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White-headed marsh tyrant
Male in São Paulo, Brazil
Female in São Paulo, Brazil
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Tyrannidae
Genus:	Arundinicola d'Orbigny, 1840
Species:	A. leucocephala
Binomial name
Arundinicola leucocephala (Linnaeus, 1764)
Synonyms
Pipra leucocephala Linnaeus, 1764

The white-headed marsh tyrant (Arundinicola leucocephala), commonly referred to as the marsh tyrant, is a small passerine bird belonging to the tyrant flycatcher family. It is the sole species within the genus Arundinicola. This diurnal bird, exclusively found in South America, exhibits sexual dimorphism and is known to have monogamous mating behavior.

Description

Males

Male marsh tyrants possess a distinct appearance, featuring a white head with a small crest, a white throat, and a contrasting black body. They have dark brown irises, black legs, and a bill that consists of a black upper mandible and a yellow lower mandible. Typically, they weigh around 13 grams and measure approximately 13 centimeters in length.

Females

Female marsh tyrants have a white forecrown and throat, along with a greyish-brown breast and flanks. Their wings and tail are also greyish-brown, although they are more uniform and significantly darker. The average weight of a female ranges from 12 to 12.5 grams, and she generally measures 13 centimeters in length. Females and juveniles have similar appearances.

Taxonomy

The white-headed marsh tyrant is a monotypic species within the Tyrannidae family, classified under the Fluvicolinae subfamily, which splits into two tribes: Contopini (peewees, phoebes, and allies) and Fluvicolini (ground-tyrants and allies). A. leucocephala, along with 71 other species, belongs to the Fluvicolini tribe. Additionally, it forms a clade with the Black-backed water-tyrant (Fluvicola albiventer), the Pied water-tyrant (Fluvicola pica), and the Masked water-tyrant (Fluvicola nengeta) due to resembling internal anatomical characteristics. Their similar plumages, nesting behaviors, and link to stagnant waters further emphasize their tight connection.

The Latin name of the white-headed marsh tyrant reflects both its habitat and distinctive appearance. The term "Arundo" translates to "reed", while "nicola" means "dweller". Furthermore, "leucocephala" signifies "white head".

Habitat and distribution

The species is native to several South American countries, including Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela.

As its name suggests, these tyrants inhabit wetlands in tropical regions, including marshes, bogs, swamps, fens, peatlands, rivers, streams, creeks, and moist savannas. Additionally, many of the previously mentioned countries, such as Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, and Paraguay, dedicate a substantial amount of land to rice production. A. leucocephala has been reported as one of the many non-aquatic species found in these ricelands.

A. leucocephala is a resident bird, but it may travel based on rapid turnover and succession in different environments if suitable conditions arise. Some relocated marsh tyrants have been documented from northeastern Peru and northeastern Ecuador along the Napo River.

Behavior

Vocalizations

They are usually quiet, but they do emit a high-pitched call "sedik!". During courtship, they produce a deeper call "dew-de-lewde" , which is repeated at short intervals.

Diet

A. leucocephala is an insectivores, primarily preying on flying insects including dragonflies, grasshoppers, froghoppers and beetles.

Foraging

Tyrant flycatchers use many different foraging techniques, such as the sally strike, sally glide, sally hover, sally pounce, leap upward, and leap downward. The choice of technique is often associated with differences in bill, wing, and tarsus structure. The sally strike — attacking in a fluid movement without gliding, hovering, or landing — is the most frequently used foraging maneuver by the white-headed marsh tyrant.

A. leucocephala captures most of its prey at the water's surface. Its next most commonly used foraging substrate is in the air, followed by live leaves. They tend to perch low on small marsh plants (less than 2 meters high) and attack their prey at a distance of 3 to 4 meters from their initial position. They typically target prey that is at or below their height while perched, and they less frequently attack at a high flight angle. Once they catch their prey, they promptly return to their perch, as they are rarely found on the ground.

