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R4 rifle
Vektor R4 at the South African National Museum of Military History
Type	Assault rifle
Place of origin	South Africa
Service history
In service	1980–present
Used by	See Users
Wars	South African Border War Rwandan Civil War Bophuthatswana crisis Burundian Civil War Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–99) Kivu conflict Central African Republic conflict Insurgency in Cabo Delgado Banjska attack
Production history
Designer	Yisrael Galili of Israel Military Industries
Designed	Late 1970's early 1980's
Manufacturer	Lyttelton Engineering Works, now Denel Land Systems
No. built	420,000
Variants	R5, R6, LM4, LM5, LM6
Specifications
Mass	4.3 kg (9.48 lb)
Length	877 mm (34.5 in) with stock extended
Barrel length	460 mm (18 in)
Cartridge	5.56×45mm NATO
Action	Gas-operated (rotating bolt)
Rate of fire	600-750 rounds/min
Muzzle velocity	980 m/s (3,200 ft/s)
Effective firing range	500 m (550 yd)
Feed system	35-round detachable magazine
Sights	Flip up aperture rear sight graduated for 300 and 500 meters

The Vektor R4 is a South African 5.56×45mm assault rifle. It entered service as the standard service rifle of the South African Defence Force (SADF) in 1980. In South African service, the R4 replaced the R1, a variant of the 7.62×51mm FN FAL. It was produced by Lyttelton Engineering Works (LIW, "Lyttelton Ingenieurswerke"), now Denel Land Systems.

The weapon is a licensed variant of the IMI Galil assault rifle with several modifications; both the stock and magazine are now made of a high-strength polymer and the stock was lengthened, adapting the weapon for the average South African soldier. Other detailed differences include the R4's lack of a carry handle and a number of modifications made to its internal operating mechanism.

Design details

Operating mechanism

The R4 is a selective fire, gas-operated weapon that fires from a closed bolt. As with the IMI Galil, the operating system is derived from that of the AK-47. It uses ignited powder gases channelled through a vent in the barrel to drive a long stroke piston located above the barrel in a gas cylinder to provide power to the operating system. The weapon features a self-regulating gas system and a rotary bolt breech locking mechanism (equipped with two locking lugs), which is rotated by a helical camming groove machined into the bolt carrier that engages a control pin on the bolt. Extraction is carried out by means of a spring-loaded extractor contained in the bolt and a protrusion on the left guide rail inside the receiver acts as the fixed ejector.

Internally, the R4 differs from the Galil in the addition of a new gas tube lock to prevent the tube from shaking loose during sustained fire, and the introduction of much wider sear. It also has a unique bolt and firing pin, both of which were redesigned to resolve an issue where the firing pin would set off a chambered cartridge with the bolt closed. The new firing pin is secured by a polyurethane piece inside the bolt except when positively driven forward.

The R4's parts can be interchanged with the Galil ARM with Valmet rifle magazine made for 5.56 NATO caliber being usable for the R4.

Features

The R4 is hammer-fired and uses a trigger mechanism with a 3-position fire selector and safety switch. The stamped sheet steel selector bar is present on both sides of the receiver and its positions are marked with letters: "S"— indicating the weapon is safe, "R"—single-fire mode ("R" is an abbreviation for "repetition"), and "A"—fully automatic fire. The "safe" setting disables the trigger and secures the weapon from being charged.

The R4 is fed from a steel or synthetic box magazine with a 35-round cartridge capacity (designed to use the 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge with the M193 projectile). Steel magazines were initially manufactured for the weapon, but this was replaced by a nylon and fiberglass copy to reduce weight. A 50-round steel magazine was produced during the 1980s.

The R4 has a side-folding tubular stock, which folds to the right side of the receiver. The rifle's handguard, pistol grip, magazine, stock arms and shoulder pad are all made from a synthetic material, making it lighter in weight than the equivalent original Galil, which uses heavier metal and wood in these components.

For regular field maintenance and cleaning, the firearm is disassembled into the following components: the receiver and barrel group, bolt carrier, bolt, return mechanism, gas tube, receiver dust cover and magazine.

