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Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative
ɬ
IPA number	148
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ɬ
Unicode (hex)	U+026C
X-SAMPA	K
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Image

The voiceless alveolar lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral fricatives is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is K.

The symbol is called "belted l" and is distinct from "l with tilde", , which transcribes a different sound – the velarized (or pharynɡealized) alveolar lateral approximant, often called "dark L".

Some scholars also posit the voiceless alveolar lateral approximant distinct from the fricative. More recent research distinguishes between "turbulent" and "laminar" airflow in the vocal tract. Ball & Rahilly (1999) state that "the airflow for voiced approximants remains laminar (smooth), and does not become turbulent". The approximant may be represented in the IPA as ⟨l̥⟩.

In Sino-Tibetan language group, Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) argue that Burmese and Standard Tibetan have voiceless lateral approximants and Li Fang-Kuei & William Baxter contrast apophonically the voiceless alveolar lateral approximant from its voiced counterpart in the reconstruction of Old Chinese. Scholten (2000) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFScholten2000 (help) includes the voiceless velarized alveolar lateral approximant [ɫ̥].

However, the voiceless dental & alveolar lateral approximant is constantly found as an allophone of its voiced counterpart in British English and Philadelphia English after voiceless coronal and labial stops, which is velarized before back vowels, the allophone of [l] after voiceless dorsal and laryngeal stops is most realized as a voiceless velar lateral approximant. See English phonology.

Features

Features of the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative:

• Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
• Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
• Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
• It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
• Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

The sound is fairly common among indigenous languages of the Americas, such as Nahuatl and Navajo, and in North Caucasian languages, such as Avar. It is also found in African languages, such as Zulu, and Asian languages, such as Chukchi, some Yue dialects like Taishanese, the Hlai languages of Hainan, and several Formosan languages and dialects in Taiwan.

The sound is rare in European languages outside the Caucasus, but it is found notably in Welsh in which it is written ⟨ll⟩. Several Welsh names beginning with this sound (Llwyd [ɬʊɨd], Llywelyn [ɬəˈwɛlɨn]) have been borrowed into English and then retain the Welsh ⟨ll⟩ spelling but are pronounced with an /l/ (Lloyd, Llewellyn), or they are substituted with ⟨fl⟩ (pronounced /fl/) (Floyd, Fluellen). It was also found in certain dialects of Lithuanian Yiddish.

The phoneme /ɬ/ was also found in the most ancient Hebrew speech of the Ancient Israelites. The orthography of Biblical Hebrew, however, did not directly indicate the phoneme since it and several other phonemes of Ancient Hebrew did not have a grapheme of their own. The phoneme, however, is clearly attested by later developments: /ɬ/ was written with ⟨ש⟩, but the letter was also used for the sound /ʃ/. Later, /ɬ/ merged with /s/, a sound that had been written only with ⟨ס⟩. As a result, three etymologically distinct modern Hebrew phonemes can be distinguished: /s/ written ⟨ס⟩, /ʃ/ written ⟨ש⟩ (with later niqqud pointing שׁ), and /s/ evolving from /ɬ/ and written ⟨ש⟩ (with later niqqud pointing שׂ). The specific pronunciation of ⟨ש⟩ evolving to /s/ from is known based on comparative evidence since /ɬ/ is the corresponding Proto-Semitic phoneme and is still attested in Modern South Arabian languages, and early borrowings indicate it from Ancient Hebrew (e.g. balsam < Greek balsamon < Hebrew baśam). The phoneme /ɬ/ began to merge with /s/ in Late Biblical Hebrew, as is indicated by interchange of orthographic ⟨ש⟩ and ⟨ס⟩, possibly under the influence of Aramaic, and became the rule in Mishnaic Hebrew. In all Jewish reading traditions, /ɬ/ and /s/ have merged completely, but in Samaritan Hebrew /ɬ/ has instead merged into /ʃ/.

The sound is also found in two of the constructed languages invented by J. R. R. Tolkien, Sindarin (inspired by Welsh) and Quenya (inspired by Finnish, Ancient Greek, and Latin). In Sindarin, it is written as ⟨lh⟩ initially and ⟨ll⟩ medially and finally, and in Quenya, it appears only initially and is written ⟨hl⟩.

