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Monarch of Vietnam
Emperor Bảo Đại, the last monarch of Vietnam
Details
First monarch	Kinh Dương Vương (as King) (Mythical) Zhao Tuo (as Emperor) (Historical but still controversial)
Last monarch	Bảo Đại (as Emperor)
Formation	2879 BC (Mythical) 203 BC (Historical)
Abolition	August 25, 1945
Residence	Cổ Loa Citadel (257 BC,939 – 967) Imperial Citadel of Hoa Lư (968–1009) Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long (1010–1400; 1428–1789) Citadel of the Hồ Dynasty (1400–1407) Imperial City of Huế (1802–1945)
Pretender(s)	Guy Georges Vĩnh San (son of Emperor Duy Tân)

Part of a series on the
History of Vietnam
Prehistoric Paleolithic Sơn Vi culture 20,000 BC–12,000 BC Mesolithic Hoabinhian 12,000 BC–10,000 BC Neolithic Bắc Sơn culture 10,000 BC–8,000 BC Quỳnh Văn culture 8,000 BC–6,000 BC Đa Bút culture 4,000 BC–3,000 BC Bronze and Iron Ages Phùng Nguyên culture 2,000 BC–1,500 BC Đồng Đậu culture 1,500 BC–1,000 BC Gò Mun culture 1,000–800 BC Dong Son culture (1,000 BC–100 AD) Sa Huỳnh culture (1,000 BC–200 AD) Óc Eo culture (1–630 AD)
Ancient Hồng Bàng dynasty 2879 BC–258 BC Thục dynasty 257 BC–179 BC Triệu dynasty 204 BC–111 BC
Dominated 1st Chinese domination 111 BC–40 AD Trung sisters' rebellion 40–43 2nd Chinese domination 43–544 Early Lý dynasty 544–602 3rd Chinese domination 602–938
Dynastic Ngô dynasty 939–965 Anarchy of the 12 Warlords 965–968 Đinh dynasty 968–980 Early Lê dynasty 980–1009 Later Lý dynasty 1009–1225 Trần dynasty 1225–1400 Hồ dynasty 1400–1407 4th Chinese domination 1407–1428 Later Lê dynasty 1428–1527 Mạc dynasty 1527–1592 Later Lê Restoration 1533–1789 Tây Sơn dynasty 1778–1802 Nguyễn dynasty 1802–1945
Colonial French Cochinchina 1862–1949 French Annam 1883–1948 French Tonkin 1883–1948 French Indochina 1887–1954 Empire of Vietnam 1945
Republic North Vietnam 1945–1976 Republic of South Vietnam 1975–1976 South Vietnam 1955–1975 State of Vietnam 1949–1955 Socialist Republic of Vietnam 1976-now
Non-Vietnamese history Funan 68–627 Champa 192–1832 Cát Tiên archaeological site 300–800 Chenla 550–781 Nanzhao 738–902 Khmer Empire 802–1431 Dali Kingdom 937–1253 Nung-Zhuang kingdom 1042–1052 Ngưu Hống 1061–1432 Jarai kingdoms 1100–1904 Sip Song Chau Tai 1600–1954 Principality of Hà Tiên 1707–1832
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This article lists the monarchs of Vietnam. Under the emperor at home, king abroad system used by later dynasties, Vietnamese monarchs would use the title of emperor (皇帝, Hoàng đế; or other equivalents) domestically, and the more common term sovereign (𤤰, Vua), king (王, Vương), or his/her (Imperial) Majesty (陛下, Bệ hạ) elsewhere.

Overview

Some Vietnamese monarchs declared themselves kings (vương) or emperors (hoàng đế). Imperial titles were used for both domestic and foreign affairs, except for diplomatic missions to China where Vietnamese monarchs were regarded as kingship or prince. Many of the Later Lê monarchs were figurehead rulers, with the real powers resting on feudal lords and princes who were technically their servants. Most Vietnamese monarchs are known through their posthumous names or temple names, while the Nguyễn dynasty, the last reigning house is known through their era names.

