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Edessa Έδεσσα
Municipality
Edessa's waterfalls, landmark of the town
EdessaLocation within the region
Coordinates: 40°48′N 22°3′E / 40.800°N 22.050°E / 40.800; 22.050
Country	Greece
Geographic region	Macedonia
Administrative region	Central Macedonia
Regional unit	Pella
Districts	15
Government
• Mayor	Ioannis Tsepkentzis (since 2023)
Area
• Municipality	611.212 km (235.990 sq mi)
• Municipal unit	321.2 km (124.0 sq mi)
• Community	39.0 km (15.1 sq mi)
Elevation	320 m (1,050 ft)
Population
• Municipality	26,407
• Density	43/km (110/sq mi)
• Municipal unit	23,210
• Municipal unit density	72/km (190/sq mi)
• Community	19,036
• Community density	490/km (1,300/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+2 (EET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code	582 00
Area code(s)	23810
Vehicle registration	ΕΕ
Website	dimosedessas.gov.gr

Edessa (Greek: Έδεσσα, pronounced [ˈeðesa]; also known as the "City of Waters and of the 5 Senses"), until 1923 Vodena (Greek: Βοδενά), is a city in northern Greece and the capital of the Pella regional unit, in the Central Macedonia region of Greece. It was also the capital of the defunct province of the same name.

Edessa holds a special place in the history of the Greek world as, according to some ancient sources, it was here that Caranus established the first capital of ancient Macedon. Later, under the Byzantine Empire, Edessa benefited from its strategic location, controlling the Via Egnatia as it enters the Pindus mountains, and became a center of medieval Greek culture, famed for its strong walls and fortifications. In the modern period, Edessa was one of Greece's industrial centers until the middle of the 20th century, with many textile factories operating in the city and its immediate vicinity. Today however its economy mainly relies on services and tourism. Edessa hosts most of the administrative services of the Pella regional unit, as well as some departments of the Thessaloniki-based University of Macedonia.

Name

The Greek name Ἔδεσσα (Édessa) means "tower in the water" and is generally thought to be of Phrygian origin, although a minority of scholars consider it to be Illyrian instead. The Slavic name Vodĭnŭ (Водьнъ) commonly held to derive from the Slavic word for "water" was first attested in the 10th century, and became the common name until the 20th century.

Vodená (Βοδενά) was the name used in Greek until 1923, when the ancient name was revived. The Bulgarian and Macedonian name remains Voden (Cyrillic: Воден). In Turkish, the city is known as Vodina, and in Aromanian the city is known as either Edessa, Vudena or Vodina.

Seleucus I Nicator named the city of Edessa in Mesopotamia (modern Şanlıurfa, Turkey) after the Macedonian Edessa.

Municipality

The municipality Edessa was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 2 former municipalities, that became municipal units:

• Edessa
• Vegoritida

The municipality has an area of 611.212 km, the municipal unit 321.225 km.

History

According to some ancient writers, Caranus, the legendary founder of the Argead Dynasty (whose most famous member was Alexander the Great), established the city of Edessa and made it the first capital of ancient Macedon, and later Argead rulers moved Macedon's capital to Aegae and eventually Pella. Archaeological remains have been discovered on the site of ancient Edessa, just below the modern city (40°47'48.48"N 22° 3'26.24"E). The walls and many buildings have been unearthed so far. A colonnade with inscription in Greek dates from Roman times. The city achieved certain prominence in the first centuries AD, being located on the Via Egnatia. From 27 BC to 268 AD it had its own mint. The Orthodox Christian Saint Vassa and her three children were put to death here in the 3rd century AD.

O: laureate draped and cuirassed bust AV K MA ΙΟΥΛΙΟϹ ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟϹ	R: Roma seated on shield holding Nike with wreath and palm and parazonium is crowned with a wreath by Tyche holding cornucopia standing behind ΕΔΕϹϹΑΙΩΝ / ΟΜΟΝΟΙ / Α
bronze coin struck by Philip the Arab in Edessa 244-249 AD; ref.: Moushmov 6277 Plate XLIV 21

Little is known about the fate of the city after 500 AD, but we know that its Greek bishop, Isidoros, participated in the Ecumenical Council of 692.

The city disappears from the sources thereafter, and re-emerges only in the 11th century, in the account of the Bulgarian wars of Emperor Basil II by the chronicler John Skylitzes, with the Slavic name Vodena (τὰ Βοδηνά in Greek). The Bulgarian historian Vasil Zlatarski hypothesized that it was Vodena, and not Vidin on the Danube, that was a base of the Cometopuli in their revolt against Byzantium.

