Viking 1 - Misplaced Pages

(Redirected from Viking I) Robotic spacecraft sent to Mars

This article is about the mission to Mars. For other uses, see Viking One.

*Viking 1*
Spacecraft properties
Lander shell (top) and orbiter

Mission type	Mars Orbiter/Lander
Operator	NASA
COSPAR ID	Orbiter: 1975-075A Lander: 1975-075C
SATCAT no.	Orbiter: 8108 Lander: 9024
Website	Viking Project Information
Mission duration	Orbiter: 1,846 days (1797 sols) Lander: 2,306 days (2,245 sols) Launch to last contact: 2,642 days


Manufacturer	Orbiter: JPL Lander: Martin Marietta
Launch mass	3,530 kg
Dry mass	Orbiter: 883 kg (1,947 lb) Lander: 572 kg (1,261 lb)
Power	Orbiter: 620 W Lander: 70 W


Start of mission
Launch date	21:22, August 20, 1975 (UTC) (1975-08-20T21:22Z)
Rocket	Titan IIIE/Centaur
Launch site	LC-41, Cape Canaveral
Contractor	Martin Marietta


End of mission
Last contact	November 11, 1982 (1982-11-11)


Orbital parameters
Reference system	Areocentric
Eccentricity	0.88221
Periareion altitude	320 km (200 mi)
Apoareion altitude	56,000 km (35,000 mi)
Inclination	39.3°
Period	47.26 hours
Epoch	August 7, 1980


Mars orbiter
Spacecraft component	Viking 1 Orbiter
Orbital insertion	June 19, 1976
Mars lander
Spacecraft component	Viking 1 Lander
Landing date	July 20, 1976 11:53:06 UTC (MSD 36455 18:40 AMT)
Landing site	22°16′N 312°03′E / 22.27°N 312.05°E / 22.27; 312.05 (Viking 1 lander)

Large Strategic Science Missions Planetary Science DivisionViking 2 → Viking program

Viking 1 was the first of two spacecraft, along with Viking 2, each consisting of an orbiter and a lander, sent to Mars as part of NASA's Viking program. The lander touched down on Mars on July 20, 1976, the first successful Mars lander in history. Viking 1 operated on Mars for 2,307 days (over 61⁄4 years) or 2245 Martian solar days, the longest extraterrestrial surface mission until the record was broken by the Opportunity rover on May 19, 2010.

Mission

Following launch using a Titan/Centaur launch vehicle on August 20, 1975, and an 11-month cruise to Mars, the orbiter began returning global images of Mars about five days before orbit insertion. The Viking 1 Orbiter was inserted into Mars orbit on June 19, 1976, and trimmed to a 1,513 x 33,000 km, 24.66 h site certification orbit on June 21. Landing on Mars was planned for July 4, 1976, the United States Bicentennial, but imaging of the primary landing site showed it was too rough for a safe landing. The landing was delayed until a safer site was found, and took place instead on July 20, the seventh anniversary of the Apollo 11 Moon landing. The lander separated from the orbiter at 08:51 UTC and landed at Chryse Planitia at 11:53:06 UTC. It was the first attempt by the United States at landing on Mars.

Orbiter

The instruments of the orbiter consisted of two vidicon cameras for imaging, an infrared spectrometer for water vapor mapping, and infrared radiometers for thermal mapping. The orbiter primary mission ended at the beginning of solar conjunction on November 5, 1976. The extended mission commenced on December 14, 1976, after solar conjunction. Operations included close approaches to Phobos in February 1977. The periapsis was reduced to 300 km on March 11, 1977. Minor orbit adjustments were done occasionally over the course of the mission, primarily to change the walk rate — the rate at which the areocentric longitude changed with each orbit, and the periapsis was raised to 357 km on July 20, 1979. On August 7, 1980, Viking 1 Orbiter was running low on attitude control gas and its orbit was raised from 357 × 33,943 km to 320 × 56,000 km to prevent impact with Mars and possible contamination until the year 2019. Operations were terminated on August 17, 1980, after 1,485 orbits. A 2009 analysis concluded that, while the possibility that Viking 1 had impacted Mars could not be ruled out, it was most likely still in orbit. More than 57,000 images were sent back to Earth.