Titles

Vietnamese titles

Vietnamese monarchs used and were referred to by many titles, depending on each ruler's prestige and favor. Except for legendary rulers and the Sinitic-speaking Zhao dynasty and the Early Ly dynasty, the most popular and common Vietnamese designation for ruler, vua 𪼀 (lit. sovereign, chieftain), according to Liam C. Kelley, is "largely based on a pure semantic association based on the benevolent feature associated to the 'father' (but, on the other hand, the image of the father may also be terrifying, strict, or even mean)." Because there is no elaborated Chinese character or any attempt to standardize the Sino-Vietnamese Chữ Nôm script to render vua, the title was rendered in different ways. Vua in Ancient Vietnamese (10th–15th centuries) is attested in the 14th-century Buddhist literature Việt Điện U Linh Tập as bùgài (布蓋) in Chinese or vua cái (great sovereign in Vietnamese), in 15th-century Buddhist scripture Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh as sībù (司布); in Middle Vietnamese (16th–17th centuries) as ꞗua or bua; becoming vua in Early Modern Vietnamese (18-19th centuries) such as recorded by Alexis-Marie de Rochon's A Voyage to Madagascar and the East Indies. Vua is not found in any Vietnamese dynastic records which all were written in the lingua franca Chữ Hán through.

According to Mark Alves, Vietnamese vua was seemingly a loan word borrowed from the Old Chinese form of title Wáng (王, king), *‍ɢʷaŋ, to Proto-Viet-Muong. Frédéric Pain, however, insists that vua is from a completely indigenous Vietic lexicon, derived from sesquisyllabic proto-Vietic *k.bɔ. While the monarch was commonly referred vernacularly as vua, Vietnamese royal records and official ceremonial titles have used hoàng đế (emperor) or vương (king), which are Vietnamese renditions of Chinese royal titles Huángdì and Wáng, since the time of Đinh Bộ Lĩnh. They were employed to show the Vietnamese monarchs' credence, and the latter was used in tributary relations with the Chinese empires without being considered a Chinese subject.

Buddhism exerted influence on a number of Vietnamese royal titles, such as when the late 12th-century devout Buddhist king Lý Cao Tông (r. 1176–1210) demanded his courtiers to refer him as phật (Buddha). His great-grandfather and predecessor Lý Nhân Tông (r. 1072–1127), a great patronizer of the Buddhist sangha, in his stelae inscription erected in 1121, compared himself and his accomplishments with ancient rulers of the Indian subcontinent near the time of Gautama Buddha, particularly king Udayana and emperor Aśoka.

Cham titles

Cham rulers of the former kingdom of Champa in present-day Central and Southern Vietnam used many titles, mostly derived from Hindu Sanskrit titles. There were prefix titles, among them, Jaya and Śrī, which Śrī (His glorious, His Majesty) was used more commonly before each ruler's name, and sometimes Śrī and Jaya were combined into Śrī Jaya. Royal titles were used to indicate the power and prestige of rulers: raja-di-raja (king of kings), maharajadhiraja (great king of kings), arddharaja (vice king/junior king). After the fall of Vijaya Champa and the Simhavarmanid dynasty in 1471, all Sanskrit titles disappeared from Cham records, due to southern Panduranga rulers styled themselves as Po (native Cham title, which also means "King, His Majesty, Her Majesty"), and Islam gradually replaced Hinduism in post-1471 Champa.

Ancient period

Hồng Bàng period

According to tradition there were eighteen of the Hùng kings of the Hồng Bàng period, known then as Văn Lang at that time, from around 2879 BC to around 258 BC. Following is the list of 18 lines of Hùng kings as recorded in the book Việt Nam sử lược by Trần Trọng Kim.

Thục dynasty (257–207 BC)

King	Image	Given name	Reign
An Dương Vương (安陽王)		Thục Phán (蜀泮)	257–207 BC

Triệu dynasty (204–111 BC)

There is still a debate about the status of the Triệu dynasty (Zhao dynasty): traditional Vietnamese historians considered the Triệu dynasty as a local Vietnamese dynasty while modern Vietnamese historians typically consider the Triệu dynasty as a Chinese dynasty.

Emperor or king	Image	Given name	Reign
Triệu Vũ Đế (趙武帝)		Triệu Đà (趙佗)	204–137 BC
Triệu Văn Đế (趙文帝)		Triệu Mạt (趙眜)	137–125 BC
Triệu Minh Vương (趙明王)	no image	Triệu Anh Tề (趙嬰齊)	125–113 BC
Triệu Ai Vương (趙哀王)		Triệu Hưng (趙興)	113–112 BC
Triệu Thuật Dương Vương (趙術陽王)	no image	Triệu Kiến Đức (趙建德)	112–111 BC

1st, 2nd, 3rd Chinese domination period (111 BC - 939 AD)

Trưng Sisters (40–43)

Mai rebellions (713–723)

Phùng rebellions (766–791)

Early Lý dynasty (544–602)

Đào Lang Vương is not officially considered as emperor of Early Lý dynasty as he was a self-claimed emperor.