Dental or denti-alveolar

Alveolar

Alveolar approximant

Velarized dental or alveolar approximant

Semitic languages

The sound is conjectured as a phoneme for Proto-Semitic language, usually transcribed as ś; it has evolved into Arabic , Hebrew :

Proto-Semitic	Akkadian	Arabic		Phoenician		Hebrew		Aramaic		Ge'ez
ś	s̠	ش	š		š	שׂ‎	s	ܫ	s	ሠ	ś

Among Semitic languages, the sound still exists in contemporary Soqotri and Mehri. In Ge'ez, it is written with the letter Śawt.

Voiceless lateral-median fricative

The voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative (also known as a "lisp" fricative) is a consonantal sound. Consonants is pronounced with simultaneous lateral and central airflow.

Features

• Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence. However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
• Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
• Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
• It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
• Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Capital letter

Since the IPA letter "ɬ" has been adopted into the standard orthographies for many native North American languages, a capital letter L with belt "Ɬ" was requested by academics and added to the Unicode Standard version 7.0 in 2014 at U+A7AD.

See also

• Voiced dental and alveolar lateral fricatives
• Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate
• Index of phonetics articles

Notes

1. "Dark L". home.cc.umanitoba.ca. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
2. Pike (1943), pp. 71, 138–9. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFPike1943 (help)
3. Shadle (2000), pp. 37–8. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFShadle2000 (help)
4. Ball, Martin J.; Rahilly, Joan (1999). Phonetics: the science of speech. London: Arnold. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-0-340-70009-9.
5. ^ Gordon (2004), p. 290. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFGordon2004 (help)
6. ^ Lodge (2009), p. 168. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFLodge2009 (help)
7. ^ Collins & Mees (1990), p. 93. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFCollinsMees1990 (help)
8. Grønnum (2005), p. 154.
9. Ladefoged, Peter; Johnson, Keith (3 January 2014). A Course in Phonetics. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-305-17718-5.
10. McDonough, Joyce (2003). The Navajo Sound System. Cambridge: Kluwer. ISBN 1-4020-1351-5.
11. Laver, John (1994). Principles of Phonetics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 257–258. ISBN 0-521-45655-X.
12. Henry Y., Chang (2000). 噶瑪蘭語參考語法 [Kavalan Grammar]. Taipei: 遠流 (Yuan-Liou). pp. 43–45. ISBN 9573238985.
13. Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 203.
14. Blau (2010:77)
15. ^ Blau (2010:69)
16. Rendsburg (1997:73)
17. Helge, Fauskanger. "Sindarin – the Noble Tongue". Ardalambion. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
18. Helge, Fauskanger. "Quenya Course". Ardalambion. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
19. Maddieson & Wright (1995), p. 47.
20. ^ Sadowsky et al. (2013), pp. 88, 91.
21. Kristoffersen (2000), p. 79.
22. Vanvik (1979), p. 36.
23. Oftedal (1956), p. 99. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFOftedal1956 (help)
24. Jansen (2010), p. 38.
25. Tuttle (2008), p. 464.
26. Gippert (2000).
27. Dellert et al. (2020).
28. Abdel-Massih (2011), p. 20.
29. Krishnamurti (2003), p. 77.
30. Lin (2018), p. 128.
31. ^ Grønnum (2005), pp. 154–155.
