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Variable-star designation

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Unique identifier given to variable stars

In astronomy, a variable-star designation is a unique identifier given to variable stars. It extends on the Bayer designation format, with an identifying label (as described below) preceding the Latin genitive of the name of the constellation in which the star lies. The identifying label can be one or two Latin letters or a V plus a number (e.g. V399). Examples are R Coronae Borealis, YZ Ceti, V603 Aquilae. (See List of constellations for a list of constellations and the genitive forms of their names.)

Naming

The current naming system is:

  • Stars with existing Greek letter Bayer designations are not given new designations.
  • Otherwise, start with the letter R and go through Z.
  • Continue with RR–RZ, then use SS–SZ, TT–TZ and so on until ZZ.
  • After ZZ return to the beginning of the Latin alphabet and use AA–AZ, BB–BZ, CC–CZ, and so on, until reaching QZ, but omitting the letter J in either first or second position.
  • Abandon the Latin letters after all 334 combinations of letters and start naming stars with V335, V336, and so on.

The second letter is never nearer the beginning of the alphabet than the first, e.g., no star can be BA, CA, CB, DA and so on.

History

In the early 19th century few variable stars were known, so it seemed reasonable to use the letters of the Latin script. Because very few constellations contained stars with uppercase Latin-letter Bayer designation greater than Q, the letter R was chosen as a starting point so as to avoid confusion with letter spectral types or the (now rarely used) Latin-letter Bayer designations. Although Lacaille had used uppercase R–Z letters in a few cases, for example X Puppis (HR 2548), these designations were either dropped or accepted as variable star designations. The star T Puppis was accepted by Argelander as a variable star and is included in the General Catalogue of Variable Stars with that designation but is now classed as non-variable.

This variable star naming convention was developed by Friedrich W. Argelander. There is a widespread belief according to which Argelander chose the letter R for German rot or French rouge, both meaning "red", because many variable stars known at that time appear red. However, Argelander's own statement disproves this.

By 1836, even the letter S had only been used in one constellation, Serpens. With the advent of photography the number of variables piled up quickly, and variable star names soon fell into the Bayer-trap of reaching the end of the alphabet while still having stars to name. After two subsequent supplementary double-lettering systems hit similar limits, numbers were finally introduced.

As with all categories of astronomical objects, names are assigned by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). The IAU delegates the task to the Sternberg Astronomical Institute and the Institute of Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow, Russia. Sternberg publishes the General Catalog of Variable Stars (GCVS), which is amended approximately once every two years by the publication of a new Name-List of Variable Stars. For example, in December 2011, the 80th Name-List of Variable Stars, Part II, was released, containing designations for 2,161 recently discovered variable stars, which brought the total number in the GCVS to 45,678 variable stars. Among the newly designated objects were V0654 Aurigae, V1367 Centauri, and BU Coronae Borealis.

Footnotes

  1. Most of this system was invented in Germany, which was still on Fraktur at the time, in which the majuscules "I" and "J" can be difficult to distinguish.

See also

References

  1. Levy, D.H. (15 December 2005). David Levy's Guide to Variable Stars. Cambridge University Press. p. 46 ff. ISBN 978-0-521-60860-2.
  2. Wagman, Morton (2003). Lost Stars: Lost, missing, and troublesome stars from the catalogues of Johannes Bayer, Nicholas-Louis de la Caille, John Flamsteed, and sundry others. McDonald & Woodward Publishing. pp. viii, 540. Bibcode:2003lslm.book.....W. ISBN 978-0-939923-78-6.
  3. de la Caille, Nicolas-Louis (1763). Coelum australe stelliferum. Hipp. Lud.Guerin & Lud. Fr. Delatour – via Google.
  4. Chapman, David M.F. (1999). "Reflections: F.W.A. Argelander - Star Charts and Variable Stars". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. 93: 17. Bibcode:1999JRASC..93...17C.
  5. ^ The names and catalogues of variable stars (Report). Strasbourg, FR: University of Strasbourg. Retrieved 2018-11-16 – via cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr.
  6. Samus, N.N.; Kazarovets, E.V.; Durlevich, O.V.; Kireeva, N.N.; Pastukhova, E.N.; et al. (GCVS Research Group) (c. 1998). "GCVS Research Group: History and persons". Moscow, RU: Sternberg Astronomical Institute. Retrieved 2018-11-16 – via sai.msu.ru. International service of variable stars: Naming, classification, identification
  7. Kazarovets, E.V.; Samus, N.N.; Durlevich, O.V.; Kireeva, N.N.; Pastukhova, E.N.; et al. (GCVS Research Group) (2013). "Novae in the 80th Name-list of Variable Stars (Part 3): Official announcement of GCVS names". Peremennye Zvezdy (online-only journal). 33 (3): 3. Bibcode:2013PZ.....33....3K. ISSN 2221-0474.

Further reading

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