Lander

The lander and its aeroshell separated from the orbiter on July 20 at 08:51 UTC. At the time of separation, the lander was orbiting at about 5 kilometers per second (3.1 miles per second). The aeroshell's retrorockets fired to begin the lander de-orbit maneuver. After a few hours at about 300 kilometers (190 miles) altitude, the lander was reoriented for atmospheric entry. The aeroshell with its ablative heat shield slowed the craft as it plunged through the atmosphere. During this time, entry science experiments were performed by using a retarding potential analyzer, a mass spectrometer, as well as pressure, temperature, and density sensors. At 6 km (3.7 mi) altitude, traveling at about 250 meters per second (820 feet per second), the 16 m diameter lander parachutes deployed. Seven seconds later the aeroshell was jettisoned, and eight seconds after that the three lander legs were extended. In 45 seconds, the parachute had slowed the lander to 60 meters per second (200 feet per second). At 1.5 km (0.93 mi) altitude, retrorockets on the lander itself were ignited and, 40 seconds later at about 2.4 m/s (7.9 ft/s), the lander arrived on Mars with a relatively light jolt. The legs had honeycomb aluminum shock absorbers to soften the landing.

Documentary clip recounting the Viking 1 landing with animation and video footage of the control centre

The landing rockets used an 18-nozzle design to spread the hydrogen and nitrogen exhaust over a large area. NASA calculated that this approach would mean that the surface would not be heated by more than one 1 °C (1.8 °F), and that it would move no more than 1 millimeter (0.04 inches) of surface material. Since most of Viking's experiments focused on the surface material a more straightforward design would not have served.

The Viking 1 lander touched down in western Chryse Planitia ("Golden Plain") at 22°41′49″N 312°03′00″E / 22.697°N 312.05°E / 22.697; 312.05 at a reference altitude of −2.69 kilometers (−1.67 mi) relative to a reference ellipsoid with an equatorial radius of 3,397 kilometers (2,111 mi) and a flatness of 0.0105 (22.480° N, 47.967° W planetographic) at 11:53:06 UTC (16:13 local Mars time). Approximately 22 kilograms (49 lb) of propellants were left at landing.

Transmission of the first surface image began 25 seconds after landing and took about four minutes (see below). During these minutes the lander activated itself. It erected a high-gain antenna pointed toward Earth for direct communication and deployed a meteorology boom mounted with sensors. In the next seven minutes the second picture of the 300° panoramic scene (displayed below) was taken. On the day after the landing the first colour picture of the surface of Mars (displayed below) was taken. The seismometer failed to uncage, and a sampler arm locking pin was stuck and took five days to shake out. Otherwise, all experiments functioned normally.

The lander had two means of returning data to Earth: a relay link up to the orbiter and back, and by using a direct link to Earth. The orbiter could transmit to Earth (S-band) at 2,000 to 16,000 bit/s (depending on distance between Mars and Earth), and the lander could transmit to the orbiter at 16,000 bit/s. The data capacity of the relay link was about 10 times higher than the direct link.

First "clear" image ever transmitted from the surface of Mars – shows rocks near the Viking 1 Lander (20 July 1976). The haze on the left is possibly dust that had recently been kicked up by the landing rockets. Because of the "slow scan" facsimile nature of the cameras, the dust settled by mid-image.

The lander had two facsimile cameras; three analyses for metabolism, growth or photosynthesis; a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer; an x-ray fluorescence spectrometer; pressure, temperature and wind velocity sensors; a three-axis seismometer; a magnet on a sampler observed by the cameras; and various engineering sensors.