Autonomous period (866–938) & Independent period (938–1407)

Tĩnh Hải quân (866–938)

At this time, the Khúc leaders still held the title of Jiedushi, hence they are not official kings of Vietnam.

Ngô dynasty (939–965)

King	Image	Era name	Full name	Reign
Tiền Ngô Vương (前吳王)		none	Ngô Quyền (吳權)	939–944
Dương Bình Vương (楊平王)	no image	none	Dương Tam Kha (楊三哥)	944–950
Hậu Ngô Vương (後吳王)	no image	none	Ngô Xương Ngập (吳昌岌) and Ngô Xương Văn (吳昌文)	951–954 950–965
Dương Tam Kha came from the Dương family. Hậu Ngô Vương was the title of both Ngô Xương Ngập and Ngô Xương Văn who co-ruled the country.

Interregnum (965-968)

Warring states period

The throne of Ngô dynasty was upsurged by Dương Tam Kha, the brother-in-law of Ngô Quyền and this led to anger among those who were loyal to Ngô dynasty. The local warlords decided to make the rebellions to claim the throne.

State of Đại Cồ Việt (968–1054) & State of Đại Việt (1054–1400, 1427–1804)

Đinh dynasty (968–980)

Emperor	Image	Era name	Full name	Reign
Đinh Tiên Hoàng (丁先皇)		Thái Bình (太平)	Đinh Bộ Lĩnh (Đinh Hoàn) (丁部領 / 丁環)	968–979
Đinh Phế Đế (丁廢帝)		Thái Bình (太平)	Đinh Toàn (Đinh Tuệ) (丁璿 / 丁穗)	979–980
Đinh Phế Đế continued to use his father's era name.

Early Lê dynasty (980–1009)

Emperor	Image	Era name	Full name	Reign
Lê Đại Hành (黎大行)		Thiên Phúc (天福) Hưng Thống (興統) (989–993) Ứng Thiên (應天) (994–1005)	Lê Hoàn (黎桓)	980–1005
Lê Trung Tông (黎中宗)	No image	none	Lê Long Việt (黎龍鉞)	1005 (3 days)
Lê Ngoạ Triều (黎臥朝)		Cảnh Thụy (景瑞) (1008–1009)	Lê Long Đĩnh (黎龍鋌)	1005–1009

Later Lý dynasty (1009–1225)

