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Washington Agreement

Bosnian President Alija Izetbegović and Croatian President Franjo Tuđman sign the Washington Agreement
Type	Ceasefire agreement
Signed	18 March 1994
Location	Washington, D.C., United StatesVienna, Austria
Sealed	24 March 1994
Effective	30 March 1994
Signatories	Alija Izetbegović Haris Silajdžić Franjo Tuđman Mate Granić Krešimir Zubak
Parties	Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina  Herzeg-Bosnia  Croatia Witnessed by:  United States
Ratifiers	Parliament of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Languages	Bosnian Croatian

The Washington Agreement (Croatian: washingtonski sporazum; Bosnian: vašingtonski sporazum) was a ceasefire agreement between the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, signed on 18 March 1994 in Washington, D.C. It was signed by Bosnian Prime Minister Haris Silajdžić, Croatian Foreign Minister Mate Granić and President of Herzeg-Bosnia Krešimir Zubak.

Under the agreement, the combined territory held by the Croat and Bosnian (in that time Bosniak) government forces was divided into ten autonomous cantons, establishing the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and ending the Croat-Bosniak War. The cantonal system was selected to prevent dominance by one ethnic group over another.

The subsequently signed Washington Framework Agreement had the creation of a loose federation (or confederation) between Croatia and Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina as one of its goals.

Background

War broke out between Herzeg-Bosnia, supported by Croatia, and the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Croatian Defence Forces. It lasted from 18 October 1992 to 23 February 1994, and is considered often as a "war within a war" as it was a part of the much larger Bosnian War. Fighting soon spread to Central Bosnia and soon Herzegovina, where most of the fighting would take place in those regions.

Between 1992 and 1994, many massacres and killings would take place, such as the Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing, Trusina massacre, Ahmići massacre, Sovići and Doljani killings, Vitez massacre, Mokronoge massacre, Grabovica massacre, Uzdol massacre, Stupni Do massacre, Križančevo selo killings, Zenica massacre, Gornji Vakuf shelling, Busovača massacre, and the Stari Vitez terrorist attack. Battles, operations, and sieges were also common during that time period, as the battle of Žepče, Bugojno, Siege of Mostar, Operation Neretva '93, and Operation Tvigi 94.

See also

• Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia
• Croat-Bosniak War
• Bosnian War
• Dayton Agreement
• Split Agreement

References

1. Bethlehem, Daniel L.; Weller, Marc (1997). The 'Yugoslav' Crisis in International Law. Cambridge International Documents Series. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. p. liiv. ISBN 978-0-521-46304-1.
2. "Bosnia and Herzegovina". European Commissions. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2022-10-01. Retrieved 2022-10-01.
3. Lester H. Brune (2003). Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations Volume III 1989-2000. Routledge. pp. 1247–1248. ISBN 9780415939171. Retrieved 2013-02-19.
4. "Bosnian War European history [1992–1995]". Britannica. Archived from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
5. "Prosecutor v. Tihomir Blaškić Judgement" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-08-06. Retrieved 2023-11-13.
6. Horvat, Domagoj (7 March 1995). "The Secret of Mitigated Crimes". Feral Tribune. Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
7. Lawson, Edward (1996). "Human rights violations by Bosnian Croat Forces". Encyclopedia of Human Rights. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 1-56032-362-0.
8. "Sefer Halilovic Case Information Sheet" (PDF). Retrieved 5 June 2023.
9. "Indictment Confirmed in the Case of Ibrahim Purić et al". Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 27 February 2019. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2020.