Both female and male marsh tyrants participate in feeding their juveniles. The main differences are that the female marsh tyrant hunts at greater distances and makes more frequent visits to the young compared to the male. Moreover, the female is more active in maintaining a sanitary environment for the nestlings. The parents — primarily the female — remove arthropod remains and fecal sacs from the nest, while the juveniles contribute to the cleaning by handing the arthropod remains to their parents. It is theorized that keeping the nest clean helps reduce the risk of infestation by parasites and pathogens.

It is speculated that if the male were to be more active, it could increase the nest's vulnerability to predation and may even increase the risk of predation on the male himself by nearby raptors. This is largely due to the more prominent colors of the male tyrant, which make him more noticeable in his habitat compared to the female.

Reproduction

Nests are typically constructed within four feet of the ground in swamp bushes. They are spherical in shape with a roof and feature a side opening near the top known as the "porch". This opening is narrow, to help protect the nest against predation. The nests are mainly made of dried grass, with the chambers lined thickly with soft materials like down. These homes measure about 4 inches high and 3 inches wide. The tyrants do not attempt to conceal their nests, making them quite noticeable. Both parents participate in their construction.

In Satarem, Brazil, many nests were found within inches of the hive of a large species wasp. Consequently, the natives called the marsh tyrant "Mother of the Wasp".

In order of frequency, the most popular breeding months are September, June, October and August; followed by November and July. The eggs laid are a creamy white color, with the number of eggs in a single brood ranging from 1 to 3. Each egg weighs between 1.8 and 1.9 grams and measures approximately 19.20 to 20.68 millimeters in length and 11.10 to 14.58 millimeters in width. The incubation period lasts about 12 to 16 days and the task is shared by both parents. The hatchlings remain in the nest for about 15-17 days before they are ready to leave. The generation length of the marsh tyrants is around 3.6 years.

The marsh tyrant is often found in pairs or in a small family group; nevertheless it does sometimes forage alone. The bird exhibits evidence of monogamy, as most individuals spend the majority of their time in couples. However, once one of the partners in the duo disappears, it is replaced by another. To attract the opposite sex, the marsh tyrant performs pre-nuptial flights. During courtship, the crest is prominent and can be bushy or flattened, depending on the moment. Usually, this performance includes an erect crest, high vocalizations, and various wing positions (raised, fanned or fluttering). This behavior is also employed when confronting rivals in aggressive disputes. The tyrant rarely spreads or cocks its tail.

Mate aggression

A. leucocephala displays mate aggression between breeding pairs, a behavior observed only during the breeding season. In these couples, the males are more aggressive; when they hear the call of a male intruder, they direct their aggression toward their paired female instead of the intruder. When perched, the male opens and flutters its wings while slightly opening its beak. Then, the male aggressively flies over and chases its mate. In response, the female assumes a defensive posture, opening her beak and partially spreading her wings. To evade the male, she may move down the branch or attempt to fly away. This combative conduct can lead to physical harm, increased stress, drained energy, and reduced reproductive success.

Threats

Shiny cowbirds (Molthrus bonariensis)

The shiny cowbird, found in South America, Panama, and the West Indies, is an obligate brood parasite that targets 176 different bird species as its hosts. In many areas like Guyana and Trinidad, A. leucocephala specifically is known to be a frequent host choice for M. bonariensis. When the brood parasite inhabits wetlands, it tends to prey upon the white-headed marsh tyrant and the Pied water tyrant .

Human activity

In Brazil's Atlantic Forest, which is home to the marsh tyrant, deforestation poses a significant threat to many plant and animal species. The growing human population endangers wildlife habitats that lack protection from reserves, national parks, or conservation groups. However, even these protected areas are not immune to exploitation, as they are often targeted for their resources (timber, orchids, etc.) as well as for hunting and bird trapping

Status and conservation

This bird is considered fairly common to locally common and is not deemed threatened by the IUCN. Its habitat is located in many national parks and other protected areas which help preserve the environment.