Emperor	image	Era name	Full name	Reign
Lý Thái Tổ (李太祖)		Thuận Thiên (順天)	Lý Công Uẩn (李公蘊)	1010–1028
Lý Thái Tông (李太宗)		Thiên Thành (天成) (1028–1033) Thông Thụy (通瑞) (1034–1038) Càn Phù Hữu Đạo (乾符有道) (1039–1041) Minh Đạo (明道) (1042–1043) Thiên Cảm Thánh Võ (天感聖武) (1044–1048) Sùng Hưng Đại Bảo (崇興大寶) (1049–1054)	Lý Phật Mã (李佛瑪)	1028–1054
Lý Thánh Tông (李聖宗)		Long Thụy Thái Bình (龍瑞太平) (1054–1058) Chương Thánh Gia Khánh (彰聖嘉慶) (1059–1065) Long Chương Thiên Tự (龍彰天嗣) (1066–1067) Thiên Huống Bảo Tượng (天貺寶象) (1068–1069) Thần Võ (神武) (1069–1072)	Lý Nhật Tôn (李日尊)	1054–1072
Lý Nhân Tông (李仁宗)		Thái Ninh (太寧) (1072–1075) Anh Võ Chiêu Thắng (英武昭勝) (1076–1084) Quảng Hữu (廣祐) (1085–1091) Hội Phong (會豐) (1092–1100) Long Phù (龍符) (1101–1109) Hội Tường Đại Khánh (會祥大慶) (1110–1119) Thiên Phù Duệ Võ (天符睿武) (1120–1126) Thiên Phù Khánh Thọ (天符慶壽) (1127)	Lý Càn Đức (李乾德)	1072–1127
Lý Thần Tông (李神宗)		Thiên Thuận (天順) (1128–1132) Thiên Chương Bảo Tự (天彰寶嗣) (1133–1137)	Lý Dương Hoán (李陽煥)	1128–1138
Lý Anh Tông (李英宗)		Thiệu Minh (紹明) (1138–1139) Đại Định (大定) (1140–1162) Chính Long Bảo Ứng (政隆寶應) (1163–1173) Thiên Cảm Chí Bảo (天感至寶) (1174–1175)	Lý Thiên Tộ (李天祚)	1138–1175
Lý Cao Tông (李高宗)		Trinh Phù (貞符) (1176–1185) Thiên Tư Gia Thụy (天資嘉瑞) (1186–1201) Thiên Gia Bảo Hữu (天嘉寶祐) (1202–1204) Trị Bình Long Ứng (治平龍應) (1205–1210)	Lý Long Trát (Lý Long Cán) (李龍翰)	1176–1210
Lý Thẩm (李忱)	no image	none	Lý Thẩm (李忱)	1209–1209
Lý Huệ Tông (李惠宗)	no image	Kiến Gia (建嘉)	Lý Sảm (李旵)	1211–1224
Lý Nguyên Vương (李元王)	no image	Càn Ninh (乾寧)	Lý Nguyên Vương (李元王)	1214–1216
Lý Chiêu Hoàng (李昭皇)		Thiên Chương Hữu Đạo (天彰有道)	Lý Phật Kim (Nguyễn Thiên Hinh) (李佛金)	1224–1225
The only empress in the history of Vietnam. Lý Thẩm and Lý Nguyên Vương were acceded and disposed shortly during chaos periods, hence not considered as official emperors of Later Lý dynasty.

Trần dynasty (1225–1400)

Emperor	Image	Era name	Full name	Reign
Trần Thái Tông (陳太宗)		Kiến Trung (建中) (1225–1237) Thiên Ứng Chính Bình (天應政平) (1238–1350) Nguyên Phong (元豐) (1251–1258)	Trần Cảnh (陳煚)	1225–1258
Trần Thánh Tông (陳聖宗)		Thiệu Long (紹隆) (1258–1272) Bảo Phù (寶符) (1273–1278)	Trần Hoảng (陳晃)	1258–1278
Trần Nhân Tông (陳仁宗)		Thiệu Bảo (紹寶) (1279–1284) Trùng Hưng (重興) (1285–1293)	Trầm Khâm (陳昑)	1279–1293
Trần Anh Tông (陳英宗)		Hưng Long (興隆)	Trần Thuyên (陳烇)	1293–1314
Trần Minh Tông (陳明宗)		Đại Khánh (大慶) (1314–1323) Khai Thái (開泰) (1324–1329)	Trần Mạnh (陳奣)	1314–1329
Trần Hiến Tông (陳憲宗)		Khai Hữu (開祐)	Trần Vượng (陳旺)	1329–1341
Trần Dụ Tông (陳裕宗)		Thiệu Phong (紹豐) (1341–1357) Đại Trị (大治) (1358–1369)	Trần Hạo (陳暭)	1341–1369
Hôn Đức Công (昏德公)	no image	Đại Định (大定)	Dương Nhật Lễ (楊日禮)	1369–1370
Trần Nghệ Tông (陳藝宗)		Thiệu Khánh (紹慶)	Trần Phủ (陳暊)	1370–1372
Trần Duệ Tông (陳睿宗)		Long Khánh (隆慶)	Trần Kính (陳曔)	1372–1377
Trần Phế Đế (陳廢帝)	no image	Xương Phù (昌符)	Trần Hiện (陳晛)	1377–1388
Trần Thuận Tông (陳順宗)	no image	Quang Thái (光泰)	Trần Ngung (陳顒)	1388–1398
Trần Thiếu Đế (陳少帝)	no image	Kiến Tân (建新)	Trần Án (陳)	1398–1400

State of Đại Ngu (1400–1407)

Hồ dynasty (1400–1407)

Fourth Chinese domination period (1407–1428)

Later Trần dynasty (1407–1414)

Second independent period (1428–1802)

Later Lê dynasty – Early period (1428–1527)