32. Blench, Roger. "Bura Dictionary" (PDF). Bura Dictionary. Retrieved 14 September 2024.
33. Miyaoka (2012), p. 52.
34. Uchihara (2016), p. 42.
35. Uchihara (2016), p. 45.
36. Gordon, Munro & Ladefoged (2002), p. 287.
37. Taishanese Dictionary & Resources
38. Li (1946), p. 398.
39. Dunn (1999), p. 43.
40. Maddieson et al. (1993), p. 27.
41. Maddieson et al. (1993), p. 41.
42. Coleman (1976), p. 8.
43. Krauss (2016), p. 167.
44. Salminen (2007), p. 365.
45. Stefanelli (2019), p. 30.
46. Sands, Maddieson & Ladefoged (1993), p. 68.
47. Enrico (2003), p. 10.
48. Galloway (1977), pp. 2–3.
49. Pan (2012), pp. 22–23.
50. Pan (2012), p. 169.
51. Ostapirat (2008), p. 625.
52. Yuan (1994), pp. 1–2.
53. Kuipers (1960), p. 18.
54. Wilde, Christopher P. (2016). "Gamale Kham phonology revisited, with Devanagari-based orthography and lexicon". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. hdl:1885/109195. ISSN 1836-6821.
55. Lai, Yunfan (June 2013b). La morphologie affixale du lavrung wobzi (Master's thesis) (in French). Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris III.
56. Van Eijk (1997), p. 2.
57. Van Eijk (1997), p. 64.
58. Beck (1999), p. 2.
59. Svantesson et al. (2005), pp. 30–33.
60. Martin (2011), p. 47.
61. Endresen & Simonsen (2000), p. 246.
62. Edmondson, Esling & Lama (2017), p. 88.
63. Newman (1947), p. 129.
64. Montler (1986).
65. Liljegren (2009), p. 34.
66. Liljegren (2009), p. 31.
67. Liljegren (2009), p. 36.
68. Tench (2007), p. 228.
69. Krishnamurti (2003), p. 66.
70. Кримський Агатангел Юхимович; Синявський О.; Михальчук Костянтин Петрович (1841–1914); Курило Олена Борисівна; Гладкий П.; Бузук П.; Расторгуєв П.; Рудницький Є.; Ahatanhel Krymsky (1929). Український діялектологічний збірник. Кн. I–II.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
71. Wei (2006), p. 14.
72. Hannahs (2013), p. 18.
73. Le Doeuff (2020), p. 6.
74. ^ Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 365, 367–368.
75. ^ Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 382–383.
76. "Yurok consonants". Yurok Language Project. UC Berkeley. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
77. Poulos & Msimang (1998), p. 480.
78. Taff et al. (2001), p. 234.
79. ^ Basbøll (2005), pp. 65–66.
80. ^ Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368.
81. Árnason (2011), p. 124.
82. Árnason (2011), p. 110.
83. Aikio & Ylikoski (2022), p. 154.
84. ^ Aquino (2019), p. 228.
85. ^ Netto (2018), p. 127.
86. ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 10.
87. ^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999), pp. 154–155.
88. Howe, Darin (2003). Segmental Phonology. University of Calgary. p. 22.
89. Heselwood (2013) Phonetic transcription in theory and practice, p 122–123
90. Janet Watson (January 2011). "Lateral fricatives and lateral emphatics in southern Saudi Arabia and Mehri". academia.edu.
91. Watson, Janet (January 2013). "Lateral reflexes of Proto-Semitic D and Dh in Al-Rubūʽah dialect, south-west Saudi Arabic: Electropalatographic and acoustic evidence". Nicht Nur mit Engelszungen: Beiträge zur Semitischen Dialektologie: Festschrift für Werner Arnold.
92. Younger speakers distinguish between voiceless for emotional pain and voiced ]] for physical pain.
93. Joshua M Jensen, Karl Pentzlin, 2012-02-08, Proposal to encode a Latin Capital Letter L with Belt
94. "Unicode Character 'LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH BELT' (U+A7AD)". www.fileformat.info. FileFormat.Info. Retrieved 20 June 2020.