Regions of northeastern Argentina (2%), eastern Paraguay (6%), and eastern Brazil (92%) are part of the Atlantic Forest of South America, which is one of the world's essential biodiversity strongholds.  Within this forest, many nature conservation areas are home to the white-headed marsh tyrant, thereby protecting both the bird and its habitat. The following nature reserves house the tyrant: Tapyta Private Nature Reserve, Ypeti Nature Reserve, and Mbaracayú Binational.

References

1. BirdLife International (2016). "Arundinicola leucocephala". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22700291A93767511. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22700291A93767511.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
2. ^ Ewing, Nikita (2017). "Arundinicola leucocephala (White-headed Marsh Tyrant)" (PDF). The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
3. ^ Hoyo, del Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Christie, David (2004). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 9. Cotingas to Pipits and Wagtails. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 84-87334-69-5.
4. ^ "White-headed Marsh-tyrant (Arundinicola leucocephala) - BirdLife species factsheet". datazone.birdlife.org. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
5. Acosta, Martín; Mugica, Lourdes; Blanco, Daniel; López-Lanús, Bernabé; Dias, Rafael Antunes; Doodnath, Lester W.; Hurtado, Joanna (2010). "Birds of Rice Fields in the Americas". Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology. 33: 105–122. ISSN 1524-4695. JSTOR 40891070.
6. ^ Farnsworth, Andrew; Langham, Gary (4 March 2020). "White-headed Marsh Tyrant". Birds of the World. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
7. Remsen, J.V; Robinson, Jr.; Robinson, Scott K. (1990). "A classification scheme for foraging behavior of birds in terrestrial habitats" (PDF). Studies in Avian Biology (13): 144–160.
8. ^ Gabriel, Vagner de A.; Pizo, Marco A. (December 2005). "Foraging behavior of tyrant flycatchers (Aves, Tyrannidae) in Brazil". Revista Brasileira de Zoologia. 22 (4): 1072–1077. doi:10.1590/S0101-81752005000400036. hdl:11449/21133. ISSN 0101-8175.
9. ^ Bouglouan, Nicole. "White-headed Marsh-Tyrant". Oiseaux-birds.com. Retrieved 7 October 2024.
10. ^ Cestari, César (December 2023). "Sexual Differences in Parental Feeding Effort during the Nestling Period of the White-headed Marsh-tyrant (arundinicola Leucocephala)". Ornitologia Neotropical. 23 (2).
11. Lamm, Donald W. (1948). "Notes on the Birds of the States of Pernambuco and Paraiba, Brazil". The Auk. 65 (2): 261–283. doi:10.2307/4080302. ISSN 0004-8038. JSTOR 4080302.
12. Riker, Clarence B.; Chapman, Frank M. (1890). "A List of Birds Observed at Santarem, Brazil (Continued)". The Auk. 7 (3): 265–271. doi:10.2307/4067986. ISSN 0004-8038. JSTOR 4067986.
13. ^ Cruz, Alexander; Andrews, Robert W. (1989). "Observations on the Breeding Biology of Passerines in a Seasonally Flooded Savanna in Venezuela". The Wilson Bulletin. 101 (1): 62–76. ISSN 0043-5643. JSTOR 4162688.
14. ^ "White-headed Marsh-tyrant". IUCN RedList. 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
15. ^ Hoffmann, Diego; Fabres, Brener; de Araújo-Hoffmann, Francielle Paulina (July 2024). "Angry birds: Mate aggression in Arundinicola leucocephala males triggered by potential invaders". Ecology. 105 (7). doi:10.1002/ecy.4332. ISSN 0012-9658.
16. Mason, Paul (1 January 1986). "Brood Parasitism in a Host Generalist, the Shiny Cowbird: 1. The Quality of Different Species as Hosts". The Auk. 103 (1): 52–60 – via American Ornithological Society.
17. Friedmann, Herbert; Kiff, Lloyd F.; Rothstein, Stephen I. (1977). "Further Contribution to Knowledge of the Host Relations of the Parasitic Cowbirds" (PDF). Smithsonian Institution Press. 235: 54 – via GovInfo.
18. Haverschmidt, F (1 July 1965). "Molothrus bonariensis Parasitizing Fluvicola pica and Arundinicola leucocephala in Surinam". The Auk. 82 (3): 508–509 – via American Ornithological Society.
19. Parker, Theodore A.; Goerck, Jaqueline M. (1997). "The Importance of National Parks and Biological Reserves to Bird Conservation in the Atlantic Forest Region of Brazil". Ornithological Monographs (48): 527–541. doi:10.2307/40157550. ISSN 0078-6594. JSTOR 40157550.
20. "State of the Atlantic Forest: Three countries, 148 million people, one of the richest forests on Earth" (PDF). Fundación Vida Silvestre Argentina & WWF. Puerto Iguazú, Argentina.: Technical Report: 146. 2017.
21. Esquivel, Alberto; Zarza, Rebecca; Tiffer-Sotomayor, Ruth; Diaz, Alejandrino; Perez, Dario; Velazquez, Myriam (2019). "Conservation Status and Challenges of the Atlantic Forest Birds of Paraguay". Diversity. 11 (12). ProQuest 2548368890 – via ProQuest.