Emperor	Image	Era name	Full name	Reign
Lê Thái Tổ (黎太祖)		Thuận Thiên (順天)	Lê Lợi (黎利)	1428–1433
Lê Thái Tông (黎太宗)		Thiệu Bình (紹平) (1434–1440) Đại Bảo (大寶) (1440–1442)	Lê Nguyên Long (黎元龍)	1433–1442
Lê Nhân Tông (黎仁宗)		Đại Hòa/Thái Hòa (大和 / 太和) (1443–1453) Diên Ninh (延寧) (1454–1459)	Lê Bang Cơ (黎邦基)	1442–1459
Lệ Đức Hầu (厲德侯)		Thiên Hưng (天興) (1459–1460)	Lê Nghi Dân (黎宜民)	1459–1460
Lê Thánh Tông (黎聖宗)		Quang Thuận (光順) (1460–1469) Hồng Đức (洪德) (1470–1497)	Lê Tư Thành (Lê Hạo) (黎思誠 / 黎灝)	1460–1497
Lê Hiến Tông (黎憲宗)	no image	Cảnh Thống (景統)	Lê Tranh (黎鏳)	1497–1504
Lê Túc Tông (黎肅宗)	no image	Thái Trinh (泰貞)	Lê Thuần (黎㵮)	1504–1504
Lê Uy Mục (黎威穆)		Đoan Khánh (端慶)	Lê Tuấn (黎濬)	1505–1509
Lê Tương Dực (黎襄翼)	no image	Hồng Thuận (洪順)	Lê Oanh (黎瀠)	1510–1516
Lê Quang Trị (黎光治)	no image	none	Lê Quang Trị (黎光治)	1516–1516
Lê Chiêu Tông (黎昭宗)		Quang Thiệu (光紹)	Lê Y (黎椅)	1516–1522
Lê Bảng (黎榜)	no image	Đại Đức (大德)	Lê Bảng (黎榜)	1518–1519
Lê Do (黎槱)	no image	Thiên Hiến (天宪)	Lê Do (黎槱)	1519–1519
Lê Cung Hoàng (黎恭皇)		Thống Nguyên (統元)	Lê Xuân (黎椿)	1522–1527
Lê Quang Trị, Lê Bảng and Lê Do were acceded and disposed shortly in chaos periods, hence not considered as official emperors of Later Lê dynasty

Northern and Southern dynasty (1533–1592)

Northern dynasty – Mạc dynasty (1527–1592)

Southern dynasty – Revival Lê dynasty – Warlord period (1533–1789)

Emperor	Era name	Full name	Reign
Lê Trang Tông (黎莊宗)	Nguyên Hòa (元和)	Lê Ninh (黎寧)	1533–1548
Lê Trung Tông (黎中宗)	Thuận Bình (順平)	Lê Huyên (黎暄)	1548–1556
Lê Anh Tông (黎英宗)	Thiên Hữu (天祐) (1557) Chính Trị (正治) (1558–1571) Hồng Phúc (洪福) (1572–1573)	Lê Duy Bang (黎維邦)	1556–1573
Lê Thế Tông (黎世宗)	Gia Thái (嘉泰) (1573–1577) Quang Hưng (光興) (1578–1599)	Lê Duy Đàm (黎維潭)	1573–1599
Restoration – Conflict between the Trịnh and Nguyễn lords During this time, emperors of the Lê dynasty only ruled in name, it was the Trịnh Lords in Northern Vietnam and Nguyễn lords in Southern Vietnam who held the real power.
Lê Kính Tông (黎敬宗)	Thận Đức (慎德) (1600) Hoằng Định (弘定) (1601–1619)	Lê Duy Tân (黎維新)	1600–1619
Lê Thần Tông (黎神宗) (first reign)	Vĩnh Tộ (永祚) (1620–1628) Đức Long (德隆) (1629–1643) Dương Hòa (陽和) (1635–1643)	Lê Duy Kỳ (黎維祺)	1619–1643
Lê Chân Tông (黎真宗)	Phúc Thái (福泰)	Lê Duy Hựu (黎維祐)	1643–1649
Lê Thần Tông (黎神宗) (second reign)	Khánh Đức (慶德) (1649–1652) Thịnh Đức (盛德) (1653–1657) Vĩnh Thọ (永壽) (1658–1661) Vạn Khánh (萬慶) (1662)	Lê Duy Kỳ (黎維祺)	1649–1662
Lê Huyền Tông (黎玄宗)	Cảnh Trị (景治)	Lê Duy Vũ (黎維禑)	1663–1671
Lê Gia Tông (黎嘉宗)	Dương Đức (陽德) (1672–1773) Đức Nguyên (德元) (1674–1675)	Lê Duy Cối (黎維禬)	1672–1675
Lê Hy Tông (黎熙宗)	Vĩnh Trị (永治) (1678–1680) Chính Hòa (正和) (1680–1705)	Lê Duy Hợp (黎維祫)	1676–1704
Lê Dụ Tông (黎裕宗)	Vĩnh Thịnh (永盛) (1706–1719) Bảo Thái (保泰) (1720–1729)	Lê Duy Đường (黎維禟)	1705–1728
Lê Duy Phường (黎維祊)	Vĩnh Khánh (永慶)	Lê Duy Phường (黎維祊)	1729–1732
Lê Thuần Tông (黎純宗)	Long Đức (龍德)	Lê Duy Tường (黎維祥)	1732–1735
Lê Ý Tông (黎懿宗)	Vĩnh Hữu (永佑)	Lê Duy Thận (黎維祳)	1735–1740
Lê Hiển Tông (黎顯宗)	Cảnh Hưng (景興)	Lê Duy Diêu (黎維祧)	1740–1786
Lê Chiêu Thống (黎昭統)	Chiêu Thống (昭統)	Lê Duy Khiêm (Lê Duy Kỳ) (黎維 / 黎維祁)	1787–1789