The Viking 1 lander was named the Thomas Mutch Memorial Station in January 1981 in honour of Thomas A. Mutch, the leader of the Viking imaging team. The lander operated for 2,245 sols (about 2,306 Earth days or 6 years) until November 11, 1982 (sol 2600), when a faulty command sent by ground control resulted in loss of contact. The command was intended to uplink new battery charging software to improve the lander's deteriorating battery capacity, but it inadvertently overwrote data used by the antenna pointing software. Attempts to contact the lander during the next four months, based on the presumed antenna position, were unsuccessful. In 2006, the Viking 1 lander was imaged on the Martian surface by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.

Mission results

Viking 1 operated on the surface of Mars for around six years (On Nov 11, 1982 the Lander stopped operating after getting a faulty command). The robotic sampler arm successfully scooped up soil samples and tested them with instruments such as the Gas chromatography–mass spectrometer. Atmospheric temperature recordings were as high as -14 C (7 F) at midday, and the predawn summer temperature was -77 C (-107 F). The landers had issues obtaining results from its seismometer.

Search for life

Viking 1 carried a biology experiment whose purpose was to look for evidence of life. The Viking lander biological experiments weighed 15.5 kg (34 lbs) and consisted of three subsystems: the pyrolytic release experiment (PR), the labeled release experiment (LR), and the gas exchange experiment (GEX). In addition, independent of the biology experiments, Viking carried a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer that could measure the composition and abundance of organic compounds in the Martian soil. The results were surprising and interesting: the spectrometer gave a negative result; the PR gave a negative result, the GEX gave a negative result, and the LR gave a positive result. Viking scientist Patricia Straat stated in 2009, "Our experiment was a definite positive response for life, but a lot of people have claimed that it was a false positive for a variety of reasons." Most scientists now believe that the data were due to inorganic chemical reactions of the soil; however, this view may be changing after the recent discovery of near-surface ice near the Viking landing zone. Some scientists still believe the results were due to living reactions. No organic chemicals were found in the soil. However, dry areas of Antarctica do not have detectable organic compounds either, but they have organisms living in the rocks. Mars has almost no ozone layer, unlike the Earth, so UV light sterilizes the surface and produces highly reactive chemicals such as peroxides that would oxidize any organic chemicals. The Phoenix Lander discovered the chemical perchlorate in the Martian soil. Perchlorate is a strong oxidant so it may have destroyed any organic matter on the surface. If it is widespread on Mars, carbon-based life would be difficult at the soil surface.

First panorama by Viking 1 lander

First panoramic view by Viking 1 from the surface of Mars. Captured on 20 July 1976.

Viking 1 image gallery

Launch of the Viking 1 probe (20 August 1975)
Proof test article of the Viking Mars Lander
First image by the Viking 1 lander from the surface of Mars, showing lander's footpad
Viking 1 lander image of a Martian sunset over Chryse Planitia
Trenches dug by soil sampler device
First colour image taken by the Viking 1 lander (21 July 1976)
Viking 1 lander site (11 February 1978)
Dunes and large boulder. Pole in the centre is an instrument boom.
Viking 1 Lander Camera 2 Sky at sunrise (Low Resolution Colour) Sol 379 07:50

Test of general relativity

Main article: Introduction to general relativity

Gravitational time dilation is a phenomenon predicted by the theory of general relativity whereby time passes more slowly in regions of lower gravitational potential. Scientists used the lander to test this hypothesis, by sending radio signals to the lander on Mars, and instructing the lander to send back signals, in cases which sometimes included the signal passing close to the Sun. Scientists found that the observed Shapiro delays of the signals matched the predictions of general relativity.