External links

• Arundinicola leucocephala songs on Xeno-canto
• White-headed marsh tyrants images - Wikimedia Commons
• White-headed Marsh Tyrant - Birds of the World
• White-headed Marsh Tyrant images from the Macaulay Library and Cornell Lab of Ornithology
• BirdLife species factsheet White-headed Marsh-tyrant
• White-headed Marsh-Tyrant - Avibase - The World Bird Database

v t e Genera of passerines and their extinct allies
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Clade: Psittacopasseres Order: Passeriformes
Passeriformes incertae sedis †Corvitalusoides †Jamna †Winnicavis †Yunnanus Acanthisitti Acanthisittidae Acanthisitta †Dendroscansor †Kuiornis †Pachyplichas †Traversia Xenicus Eupasseres Tyranni †Crosnoornis †Wieslochia Eurylaimides Calyptomenidae Calyptomena Smithornis Eurylaimidae Corydon Cymbirhynchus Eurylaimus Psarisomus Pseudocalyptomena Sarcophanops Serilophus Philepittidae Neodrepanis Philepitta Pittidae Erythropitta Hydrornis Pitta Sapayoidae Sapayoa Tyrannides See below ↓ Passeri See below ↓
Tyrannides Conopophagidae Cephalopterus Conopophaga Pittasoma Cotingidae Ampelioides Ampelion Carpodectes Carpornis Conioptilon Cotinga Doliornis Gymnoderus Haematoderus Lipaugus Querula Perissocephalus Phibalura Phoenicircus Phytotoma Pipreola Porphyrolaema Procnias Pyroderus Rupicola Snowornis Xipholena Zaratornis Formicariidae Chamaeza Formicarius Furnariidae Berlepschia †Pseudoseisuropsis Sclerurinae Geositta Sclerurus Dendrocolaptinae Dendrocolaptini Campylorhamphus Dendrexetastes Dendrocolaptes Dendroplex Drymornis Drymotoxeres Glyphorynchus Hylexetastes Lepidocolaptes Nasica Xiphocolaptes Xiphorhynchus Sittasomini Certhiasomus Dendrocincla Deconychura Sittasomus Furnariinae Xenops Pygarrhichini Microxenops Ochetorhynchus Pygarrhichas Furnariini Cinclodes Furnarius Geocerthia Limnornis Lochmias Phleocryptes Premnornis Pseudocolaptes Tarphonomus Upucerthia Philydorini Anabacerthia Anabazenops Ancistrops Automolus Cichlocolaptes Clibanornis Dendroma Heliobletus Megaxenops Philydor Syndactyla Thripadectes Synallaxini Acrobatornis Anumbius Aphrastura Asthenes Certhiaxis Coryphistera Cranioleuca Hellmayrea Leptasthenura Limnoctites Margarornis Mazaria Metopothrix Phacellodomus Premnoplex Pseudasthenes Pseudoseisura Roraimia Schoeniophylax Siptornis Spartonoica Sylviorthorhynchus Synallaxis Thripophaga Xenerpestes Grallariidae Cryptopezus Grallaria Grallaricula Hylopezus Myrmothera Melanopareiidae Melanopareia Pipridae Ceratopipra Chiroxiphia Chloropipo Corapipo Cryptopipo Heterocercus Ilicura Lepidothrix Machaeropterus Manacus Masius Neopelma Pipra Pseudopipra Tyranneutes Xenopipo Rhinocryptidae Acropternis