Sights

The rifle has conventional iron sights that consist of a front post and a flip-up rear sight with 300 and 500 m apertures. The front sight is adjustable for windage and elevation and is installed in a durable circular shroud. The rear sight is welded at the end of the receiver's dust cover. For nighttime use, the R4 is equipped with self-luminous tritium light dots (exposed after placing the rear sight in an intermediate position) installed in a pivoting bar to the front sight base, which folds up in front of the standard post and aligns with two dots in the rear sight notch.

Upgrade

DLS has introduced remanufactured models of the R4, R5, R6 that have Picatinny rails. DLS has also introduced grenade launchers, grips and other underbarrel attachments.

Variants

The South African Navy, South African Air Force, South African Military Health Service, and South African Police Service adopted a short carbine version of the 5.56 mm Galil SAR, which was license-manufactured as the R5. The R5, when compared to the larger R4, has a barrel that is 130 millimetres (5.1 in) shorter, together with a shorter gas system and handguard. It also lacks a bipod, and the flash hider does not support rifle grenades.

In the 1990s, an even more compact personal defence weapon variant of the R5 was developed for armoured vehicle crews, designated the R6, which has a further reduced barrel and a shortened gas cylinder and piston assembly. This reduced the barrel length to 279 millimetres (11.0 in).

Denel developed prototypes for the R7 and R8, a heavy barrelled squad automatic weapon and a locally produced Micro-Galil, respectively, but it is unclear whether these entered production.

LIW/DLS also introduced a line of semi-automatic variants of the R4, R5 and R6 called the LM4, LM5 and LM6 respectively, built for civilian and law enforcement users. The rifles were marketed by Musgrave, with the joint venture between the Lyttelton and Musgrave conferring the rifle's "LM" prefix.

Users

•  Burundi: Burundian rebels
•  Central African Republic
•  Eswatini: Eswatini Police
•  Haiti: Used by the Armed Forces of Haiti and Haitian National Police
•  Lesotho
•  Malawi: Malawi Police Service.
•  Republic of the Congo: 15,900 R4/R5s were delivered to Congolese security forces in 1996 and 1997.
•  Rwanda: Imported for use in the Rwandan National Army as of 1992. Some captured by the Rwandan Patriotic Front.
•  Serbia: Used by the Special Brigade and by the SAJ.
•  South Africa: Standard issue rifle of the South African National Defence Force. The compact R5 carbine is popular among police and special response units.

In popular culture

• Savior: 1998 war film starring Dennis Quaid set during the Bosnian War. Quaid's character uses an R4 modified as a designated marksman rifle. According to Imdb, this weapon would have been used by the Bosnian Serb military which purchased several thousand R4 rifles during the conflict, but not by the French Foreign Legion. The modifications include a scope mounted on an AK-style receiver mount (the original Galil scope mount notch was replaced by a lightning cut on the R4), along with a cheek rest which has been installed on the original folding stock and removal of the sights.
• Hotel Rwanda: 2004 war drama starring Don Cheadle set during the Rwandan genocide; in this film a Rwandan soldier is seen using an R4 in several scenes.
• Machine Gun Preacher: 2011 biopic war film starring Gerard Butler, where soldiers of the South Sudan People's Defence Forces are seen using modified R4s.

See also

• Vektor CR-21
• RK 62
• Zastava M21
• List of assault rifles
• Israel–South Africa Agreement