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• Van Eijk, Jan (1 September 1997). The Lillooet Language: Phonology, Morphology, Syntax. UBC Press. ISBN 9780774806251.
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• Liljegren, Henrik (2009). "The Dangari Tongue of Choke and Machoke: Tracing the proto-language of Shina enclaves in the Hindu Kush". Acta Orientalia (70): 7–62.
• Edmondson, Jerold A.; Esling, John H.; Lama, Ziwo (2017). "Nuosu Yi". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 47 (1): 87–97. doi:10.1017/S0025100315000444.
• Aikio, Ante; Ylikoski, Jussi (24 June 2022). Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena (eds.). North Saami. Oxford Guides to the World's Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 147–177. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198767664.003.0010. ISBN 9780198767664. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

Further reading

• Beth am y llall? John Wells's phonetic blog, 1 July 2009. (How the British phonetician John Wells would teach the sound .)
• A chance to share more than just some sounds of languages walesonline.co.uk, 3 May 2012 (Article by Dr Paul Tench including information on transcribing in Chadic languages.)

External links

• List of languages with [ɬ] on PHOIBLE
• List of languages with [l̥] on PHOIBLE

v t e International Phonetic Alphabet (chart)
IPA topics IPA International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA) Special topics Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects Encodings ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Kirshenbaum TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille
Consonants Pulmonic consonants Place → Labial Coronal Dorsal Laryngeal Manner ↓ Bi­labial Labio­dental Linguo­labial Dental Alveolar Post­alveolar Retro­flex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyn­geal/epi­glottal Glottal Nasal m̥ m ɱ̊ ɱ n̼ n̥ n ɳ̊ ɳ ɲ̊ ɲ ŋ̊ ŋ ɴ̥ ɴ Plosive p b p̪ b̪ t̼ d̼ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ Sibilant affricate ts dz t̠ʃ d̠ʒ tʂ dʐ tɕ dʑ Non-sibilant affricate pɸ bβ p̪f b̪v t̪θ d̪ð tɹ̝̊ dɹ̝ t̠ɹ̠̊˔ d̠ɹ̠˔ cç ɟʝ kx ɡɣ qχ ɢʁ ʡʜ ʡʢ ʔh Sibilant fricative s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ Non-sibilant fricative ɸ β f v θ̼ ð̼ θ ð θ̠ ð̠ ɹ̠̊˔ ɹ̠˔ ɻ̊˔ ɻ˔ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ h ɦ Approximant ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ ʔ̞ Tap/flap ⱱ̟ ⱱ ɾ̼ ɾ̥ ɾ ɽ̊ ɽ ɢ̆ ʡ̆ Trill ʙ̥ ʙ r̥ r ɽ̊r̥ ɽr ʀ̥ ʀ ʜ ʢ Lateral affricate tɬ dɮ tꞎ d𝼅 c𝼆 ɟʎ̝ k𝼄 ɡʟ̝ Lateral fricative ɬ ɮ ꞎ 𝼅 𝼆 ʎ̝ 𝼄 ʟ̝ Lateral approximant l ɭ ʎ ʟ ʟ̠ Lateral tap/flap ɺ̥ ɺ 𝼈̥ 𝼈 ʎ̆ ʟ̆ IPA help  audio full chart template Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. Non-pulmonic consonants BL LD D A PA RF P V U EG Ejective Stop pʼ tʼ ʈʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ ʡʼ Affricate p̪fʼ t̪θʼ tsʼ t̠ʃʼ tʂʼ tɕʼ kxʼ qχʼ Fricative ɸʼ fʼ θʼ sʼ ʃʼ ʂʼ ɕʼ xʼ χʼ Lateral affricate tɬʼ c𝼆ʼ k𝼄ʼ q𝼄ʼ Lateral fricative ɬʼ Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular) Tenuis kʘ qʘ kǀ qǀ kǃ qǃ k𝼊 q𝼊 kǂ qǂ Voiced ɡʘ ɢʘ ɡǀ ɢǀ ɡǃ ɢǃ ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊 ɡǂ ɢǂ Nasal ŋʘ ɴʘ ŋǀ ɴǀ ŋǃ ɴǃ ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊 ŋǂ ɴǂ ʞ   Tenuis lateral kǁ qǁ Voiced lateral ɡǁ ɢǁ Nasal lateral ŋǁ ɴǁ Implosive Voiced ɓ ɗ ᶑ ʄ ɠ ʛ Voiceless ɓ̥ ɗ̥ ᶑ̊ ʄ̊ ɠ̊ ʛ̥ IPA help  audio full chart template Co-articulated consonants Nasal n͡m Labial–alveolar ɳ͡m Labial–retroflex ŋ͡m Labial–velar Plosive t͡pd͡b Labial–alveolar ʈ͡pɖ͡b Labial–retroflex k͡pɡ͡b Labial–velar q͡ʡ Uvular–epiglottal q͡p Labial–uvular Fricative/approximant ɥ̊ɥ Labial–palatal ʍw Labial–velar ɧ Sj-sound (variable) Lateral approximant ɫ Velarized alveolar Implosive ɠ̊͜ɓ̥ ɠ͡ɓ Labial–velar Ejective t͡pʼ Labial–alveolar IPA help full chart template Other Nasal labial–velar approximant Nasal palatal approximant Voiceless bidental fricative Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
Vowels Front Central Back Close i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u Near-close ɪ ʏ ʊ Close-mid e ø ɘ ɵ ɤ o Mid e̞ ø̞ ə ɤ̞ o̞ Open-mid ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔ Near-open æ ɐ Open a ɶ ä ɑ ɒ IPA help  audio full chart template Legend: unrounded • rounded

• Fricative consonants
• Alveolar consonants
• Lateral consonants
• Pulmonic consonants
• Voiceless oral consonants
• Voiceless lateral approximants