Eleoscytalopus Eugralla Liosceles Merulaxis Myornis Psilorhamphus Pteroptochos Rhinocrypta Scelorchilus Scytalopus Teledromas Thamnophilidae Euchrepomidinae Euchrepomis Myrmornithinae Myrmornis Pygiptila Thamnistes Thamnophilinae Formicivorini Formicivora Myrmochanes Myrmotherula Terenura Microrhopiini Ammonastes Aprositornis Clytoctantes Epinecrophylla Microrhopias Myrmophylax Myrmorchilus Neoctantes Pithyini Cercomacra Cercomacroides Drymophila Gymnopithys Hypocnemis Oneillornis Phaenostictus Phlegopsis Pithys Rhegmatorhina Sciaphylax Willisornis Pyriglenini Akletos Ampelornis Gymnocichla Hafferia Hylophylax Hypocnemoides Myrmeciza Myrmelastes Myrmoborus Myrmoderus Percnostola Poliocrania Pyriglena Rhopornis Sclateria Sipia Thamnophilini Batara Biatas Cymbilaimus Dichrozona Dysithamnus Frederickena Herpsilochmus Hypoedaleus Isleria Mackenziaena Megastictus Radinopsyche Rhopias Sakesphoroides Sakesphorus Taraba Thamnomanes Thamnophilus Xenornis Tityridae Iodopleura Laniisoma Laniocera Myiobius Onychorhynchus Oxyruncus Pachyramphus Schiffornis Terenotriccus Tityra Xenopsaris Tyrannidae Agriornis Alectrurus Anairetes Aphanotriccus Arundinicola Atalotriccus Attila Calyptura Camptostoma Capsiempis Casiornis Cnemarchus Cnemotriccus Cnipodectes Colonia Colorhamphus Conopias Contopus Corythopis Culicivora Elaenia Empidonax Empidonomus Euscarthmus Fluvicola Griseotyrannus Gubernetes Guyramemua Hemitriccus Heteroxolmis Hirundinea Hymenops Inezia Knipolegus Lathrotriccus Legatus Lessonia Leptopogon Lophotriccus Machetornis Mecocerculus Megarynchus Mionectes Mitrephanes Muscigralla Muscipipra Muscisaxicola Myiarchus Myiodynastes Myiopagis Myiophobus Myiornis Myiotheretes Myiotriccus Myiozetetes Nengetus Neopipo Neoxolmis Nephelomyias Nesotriccus Ochthoeca Ochthornis Oncostoma Ornithion Phelpsia Philohydor Phyllomyias Phylloscartes Piprites Pitangus Platyrinchus Poecilotriccus Pogonotriccus Polystictus Pseudelaenia Pseudocolopteryx Pseudotriccus Pyrocephalus Pyrope Pyrrhomyias Ramphotrigon Rhynchocyclus Rhytipterna Satrapa Sayornis Serpophaga Silvicultrix Sirystes Stigmatura Sublegatus Suiriri Syrtidicola Tachuris Taeniotriccus Todirostrum Tolmomyias Tumbezia Tyrannopsis Tyrannulus Tyrannus Uromyias Xenotriccus Xolmis Zimmerius
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• IUCN Red List least concern species
• Tyrannidae
• Birds of Colombia
• Birds of Venezuela
• Birds of the Guiana Shield
• Birds of Trinidad and Tobago
• Birds of the Amazon rainforest
• Birds of Paraguay
• Birds of Bolivia
• Birds of the Pantanal
• Birds of South America
• Birds described in 1764
• Birds of Brazil
• Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus