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Video BIOS is the BIOS of a graphics card in a (usually IBM PC-derived) computer. It initializes the graphics card at the computer's boot time. It also implements INT 10h interrupt and VESA BIOS Extensions (VBE) for basic text and videomode output before a specific video driver is loaded. In UEFI 2.x systems, the INT 10h and the VBE are replaced by the UEFI GOP.

Much the way the system BIOS provides a set of functions that are used by software programs to access the system hardware, the video BIOS provides a set of video-related functions that are used by programs to access the video hardware as well as storing vendor-specific settings such as card name, clock frequencies, VRAM types & voltages. The video BIOS interfaces software to the video chipset in the same way that the system BIOS does for the system chipset. The ROM also contained a basic font set to upload to the video adapter font RAM, if the video card did not contain a font ROM with this font set instead.

Unlike some other hardware components, the video card usually needs to be active very early during the boot process so that the user can see what is going on. This requires the card to be activated before any operating system begins loading; thus it needs to be activated by the BIOS, the only software that is present at this early stage. The system BIOS loads the video BIOS from the card's ROM into system RAM and transfers control to it early in the boot sequence.

Early PCs contained functions for driving MDA and CGA cards in the system BIOS, and those cards did not have any Video BIOS built in. When the EGA card was first sold in 1984, the Video BIOS was introduced to make these cards compatible with existing PCs whose BIOS did not know how to drive an EGA card. Ever since, EGA/VGA and all enhanced VGA compatible cards have included a Video BIOS.

When the computer is started, some graphics cards (usually certain Nvidia cards) display their vendor, model, Video BIOS version and amount of video memory.

Modding

Up until the mid 2010s, video ROMs were user-editable/modifiable, which allowed users to configure GPU features like core clocks, VRAM clocks or fan speed curves. In certain cases, a different GPU class could have been unlocked (the most famous example being the AMD Radeon HD6950 and HD6970 series who shared the same GPU, with some shading units disabled through the BIOS on the former. These units could be unlocked by replacing the original HD6950 BIOS with an HD6970 BIOS. The card would then behave as an actual HD6970). However, nowadays both NVIDIA and AMD digitally sign video firmware, which has made it impossible to make any changes to it. Still, in many cases, users can flash a firmware image from another OEM, thus unlocking higher performance modes or changing its mode of operation.

Older NVIDIA GPU ROMs up until the GeForce 900 series could be edited using NiBiTor (NVIDIA BIOS Editor).

See also

• Graphics processing unit (GPU)
• VESA BIOS Extensions (VBE)
• Video Graphics Array (VGA)

References

1. lorihollasch. "Support for headless systems - Windows drivers". docs.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2020-12-05.
2. INT 10 - VIDEO - SET VIDEO MODE
3. "What is efifb? — The Linux Kernel documentation". www.kernel.org. Retrieved 2020-11-24.
4. "What is vesafb? — The Linux Kernel documentation". www.kernel.org. Retrieved 2020-11-24.
5. "Project: Examining VGA BIOS from Old Graphic Cards | Gough's Tech Zone". May 2016.
6. https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/usenix05/tech/freenix/full_papers/lo/lo_html/vgabios.html "Traditionally, a VGA card is initialized by software known as the VGA BIOS, which is considered an extension of system BIOS. It is loaded by the system BIOS from an expansion ROM located on the VGA card into a specific address in system memory. Control is then transferred to the VGA BIOS, and it uses the 16-bit callback interface to communicate with the system BIOS."
7. "AMD Radeon HD 6950 to HD 6970 Mod". TechPowerUp. 2010-12-26. Retrieved 2024-06-09.
8. Hagedoorn, Hilbert. "NVIDIA BIOS Editor 6.06 (NiBiTor)". Guru3D.com. Retrieved 2021-02-27.

v t e Firmware and booting
Processes	Windows 9x NT Linux Android
Booting firmware	Types Proprietary firmware Open-source firmware Custom firmware Interfaces UEFI BIOS Video BIOS Open Firmware ACPI MultiProcessor Specification APM Legacy Plug and Play AlphaBIOS SRM SFI Implementations SeaBIOS Award BIOS American Megatrends AMIBIOS AMI Aptio InsydeH2O Phoenix SecureCore UEFI TianoCore EDK II OpenBIOS Coreboot Libreboot LinuxBoot Kickstart Run-Time Abstraction Services
Hybrid firmware bootloader	Common Firmware Environment Das U-Boot ARCS
Bootloaders	Bootloader unlocking Comparison of bootloaders Implementations Acronis OS Selector Barebox BootManager BootX (Apple) BootX (Linux) GNU GRUB iBoot systemd-boot loadlin NTLDR OpeniBoot RedBoot rEFInd rEFIt SYSLINUX Windows Boot Manager xOSL Yaboot Plop Boot Manager MILO
Partition layouts	GUID Partition Table Master boot record Apple Partition Map
Partitions	EFI system partition BIOS boot partition /boot/
Utilities	Software flashrom fwupd UEFITool Odin Heimdall Hardware Bus Pirate Raspberry Pi ft2232
Network boot	Preboot Execution Environment gPXE iPXE NetBoot Remote Initial Program Load Wake-on-LAN Wake-on-ring
ROM variants	ROM PROM EPROM EEPROM
Related	Boot ROM ROM hacking ROM image Execute in place Devicetree Fastboot Instant-on Power-on self-test EDL mode

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