Orbiter shots

Olympus Mons
Morning Clouds on Mars (taken in 1976)
Streamlined islands in Lunae Palus quadrangle
Tear-drop shaped islands at Oxia Palus quadrangle
Scour patterns located in Lunae Palus quadrangle
Lunae Palus quadrangle was eroded by large amounts of liquid water.
Phobos, a mosaic of images taken in 1978
Mosaic of eight images showing Cobres crater

Lander location

Beagle 2

Curiosity

InSight

Opportunity

Phoenix

Sojourner

Spirit

Zhurong

Viking 1

Viking 2

Notes

"fully fueled orbiter-lander pair"

References

"Viking 1 Lander". National Space Science Data Center.
^ Williams, David R. Dr. (December 18, 2006). "Viking Mission to Mars". NASA. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
"Viking 1". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). NASA. October 19, 2016. Retrieved November 27, 2018.
Shea, Garrett (September 20, 2018). "Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration". NASA.
Nelson, Jon. "Viking 1". NASA. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
Thompson, Andrea (April 30, 2010). "Record for Longest Mars Mission Ever May be Broken". Space.com. Retrieved June 14, 2024.
Loff, Sarah (August 20, 2015). "20 August 1975, Launch of Viking 1". NASA. Retrieved July 18, 2019.
^ Angelo, Joseph A. (May 14, 2014). Encyclopedia of Space and Astronomy. Infobase Publishing. p. 641. ISBN 9781438110189.
^ Croswell, Ken (October 21, 2003). Magnificent Mars. Simon and Schuster. p. 23. ISBN 9780743226011.
Stooke, Philip J. (September 24, 2012). The International Atlas of Mars Exploration: Volume 1, 1953 to 2003: The First Five Decades. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139560252.
^ "Viking 1 Orbiter". National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved July 18, 2019.
"Chronology of Mars Exploration". history.nasa.gov. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
^ Soffen, G.A.; Snyder, C.W. (August 1976). "The First Viking Mission to Mars". Science. New Series. 193 (4255): 759–766. Bibcode:1976Sci...193..759S. doi:10.1126/science.193.4255.759. JSTOR 1742875. PMID 17747776.
"Viking 1 Orbiter Mission Profile". University of Texas. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
R.E. Diehl, M.J. Adams; Rinderle, E.a. (March 1, 1979). "Phobos Encounter Trajectory and Maneuver Design". Journal of Guidance and Control. 2 (2): 123–129. Bibcode:1979JGCD....2..123.. doi:10.2514/3.55847. ISSN 0162-3192.
Ulivi, Paolo; Harland, David M. (December 8, 2007). Robotic Exploration of the Solar System: Part I: The Golden Age 1957–1982. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 251. ISBN 9780387739830.
Jefferson, David C; Demcak, Stuart W; Esposito, Pasquale B; Kruizinga, Gerhard L (August 10–13, 2009). An Investigation of the Orbital Status of Viking-1 (PDF). AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 7, 2017.
^ "Viking 1 Lander Mission Profile". University of Texas. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
Mutch, T.A.; et al. (August 1976). "The Surface of Mars: The View from the Viking 1 Lander". Science. New Series. 193 (4255): 791–801. Bibcode:1976Sci...193..791M. doi:10.1126/science.193.4255.791. JSTOR 1742881. PMID 17747782. S2CID 42661323.
"Viking Mission to Mars JPL" (PDF).
"NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
D. J. Mudgway (1983). Telecommunications and Data Acquisition Systems Support for the Viking 1975 Mission to Mars (PDF) (Report). NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved June 22, 2009.
NASA Mars Orbiter Photographs Spirit and Vikings on the Ground (Report). NASA. 2006. Archived from the original on August 5, 2011. Retrieved July 20, 2011.
"Viking Mission to Mars". mars.nasa.gov.
"Winds of Mars: Aeolian Activity and Landforms". www.lpi.usra.edu. Retrieved December 8, 2024.
"Life on Mars". www.msss.com. Archived from the original on October 20, 2014.
Viking Data May Hide New Evidence For Life. Barry E. DiGregorio, July 16, 2000.
Viking 2 Likely Came Close to Finding H2O. Archived September 30, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Irene Klotz, Discovery News, September 28, 2009.
Stuurman, C.M.; Osinski, G.R.; Holt, J.W.; Levy, J.S.; Brothers, T.C.; Kerrigan, M.; Campbell, B.A. (September 28, 2016). "SHARAD detection and characterization of subsurface water ice deposits in Utopia Planitia, Mars". Geophysical Research Letters. 43 (18): 9484–9491. Bibcode:2016GeoRL..43.9484S. doi:10.1002/2016gl070138.
Friedmann, E. 1982. Endolithic Microorganisms in the Antarctic Cold Desert. Science: 215. 1045–1052.
Hartmann, W. 2003. A Traveler's Guide to Mars. Workman Publishing. NY NY.
Alien Rumors Quelled as NASA Announces Phoenix Perchlorate Discovery. Archived September 4, 2010, at the Wayback Machine A.J.S. Rayl, August 6, 2008.
Reasenberg, R. D.; Shapiro, I. I.; MacNeil, P. E.; Goldstein, R. B.; Breidenthal, J. C.; Brenkle, J. P.; et al. (December 1979). "Viking relativity experiment – Verification of signal retardation by solar gravity". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 234: L219–L221. Bibcode:1979ApJ...234L.219R. doi:10.1086/183144.

External links

v t e Viking Mars landers
Viking program	Viking 1 Viking 2 Viking lander biological experiments
Related	Exploration of Mars Jet Propulsion Laboratory

NASA

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Past	Hitchhiker Mariner Mariner Mark II MESUR Mars Surveyor '98 New Millennium Lunar Orbiter Pioneer Planetary Observer Ranger Surveyor Viking Project Prometheus Mars Exploration Mars Exploration Rover
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Currently operating	Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 2001 Mars Odyssey New Horizons International Space Station Hubble Space Telescope Swift THEMIS Mars Exploration Rover Curiosity rover timeline GOES 14 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter GOES 15 Van Allen Probes Solar Dynamics Observatory Juno Mars Science Laboratory timeline NuSTAR Voyager 1 Voyager 2 WISE MAVEN MMS OSIRIS-REx Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite Mars 2020 Perseverance rover timeline James Webb Space Telescope timeline PACE Europa Clipper
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Flybys	Psyche (2023, flyby in 2026) Hera (2024, flyby in 2025) Europa Clipper (2024, flyby in 2025)
Orbiters	2001 Mars Odyssey Mars Express Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter timeline MAVEN ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter Hope Tianwen-1 orbiter
Rovers	Curiosity Mars Science Laboratory timeline Perseverance Mars 2020 timeline

Past

Flybys	Mars 1 Mariner 4 Zond 2 Mariner 6 and 7 Mars 6 Mars 7 Rosetta Dawn Mars Cube One
Orbiters	Mars 2 Mars 3 Mariner 9 Mars 4 Mars 5 Viking program Viking 1 Viking 2 Phobos program Phobos 1 Phobos 2 Mars Observer Mars Global Surveyor Nozomi Mars Climate Orbiter Mangalyaan
Landers	Mars 2 Mars 3 Mars 6 Mars 7 Viking 1 Viking 2 Mars Pathfinder Mars Polar Lander / Deep Space 2 Beagle 2 Phoenix ExoMars Schiaparelli InSight Tianwen-1 lander
Rovers	PrOP-M Sojourner Mars Exploration Rover Spirit timeline Opportunity timeline Zhurong
Aircraft	Ingenuity helicopter flights Mars 2020

Failed launches	Mars 1M No.1 1M No.2 2MV-4 No.1 2MV-3 No.1 Mariner 3 Mars 2M No.521 2M No.522 Mariner 8 Mars 3MS No.170 Mars 96 Fobos-Grunt / Yinghuo-1

Future

Planned	EscaPADE (2025) Tera-hertz Explorer (TEREX) (mid 2020s) Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) (2026) Mangalyaan-2 (2026) Tianwen-3 (2028) Rosalind Franklin (2028) MBR Explorer (2028, flyby in 2031) NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return Mars Sample Recovery Helicopters Kazachok
Proposed	MAGGIE SpaceX Mars program Mars-Grunt

Cancelled
or not developed

Exploration

Concepts	Flyby Orbiter Landing Atmospheric entry Rover Aircraft Sample return Human mission Permanent settlement Colonization Terraforming
Strategies	Mars Scout Program Mars Exploration Program Mars Exploration Joint Initiative Mars Next Generation
Advocacy	The Mars Project The Case for Mars Inspiration Mars Mars Institute Mars Society Mars race

Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned. indicates use of the planet as a gravity assist en route to another destination.

v t e ← 1974 Orbital launches in 1975 1976 →
Soyuz 17 Kosmos 702 Kosmos 703 Landsat 2 Kosmos 704 Kosmos 705 Kosmos 706 Kosmos 707 Molniya-2-12 Starlette SMS-2 Kosmos 708 Kosmos 709 Intelsat IV F-6 Taiyo Kosmos 710 Kosmos 711 Kosmos 712 Kosmos 713 Kosmos 714 Kosmos 715 Kosmos 716 Kosmos 717 Kosmos 718 OPS 2439 Kosmos 719 Kosmos 720 Kosmos 721 Nauka-5KSA No.4 Kosmos 722 Interkosmos 13 Meteor-M No.31 Kosmos 723 Soyuz 7K-T No.39 Kosmos 724 Kosmos 725 GEOS-3 Kosmos 726 RM-20 Molniya-3 No.12 Kosmos 727 Kosmos 728 OPS 4883 Aryabhata Kosmos 729 Kosmos 730 Molniya-1-29 Explorer 53 Anik A3 Polluz Castor OPS 9435 OPS 9436 Kosmos 731 Nauka-9KS No.2 Intelsat IV F-1 OPS 6226 Soyuz 18 Kosmos 732 Kosmos 733 Kosmos 734 Kosmos 735 Kosmos 736 Kosmos 737 Kosmos 738 Kosmos 739 Kosmos 740 Kosmos 741 DS-U3-IK No.5 Kosmos 742 Molniya-1 No.24 SRET-2 Venera 9 OPS 6381 P-226-1 Nimbus 6 Kosmos 743 Venera 10 OPS 4966 Kosmos 744 OSO-8 Kosmos 745 Kosmos 746 Kosmos 747 Kosmos 748 Kosmos 749 Molniya-2-13 Meteor-2 No.1 Apollo–Soyuz DM-2 Kosmos 750 Kosmos 751 Kosmos 752 Ji Shu Shiyan Weixing 1 Kosmos 753 Cos-B Kosmos 754 Kosmos 755 Viking 1 Kosmos 756 Symphonie 2 Kosmos 757 Molniya-1-31 Kosmos 758 Molniya-2-14 Kiku 1 Viking 2 Kosmos 759 Kosmos 760 Kosmos 761 Kosmos 762 Kosmos 763 Kosmos 764 Kosmos 765 Kosmos 766 Kosmos 767 Kosmos 768 Meteor-M No.28 Kosmos 769 Kosmos 770 Kosmos 771 Intelsat IVA F-1 Aura Kosmos 772 Kosmos 773 Kosmos 774 Explorer 54 Kosmos 775 OPS 5499 Triad 2 E-8-5M No.412 GOES 1 Kosmos 776 Kosmos 777 Kosmos 778 Kosmos 779 Molniya-3 No.13 Soyuz 20 Explorer 55 Kosmos 780 Kosmos 781 Kosmos 782 Fanhui Shi Weixing 2 Kosmos 783 Kosmos 784 OPS 4428 OPS 5547 DAD-A DAD-B Interkosmos 14 Kosmos 785 Satcom 1 OPS 3165 Ji Shu Shiyan Weixing 2 Kosmos 786 Molniya-2-15 Unnamed Prognoz 4 Gran' No.11L Meteor No.38 Molniya-3 No.15
Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( \| ). Crewed flights are indicated in underline. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).

← 1974 Orbital launches in 1975 1976 →

Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in underline. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).

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