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Vernanimalcula Temporal range: Ediacaran PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
The possible fossil of Vernanimalcula guizhouena
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	incertae sedis
Genus:	†Vernanimalcula
Species:	†V. guizhouena
Binomial name
†Vernanimalcula guizhouena Chen et.al, 2004

Vernanimalcula guizhouena is an acritarch dating from 600 to 580 million years ago; it was between 0.1 and 0.2 mm across (roughly the width of one or two human hairs). Vernanimalcula means "small spring animal", referring to its appearance in the fossil record at the end of the Marinoan Glaciation and the belief upon discovery it was an animal.

Discovery

The Vernanimalcula fossils were discovered in the Doushantuo Formation in China. This formation is a Konservat-Lagerstätte, one of the rare places where soft body parts and very fine details are preserved in the fossil record.

Anatomy

Part of a series on
The Cambrian explosion
Fossil localities Burgess Shale Chengjiang Sirius Passet Doushantuo
Key organisms Ediacaran biota Dickinsonia Kimberella Kimberichnus Vernanimalcula Burgess-type Marrella Radiodonts Halwaxiids Opabinia Odontogriphus Small shelly fauna Helcionellids
Evolutionary concepts Trends Cambrian substrate revolution Themes Cladistics Convergent evolution Stem and crown groups
v t e

The Vernanimalcula fossils were interpreted as showing a triploblastic structure, a coelom, a differentiated gut, a mouth, an anus, and paired external pits that were believed possible sense organs, making it the earliest known member of the Bilateria (animals with bilateral symmetry, at least as embryos).

The appearance of Vernanimalcula so early in the fossil record was believed to have had important implications if it were really bilaterian. The radiation of animals into many phyla would have occurred before any animal became much larger than microscopic size, making the sudden appearance of many animal phyla in the Cambrian explosion an illusion and merely represented a (geologically) sudden increase in size and the development of easily fossilised body parts by species in existing phyla.

The description of Vernanimalcula as bilaterian has been strongly challenged. Other workers (Bengtson, Budd and co-workers) in the field have repeatedly claimed that Vernanimalcula is largely a taphonomic artefact generated by phosphate growth within a spherical object such as an acritarch, and thus Vernanimalcula was not even an animal, let alone a bilaterian. Chen et al. initially defended their interpretation of Vernanimalcula against the claims of Bengtson and Budd. Petryshyn et al. examined additional fossils resembling Vernanimalcula and concluded that the fossils are "likely biogenic in nature."

See also

• Snowball Earth
• Spriggina
• Kimberella

References

1. ^ Chen J. Y.; Bottjer D. J.; Oliveri P.; Dornbos S. Q.; Gao F.; Ruffins S.; Chi H.; Li C. W.; Davidson E. H.; et al. (2004). "Small bilaterian fossils from 40 to 55 million years before the Cambrian". Science. 305 (5681): 218–22. Bibcode:2004Sci...305..218C. doi:10.1126/science.1099213. PMID 15178752. S2CID 115443209.
2. Erwin, D. H.; Laflamme, M.; Tweedt, S. M.; Sperling, E. A.; Pisani, D.; Peterson, K. J. (2011). "The Cambrian Conundrum: Early Divergence and Later Ecological Success in the Early History of Animals". Science. 334 (6059): 1091–1097. Bibcode:2011Sci...334.1091E. doi:10.1126/science.1206375. PMID 22116879. S2CID 7737847.
3. Supporting Online Material from Science magazine. - accessed 17 October 2005
4. Article on Vernanimalcula in Astrobiology Magazine – accessed 15 October 2005
5. Article on Vernanimalcula in Scientific American – accessed 15 October 2005
6. Bengtson, S.; Budd, G. (2004). "Comment on small bilaterian fossils from 40 to 55 million years before the Cambrian.". Science. 306 (5700): 1291a. doi:10.1126/science.1101338. PMID 15550644.
7. Bengtson, S.; Donoghue, P. C. J.; Cunningham, J. A.; Yin, C. (2012). "A merciful death for the 'earliest bilaterian,' Vernanimalcula". Evolution & Development. 14 (5): 421–427. doi:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2012.00562.x. PMID 22947315. S2CID 205675058.
8. Chen, Jun Yuan, Paola Oliveri, Eric Davidson and David J. Bottjer. 2004. Response to Comment on "Small Bilaterian Fossils from 40 to 55 Million Years Before the Cambrian". At – Retrieved 20 June 2007
9. Petryshyn, Victoria A.; David J. Bottjer; Jun-Yuan Chen; Feng Gao (February 2013). "Petrographic analysis of new specimens of the putative microfossil Vernanimalcula guizhouena (Doushantuo Formation, South China)". Precambrian Research. 225: 58–66. Bibcode:2013PreR..225...58P. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2011.08.003.

• Acritarch genera