Due to its strategic location, controlling the Via Egnatia as it enters the Pindus mountains, the town was much fought over in the subsequent centuries: the Normans under Bohemond I captured it briefly in 1083, but were eventually repelled by the forces of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos. The Nicaean emperor John III Vatatzes captured in 1253, while in the mid-14th century its possession was disputed between the Byzantines and the Serbs under Stephen Dushan, with the latter securing its possession in January 1351. The city was for some time under control of Radoslav Hlapen, who gave it as dowry to his son-in-law Nikola Bagaš probably around 1366/7. The city remained in Bagaš's hands at least until 1385. It was conquered by the Ottoman commander Evrenos Bey in the late 14th century, along with the rest of Macedonia. In 1519 (Hijri 925) the town had 68 Muslim and 116 Christian households; it was a joint zeamet of Murad of İpek, and Hüseyin the son of dizdar.

During the period of Ottoman rule, the Turkish and Muslim component of the town's population steadily increased. From the 1860s onwards, the town was a flashpoint for clashes between Greeks and Bulgarians. According to the Ottoman general census of 1881/1882–1893, the district of Edessa (Vodine) had a total population of 33,113, consisting of 14,962 Muslims, 14,208 Greek Patriarchists, and 3,943 Bulgarian Exarchists.

After almost 500 years of Ottoman rule, Edessa was annexed by Greece on 18 October 1912 during the First Balkan War, following the Hellenic Army's military victory against the Ottomans in the battle of Sarantaporo. At that time, Edessa was already well on its way to becoming a major industrial center in Macedonia. Four large textile factories with the Hemp Factory being the biggest, employing the abundant waterfalls as a source of energy. Prior to World War I, in addition to Greeks, the region of Edessa was also populated by Turks, Bulgarians, Pomaks and Vlachs, but during the population exchange between Greece and Turkey most of the Turks and Pomaks living in Edessa were transferred to Turkey. Large numbers of Greek refugees from Asia Minor were settled in the area in 1923. The population swelled from 9,441 to 13,115 in the 1920s. A large segment of the population specialized in silk production, allowing Edessa to enjoy a high standard of living in the interwar period (1922–1940).

The town suffered during the last days of German occupation of Greece in 1944. As a retaliation for the shooting of one soldier by resistance fighters, the Nazis set Edessa on fire. Half of the city, including the Cathedral and the First Primary School, was destroyed and thousands of people were left homeless.

During the Greek Civil War (1946-1949) Edessa was twice attacked in 1948 by the Democratic Army of Greece (DSE), under the control of the Communist Party of Greece. The Slavic-Macedonian National Liberation Front (SNOF), later simply the National Liberation Front (NOF) was heavily established in the area, with eleven Slav Macedonian partisan units operating in the mountains around the city. When the NOF merged with the Democratic Army of Greece (DSE), many Slav Macedonians in the region enlisted as volunteers in the DSE. In early 1949, the military forces of the Greek Government conducted a series of successful military operations that destroyed all communist forces and after the end of war in August 1949, many communists and sympathizers, both ethnic Greeks and Slav Macedonians were expelled from Greece and fled to the countries of Eastern Europe.

Since the 1970s Edessa's economy no longer relies on industry. At the beginning of the 21st century, it is a city based on services (mostly linked to its function as capital of the Pella regional unit) and tourism due to the many ancient sights nearby, including ancient Pella, the waterfalls and winter sports.

The ancient site (Loggos)

Demographics

Infrastructure

Transportation

Edessa railway station is located on the Thessaloniki–Bitola railway and is served by both InterCity trains and Proastiakos Thessaloniki suburban trains.

Media

• Pella TV
• Egnatia TV

Sports

Edessa hosts two sport clubs with presence or earlier presence in the higher national divisions in Greek football and handball. These clubs are shown below.