Further reading

• Allcock, John B., Marko Milivojevic, et al. Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia: An Encyclopedia (1998)

External links

• United States Institute of Peace: Washington Agreement
• Uppsala Conflict Data Program: Washington Agreement
• Office of the High Representative: Creation of Federation of BiH (1995-1999)

v t e Bosnian War
Part of the Yugoslav Wars
Belligerents	Bosniak side Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1st Corps 2nd Corps 3rd Corps 4th Corps 5th Corps 6th Corps 7th Corps Paramilitary Patriotic League Green Berets Croatian Defence Forces Bosnian mujahideen Croat side Croatian Defence Council 1OZ 2OZ 3OZ 4OZ Paramilitary Croatian Defence Forces Knights Serb side Army of Republika Srpska 1st Krajina Corps 2nd Krajina Corps 3rd Corps East Bosnia Corps Herzegovina Corps Sarajevo-Romanija Corps Drina Corps Paramilitary Wolves of Vučjak White Eagles Serb Volunteer Guard Scorpions Yellow Wasps Western Bosnian side National Defence of the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia
Prelude	Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting Zulfikarpašić–Karadžić agreement RAM Plan Serb Autonomous Regions Bosanska Krajina Herzegovina North-East Bosnia Romanija Establishment of the Croatian Community of Herzeg Bosnia Establishment of Republika Srpska Bosnia and Herzegovina independence referendum Sarajevo wedding attack Declaration of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Battle of Bosanski Brod Sijekovac killings Bijeljina massacre 1992 anti-war protests in Sarajevo
1992	Battle of Kupres Siege of Sarajevo Kazani pit killings Foča ethnic cleansing Bosanski Šamac ethnic cleansing Siege of Srebrenica Zvornik massacre Doboj Snagovo massacre Prijedor ethnic cleansing Sarajevo column incident Siege of Goražde Graz agreement Glogova massacre Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing Tuzla column incident Zaklopača massacre Siege of Doboj Bradina massacre Sarajevo bread line massacre Bijeli Potok massacre Pionirska Street fire Operation Jackal Višegrad massacres Bosanska Jagodina Paklenik Barimo Sjeverin Čemerno massacre Siege of Bihać Ahatovići massacre Croat–Bosniak War Operation Vrbas '92 Operation Corridor 92 Bikavac fire Killings in Bratunac and Srebrenica Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia Korićani Cliffs massacre Mičivode massacre Novoseoci massacre Gornja Jošanica massacre
1993	Kravica attack Duša killings Skelani massacre Štrpci Siege of Mostar Srebrenica shelling Ahmići massacre Trusina massacre Sovići and Doljani killings Zenica massacre Vranica case Dobrinja mortar attack Battle of Žepče Battle of Travnik (1993) Battle of Bugojno Operation Irma Operation Neretva '93 Grabovica massacre Mokronoge massacre Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia Inter-Bosniak conflict in Bosanska Krajina Stupni Do massacre Operation Deny Flight Križančevo Selo killings
1994	Operation Tvigi 94 First Markale massacre Banja Luka incident Washington Agreement Establishment of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Operation Bøllebank Attack on Spin magazine journalists Operation Tiger Operation "Breza '94" Battle of Kupres Operation Amanda Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 347 Operation Spider Operation Winter '94
1995	Operation Vlašić Operation Leap 1 Battle of Orašje Operation Leap 2 Split Agreement Operation Summer '95 Pale air strikes Tuzla shelling Battle of Vrbanja Bridge Srebrenica massacre Kravica Battle of Vozuća Operation Miracle Operation Storm Second Markale massacre NATO bombing campaign Operation Mistral 2 Operation Sana Operation Una Operation Southern Move Exodus of Sarajevo Serbs Dayton Agreement Establishment of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Internment camps	Silos Manjača Liplje Luka Vilina Vlas Omarska Keraterm Trnopolje Sušica Čelebići Musala Batković Dretelj Uzamnica Heliodrom Gabela Vojno Kamenica camp
Aspects	Ethnic cleansing and massacres Bosnian genocide Bosnian genocide denial Internment camps Rape Peace plans NATO intervention Foreign support Foreign fighters
Timeline of the Bosnian War (Timeline of the Croat–Bosniak War) Category Commons

• 1994 in international relations
• 1994 in Bosnia and Herzegovina
• 1994 in Croatia
• 1994 in Austria
• March 1994 events in the United States
• 1994 in Washington, D.C.
• 1990s in Vienna
• Bosnian peace process
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• Presidency of Bill Clinton
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• Political history of Bosnia and Herzegovina
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