross Monastery of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America, and the Saint Brigid of Kildare Monastery of the United Methodist Church, for example.
- In older translations, "Get thee behind me, Satan!" For the verse, see: Mark 8:33
- Matthew 16:23
- For a number of translations, see: Matthew 4:10 - "The Temptation of Jesus", BibleHub
- See for example: Sir Walter Scott, 1822 The Fortunes of Nigel. Chapter 31: "Ne inducas in tentationem—Vade retro, Sathanas!—Amen"
Citations
- ^ Martín de Elizalde, Revista Coloquio, n. 4. Italian translation: La Croce di San Benedetto ("The Cross of St. Benedict")
- "Order of St. Benedict". Osb.org. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
- Journal of the British Archaeological Association, 1858, p. 280
- Judith Sutera, 1997, The Work of God: Benedictine Prayer Published by Liturgical Press ISBN 0-8146-2431-6 p. 109
- ^ Lea, Henry Charles (1896). A History of Auricular Confession and Indulgences in the Latin Church. Philadelphia: Lea Brothers & Co. p. 520. Volume III: Indulgences.
- Ann Ball, 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices ISBN 0-87973-910-X, pp. 350–351
- Evangelium secundum Marcum, Biblia Sacra Vulgata (in Latin) Mark 8:33
- "Evangelium Secundum Marcum". Nova Vulgata Bibliorum Sacrorum Editio (in Latin). Holy See. Retrieved 2008-11-04.
- "The Gospel According to Mark". New American Bible. Holy See. Retrieved 2009-11-27.
- Dom Prosper Gueranger. "The Medal or Cross of St Benedict". www.liturgialatina.org. Retrieved 2018-08-05.
- Ott, M. (1912). "Medal of Saint Benedict". The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved June 5, 2009.
- "Odd Phrases in Literature", The Irish Quarterly Review, Volume 6, Part 1, 1856, note p. 683
- Manuscript Clm 8210, Bavarian State Library
- Cod. Guelf. 35a Helmst. (Biblia pauperum, 14. Jh.), Wolfenbüttel Library, image 3
- De exorcismis et supplicationibus quibusdam Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2003 ISBN 88-209-4822-2
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