Notable people

• Minas Minoidis (18th century), scholar, figure of the Modern Greek Enlightenment
• Solon Grigoriadis (1912-1994), army officer and journalist
• Dimitris Beis (1928 - 2012) resistance figure against the junta of the Colonels and Mayor of Athens, 1979 - 1986
• Giorgos Paschalidis, (born 1951) former Minister and close associate of Prime Minister Costas Simitis
• Aggelis Gatsos (1771–1839), fighter in the Greek War of Independence
• Vangel Ajanovski-Oče (1909–1996), Ethnic Macedonian secretary of SNOF
• Hakkı Yeten (1910-1989), famous Turkish Football Player of Beşiktaş J.K.
• Hadži-Neimar (1792-1870), architect and chief builder of the autonomous Principality of Serbia
• Markos Meskos, writer, poet
• Marietta Chrousala (born 1983 ), fashion model and television presenter

Twin cities

• Gornji Milanovac, Serbia
• Pleven, Bulgaria
• Bitola, North Macedonia

Gallery

• View of the area
• Crowd celebrating the liberation of Edessa (First Balkan War)
• A statue of Alexander the Great
• View of the old Kanavourgeio (cannabis factory)
• Folklore museum
• Dormition of Theotokos (14th)
• Interior
• Municipal stadium

See also

• List of settlements in the Pella regional unit
• Edessa Ecclesiastical Museum
• Folklore Museum of Edessa

References

1. "Municipality of Edessa, Municipal elections – October 2023". Ministry of Interior.
2. "Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό" [Results of the 2021 Population - Housing Census, Permanent population by settlement] (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024.
3. "Edessa city of waters. Pella - Macedonia - Greece. Waterfalls, Agios Athanasios, Kaimaktsalan. Εδεσσα, Πέλλα, Μακεδονία, Ελλάδα. Καταρράκτες, Αγιος Αθανάσιος, Καιμάκτσαλάν". www.edessacity.gr. Retrieved 2021-08-16.
4. ^ "Pellanet - Καθημερινή ενημέρωση".
5. "Edessa - Tourism".
6. N.G.L. Hammond, "The Literary Tradition for the Migrations", in The Cambridge Ancient History II.2B:710 1975
7. Hammond N.G.L, A history of Macedonia, Historical geography and prehistory, Vol. 1, Oxford 1979
8. Ulrich Wilcken, Alexander the Great, p. 23
9. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Vodena" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 170.
10. Paul Hellander, Greece, Lonely Planet, 2008, p. 302
11. cf. Geographical name changes in Greece
12. "ΦΕΚ A 87/2010, Kallikratis reform law text" (in Greek). Government Gazette.
13. "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-21.
14. "Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America". www.antiochian.org. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
15. Poulos, Fr. George. Orthodox Saints: Spiritual Profiles for Modern Man Vol. 3. 2005. Holy Cross Orthodox Press, ISBN 9780917651663
16. ^ Browning, Robert; Kazhdan, Alexander (1991). "Vodena". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 2185. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6.
17. Зборник радова Византолошког института. Научно дело. 1987. p. 219. ... свакако пре 1366/7 ...указана је могућност да га је Хлапен одмах након тога уступио Николи Багашу, ожењеном једном од његвих кћери..
18. Зборник радова Византолошког института. Научно дело. 1987. p. 164.
19. GÖKBİLGİN, M. TAYYİB (1956). "KANUNÎ SULTAN SÜLEYMAN DEVRİ BAŞLARINDA RUMELİ EYALETİ, LİVALARI, ŞEHİR VE KASABALARI". Belleten. 20 (78): 264. eISSN 2791-6472. ISSN 0041-4255.
20. Vacalopulos, Konstandinos A. Modern history of Macedonia, Thessaloniki 1988, p. 52, 57, 64
21. Kemal Karpat (1985), Ottoman Population, 1830–1914, Demographic and Social Characteristics, The University of Wisconsin Press, p. 134
22. "Old Hemp of Edessa (Artspace Culture & Industrial Museum)". youingreece.com. Retrieved 2018-10-20.
23. "Les Archives de la Macedoine, Fond: Aegean Macedonia in NLW" - (Field report of Mihail Keramidzhiev to the Main Command of NOF), 8 July 1945
24. Simpson, Neil (1994). Macedonia Its Disputed History. Victoria: Aristoc Press, 105,106 & 94. ISBN 0-646-20462-9.
25. Η Τραγική αναμέτρηση, 1945-1949 – Ο μύθος και η αλήθεια. Ζαούσης Αλέξανδρος" (ISBN 9607213432).
26. Simpson, Neil (1994). Macedonia Its Disputed History. Victoria: Aristoc Press, 101,102 & 91. ISBN 0-646-20462-9.
27. "Edessa - 3000 years history". Edessacity.gr. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
28. Επίτομο Γεωγραφικό Λεξικό της Ελλάδος (Geographical Dictionary of Greece), Μιχαήλ Σταματελάτος, Φωτεινή Βάμβα-Σταματελάτου, εκδ. Ερμής, ΑΘήνα 2001