Tonkin – Trịnh lords (1545–1787)

Trịnh Kiểm never declared himself as Lord during his rule, his titles were posthumously given by his descendants. Hence he is not considered as an official Trịnh Lord.

Cochinchina – Nguyễn lords (1558–1777)

Nguyễn Phúc Dương was established by Tây Sơn leaders (Nguyễn Nhạc, Nguyễn Huệ and Nguyễn Lữ) as a puppet Nguyễn Lord for their political purpose during Tây Sơn uprising. Hence he is sometimes not considered as an official Nguyễn lord.

Tây Sơn dynasty (1778–1802)

Nguyễn Nhạc dropped his emperor title in 1788 after his younger brother – Nguyễn Huệ – declared himself as Emperor.

Empire of Dai Nam (1802–1883), Annam and Tonkin Protectorates (1883–1945), and Empire of Vietnam (1945)

Nguyễn dynasty (1802–1945)

Emperor	Image	Temple name	Full name	Reign
Gia Long (嘉隆)		Thế Tổ (世祖)	Nguyễn Phúc Ánh (阮福暎)	1802–1820
Minh Mạng (明命)		Thánh Tổ (聖祖)	Nguyễn Phúc Đảm (阮福膽)	1820–1841
Thiệu Trị (紹治)		Hiến Tổ (憲祖)	Nguyễn Phúc Miên Tông (阮福綿宗)	1841–1847
Tự Đức (嗣德)		Dực Tông (翼宗)	Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Nhậm (阮福洪任)	1847–1883
Dục Đức (育德)		Cung Tông (恭宗)	Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Ái (Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Chân) (阮福膺𩡤 / 阮福膺禛)	1883 (3 days)
Hiệp Hòa (協和)		none	Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Dật (阮福洪佚)	1883 (6 months)
Kiến Phúc (建福)		Giản Tông (簡宗)	Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Đăng (阮福膺登)	1883–1884
Hàm Nghi (咸宜)		none	Nguyễn Phúc Minh (阮福明)	1884–1885
Đồng Khánh (同慶)		Cảnh Tông (景宗)	Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Kỷ (阮福膺祺)	1885–1889
Thành Thái (成泰)		none	Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Lân (阮福寶嶙)	1889–1907
Duy Tân (維新)		none	Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh San (阮福永珊)	1907–1916
Khải Định (啓定)		Hoằng Tông (弘宗)	Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Đảo (阮福寶嶹)	1916–1925
Bảo Đại (保大)		none	Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy (阮福永瑞)	1926–1945

Non-Vietnamese nations

Champa (192–1832)

Funan (68–550)

Chenla (550–802)

Ngưu Hống (11th century – 1433)

See also

• Family tree of Vietnamese monarchs
• List of Vietnamese dynasties
• Vietnamese era name
• Emperor at home, king abroad