Notes

1. Minor adaptions were made to the original Israeli Galil design by Lyttelton Engineering Works.

References

1. ^ Dr. David Westwood (2005). Rifles: an illustrated history of their impact. ABC-CLIO. p. 392. ISBN 1-85109-401-6.
2. ^ Jonh Walter (2006). Rifles of the World. Krause Publications. pp. 139–141. ISBN 0-89689-241-7.
3. Small Arms Survey 2003, p. 267.
4. Final report of the Panel of Experts on the Central African Republic extended pursuant to Security Council resolution 2262 (2016) (PDF). 5 December 2016. pp. 32&48.
5. @war_noir (25 September 2023). "More photos of the captured weapons in #Zvečan (#Mitrovica)" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 26 September 2023 – via Twitter.
6. Engelbrect, Leon (24 September 2010). "Denel Showcases a 21st Century R4 Assault Rifle at AAD". Defence Web. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
7. ^ Gander, Terry (1997). Jane's Infantry Weapons, 1997-98. Surrey: Jane's Information Group. pp. 173–174. ISBN 0-7106-1548-5.
8. ^ Tilstra, Russell (2011). Small Arms For Urban Combat. Jefferson: McFarland Press. pp. 77–78. ISBN 978-0786465231.
9. ^ Woźniak, Ryszard. Encyklopedia najnowszej broni palnej – tom 4 R-Z. Bellona. 2002. pp9–10.
10. John Walter (2006). Rifles of the World. Krause Publications. p. 141. ISBN 0-89689-241-7.
11. Roodhorst, The Kalashnikov Encyclopedia III: Serbia-VietnamPage 2961.
12. "Denel showcases a 21st Century R4 assault rifle at AAD". DefenceWeb. 24 September 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
13. Small Arms Survey (2007). "Armed Violence in Burundi: Conflict and Post-Conflict Bujumbura" (PDF). The Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City. Cambridge University Press. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-521-88039-8.
14. Berman, Eric G.; Lombard, Louisa N. (December 2008). The Central African Republic and Small Arms: A Regional Tinderbox (PDF). Small Arms Survey. p. 94. ISBN 978-2-8288-0103-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2014.
15. Touchard, Laurent (17 December 2013). "Centrafrique : le Soudan a-t-il armé les ex-Séléka ?". Jeune Afrique (in French).
16. Thwala, Phumelele (1 October 2004). "Country study: Swaziland" (PDF). Hide and Seek: Taking Account of Small Arms in Southern Africa. p. 276.
17. "South Africa admits sending weapons to Haiti".
18. Berman, Eric G. (March 2019). Beyond Blue Helmets: Promoting Weapons and Ammunition Management in Non-UN Peace Operations (PDF). Small Arms Survey/MPOME. p. 43. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2019.
19. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
20. Small Arms Survey (2003). "Making the Difference?: Weapon Collection and Small Arms Availability in the Republic of Congo". Small Arms Survey 2003: Development Denied. Oxford University Press. p. 263. ISBN 0199251754. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2010.
21. "Media Briefing: Bullets from Greece, China, Russia and United States found in rebel hands in Democratic Republic of Congo". amnesty.org. Archived from the original on 6 December 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
22. "Arming Rwanda: The Arms Trade and Human Rights, Abuses in the Rwandan War" (PDF). Human Rights Watch Arms Project. Vol. 6, no. 1. January 1994. p. 16.
23. "LiČna Karta". Scribd.com. 13 March 2010. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
24. "Specijalne-jedinice.com | Special Anti-terrorist Unit-SAU". Archived from the original on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
25. "R4 R5 Assault Rifles". Army.mil.za. 13 December 2010. Retrieved 21 July 2012.

Bibliography

• Roodhorst, Cor (2015). The Kalashnikov Encyclopedia: Recognition and Weapon Forensic Guide for Kalashnikov Arms and Derivatives III: Serbia–Vietnam. Netherlands: Roodhorst Publications. ISBN 978-90-9027549-9.
• Woźniak, Ryszard (2002). Encyklopedia najnowszej broni palnej – tom 4 R-Z (in Polish). Warsaw, Poland: Bellona. pp. 9–10. ISBN 83-11-09312-1.

External links

• Media related to Vektor R4 at Wikimedia Commons
• South African Galils: The R4, R5, R6 and LM series on YouTube

• 5.56×45mm NATO assault rifles
• Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1980
• Kalashnikov derivatives
• Light machine guns
• Rifles of the Cold War
• Infantry weapons of the Cold War
• Assault rifles of South Africa
• Post–Cold War weapons of South Africa
• Cold War firearms of South Africa
• Israel–South Africa relations
• Denel