Further reading

• F. Papazoglou, Les villes de Macédoine romaine (The Cities of Roman Macedonia), BCH Suppl. 16, 1988, 127–131.
• Walter Bauer, Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity, 1934, (in English 1971) (On-line text)

External links

• Edessa official site
• Infosite about Edessa
• Pella regional unit official site, containing useful information about Edessa
• Hellenic Ministry of Culture: Old Cathedral of Edessa
• "Edessa" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 929.

v t e Administrative division of the Central Macedonia Region
Area 18,811 km (7,263 sq mi) Population 1,882,108 (as of 2011) Municipalities 38 (since 2011) Capital Thessaloniki
Regional unit of Chalkidiki	Aristotelis Kassandra Nea Propontida Polygyros Sithonia
Regional unit of Imathia	Alexandreia Naousa Veria
Regional unit of Kilkis	Kilkis Paionia
Regional unit of Pella	Almopia Edessa Pella Skydra
Regional unit of Pieria	Dion-Olympos Katerini Pydna-Kolindros
Regional unit of Serres	Amfipoli Emmanouil Pappas Irakleia Nea Zichni Serres Sintiki Visaltia
Regional unit of Thessaloniki	Ampelokipoi-Menemeni Chalkidona Delta Kalamaria Kordelio-Evosmos Lagkadas Neapoli-Sykies Oraiokastro Pavlos Melas Pylaia-Chortiatis Thermaikos Thermi Thessaloniki Volvi
Regional governor Apostolos Tzitzikostas (since 2013, elected 2014 & 2019) Decentralized Administration Macedonia and Thrace

v t e Macedonia (Greece)
People	Ancient Macedonians List Macedonians (Greeks) List Jews of Thessaloniki Slavic speakers Macedonian Bulgarians, Ethnic Macedonians Aromanians Megleno-Romanians
History	Ancient Macedonia History Government Kings Wars of Alexander the Great Wars of the Diadochi Macedonian Wars Roman Macedonia Barbarian invasions Theme of Macedonia Theme of Thessalonica Theme of Strymon Sack of Thessalonica (904) Byzantine–Bulgarian wars Sack of Thessalonica (1185) Kingdom of Thessalonica Empire of Thessalonica Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328 Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 Zealots of Thessalonica Byzantine–Ottoman wars Siege of Thessalonica (1422–1430) Ottoman Greece Rumelia Eyalet Greek War of Independence Manastir Vilayet Sanjak of Monastir Sanjak of Serfiğe Salonica Vilayet Sanjak of Drama Sanjak of Salonica Sanjak of Siroz Macedonian Struggle Balkan Wars Macedonian front Provisional Government of National Defence Axis occupation Greek Civil War Macedonia naming dispute Prespa agreement
Administration	Ministry of Macedonia and Thrace Western Macedonia Central Macedonia Eastern Macedonia and Thrace
Economy	Agios Dimitrios Power Plant Amyntaio Power Plant Drama coal mine Gerakini mine Olympias mine Piavitsa mine Port of Kavala Port of Thessaloniki Prinos oil field Ptolemaida-Florina coal mine Skouries mine Stratoni mine Thessaloniki International Fair
Major cities	Thessaloniki Kavala Kastoria Serres Veria Katerini Edessa Florina Drama Naousa Kozani Siatista Kilkis Other
Nature	Axios River Doiran Lake Falakro Galikos River Haliacmon Lake Kerkini Lake Koroneia Lake Orestiada Lake Prespa Small Prespa Lake Lake Vegoritida Lake Volvi Mount Paiko Nestos (river) Mount Olympus Pangaion Hills Pindus (Pindus National Park) Petralona cave Strymon River Vasilitsa Vermio Mountains Seli Verno Voras Mountains Islands: Thasos Ammouliani
Monuments	Agios Athanasios Alexandrion (Litochoro) Amphipolis Lion of Amphipolis Kasta Tomb Dion Archaeological Park Hellenistic theatre Mount Athos Mieza (Tomb of Judgement, Tomb of the Palmettes) Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki Pella Philippi Platamon Castle Vergina Museums : Archaeological Museum of Amphipolis, Aiani Archaeological Museum, Archaeological Museum of Dion, Archaeological Museum of Pella, Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine culture
Culture	Vergina Sun Flag Music Cuisine
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