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Warped product ${\displaystyle F\times _{f}B}$ of two Riemannian (or pseudo-Riemannian) manifolds ${\displaystyle F=(F,h)}$ and ${\displaystyle B=(B,g)}$ with respect to a function ${\displaystyle f\colon B\to \mathbb {R} }$ is the product space ${\displaystyle F\times B}$ with the metric tensor ${\displaystyle g\oplus (f^{2}\cdot h)}$.

Warped geometries are useful in that separation of variables can be used when solving partial differential equations over them.

Examples

Warped geometries acquire their full meaning when we substitute the variable y for t, time and x, for s, space. Then the f(y) factor of the spatial dimension becomes the effect of time that in words of Einstein "curves space". How it curves space will define one or other solution to a space-time world. For that reason, different models of space-time use warped geometries. Many basic solutions of the Einstein field equations are warped geometries, for example, the Schwarzschild solution and the Friedmann–Lemaitre–Robertson–Walker models.

Also, warped geometries are the key building block of Randall–Sundrum models in string theory.

See also

• Metric tensor
• Exact solutions in general relativity
• Poincaré half-plane model

References

1. Chen, Bang-Yen (2011). Pseudo-Riemannian geometry, -invariants and applications. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-4329-63-7.
2. O'Neill, Barrett (1983). Semi-Riemannian geometry. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-526740-1.

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