References

Citations

1. ^ Woodside 1988, p. 10.
2. ^ IFLAI 2013, p. 259.
3. DeFrancis, John (2019), Colonialism and language policy in Viet Nam, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, p. 22, ISBN 978-90-279-7643-7
4. Baron, Samuel; Borri, Christoforo; Dror, Olga; Taylor, Keith W. (2018). Views of Seventeenth-Century Vietnam: Christoforo Borri on Cochinchina and Samuel Baron on Tonkin. Cornell University Press. pp. 182, 240, explain in pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-1-501-72090-1.
5. Rochon, Alexis-Marie de (1792). A voyage to Madagascar and the East Indies. p. 302.
6. ^ Pain, Frederic (2020). ""Giao Chỉ" ("Jiāozhǐ") as a diffusion center of Chinese diachronic changes: syllabic weight contrast and phonologisation of its phonetic correlates". Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies. 40 (3): 1–57. p. 15
7. Yu Insun Lê Văn Hữu and Ngô Sĩ Liên. A Comparison of Their Perception of Vietnamese History, pp. 45-71 in Reid & Tran 2006 (p. 67).
8. Sponberg, Alan; Hardacre, Helen (1988). Maitreya, the Future Buddha. Contributed by Reischauer Institute Professor of Japanese Religions and Society & American Academy of Religion, National Endowment for the Humanities, Princeton University. Cambridge University Press. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-52134-344-2.
9. Whitmore, John K. (2015), "Building a Buddhist monarchy in Dai Viet: Temples and texts under Ly Nhan Tong (1072-1127)", in Lammerts, Dietrich Christian (ed.), Buddhist Dynamics in Premodern and Early Modern Southeast Asia, ISEAS Publishing, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, pp. 283–306, ISBN 978-9-814-51906-9 p. 295
10. Schweyer, Anne-Valérie (2005). "Po Nagar de Nha Trang, seconde partie : Le dossier épigraphique". Aséanie. 15: 87–120. doi:10.3406/asean.2005.1847.
11. Trần Trọng Kim 1971, p. 17
12. Yoshikai Masato, "Ancient Nam Viet in historical descriptions", Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 2, ABC-CLIO, 2004, p. 934.
13. Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 54
14. Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 55
15. Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 62
16. "Shrine's demise angers residents". Vietnamnet.vn. 2009-04-14. Archived from the original on 2009-04-19. Retrieved 2009-12-03.
17. ^ Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans. Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
18. ^ http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/wps/wps05_053.pdf, retrieved 16 Aug 2017
19. ^ Tran Ky Phuong, Bruce Lockhart (2011). The Cham of Vietnam: History, Society and Art. NUS Press. ISBN 997169459X, 9789971694593.
20. ^ http://www7.plala.or.jp/seareview/newpage2History%20of%20Champa.html, retrieved 16 Aug 2017
21. http://contents.nahf.or.kr/item/item.do?levelId=jo.k_0020_0489_0010, retrieved 12 Nov 2017
22. http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/wps/wps05_053.pdf, retrieved 13 Nov 2017

Sources

• Ngô Sĩ Liên (1993), Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư (in Vietnamese) (Nội các quan bản ed.), Hanoi: Social Science Publishing House
• National Bureau for Historical Record (1998), Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Education Publishing House
• Trần Trọng Kim (1971), Việt Nam sử lược (in Vietnamese), Saigon: Center for School Materials
• G. Coedès (1968), The Indianized States of Southeast Asia, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press
• Chapuis, Oscar (1995), A history of Vietnam: from Hong Bang to Tự Đức, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0-313-29622-7
• International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions, ed. (2013). Names of Persons: National Usages for Entry in Catalogues. Harvard Univ Asia Center. ISBN 978-3-110-97455-3.
• Chapuis, Oscar (2000), The last emperors of Vietnam: from Tự Đức to Bảo Đại, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0-313-31170-6
• Woodside, Alexander (1988). Vietnam and the Chinese Model: A Comparative Study of Vietnamese and Chinese Government in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century. Harvard University Asia Center. ISBN 978-0-674-93721-5.
• Reid, Anthony; Tran, Nhung Tuyet (2006). Viet Nam: Borderless Histories. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-1-316-44504-4.

• Vietnamese monarchs
• Lists of monarchs
• Vietnam history-related lists
• Vietnamese dynasties