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Willis D. Crittenberger

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United States Army general

Willis D. Crittenberger
Nickname(s)"Crit"
Born(1890-12-02)December 2, 1890
Baltimore, Maryland, United States
DiedAugust 4, 1980(1980-08-04) (aged 89)
Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States
BuriedArlington National Cemetery, Arlington, United States
AllegianceUnited States
Service / branchUnited States Army
Years of service1913–1952
RankLieutenant General
Service number0-3548
UnitCavalry Branch
CommandsFirst Army
Caribbean Command
Caribbean Defense Command
IV Corps
XIX Corps
III Armored Corps
2nd Armored Division
2nd Armored Brigade
Battles / warsWorld War I
World War II
AwardsArmy Distinguished Service Medal (2)
Bronze Star Medal (3)
Officer of the Legion of Honor (France)
Croix de Guerre (France)
Order of Abdon Calderón (Ecuador)
Orden de Merito Militar (Peru)

Lieutenant General Willis Dale Crittenberger (December 2, 1890 – August 4, 1980) was a senior officer of the United States Army. He was a career soldier who served with distinction during the Italian campaign of World War II

Early life and military career

At West Point in 1913

Crittenberger was born in Baltimore, Maryland on December 2, 1890. After growing up in Anderson, Indiana, he was appointed to the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point, New York, in 1909, graduating four years later on June 12, 1913, with the West Point class of 1913, two years ahead of fellow cadet, friend and infantry officer, Dwight D. Eisenhower. Crittenberger was then commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Cavalry Branch of the United States Army and his first posting was with the 3rd Cavalry Regiment, then stationed at Fort Hood, Texas. Among his classmates were Geoffrey Keyes, Henry Balding Lewis, Paul Newgarden, Richard U. Nicholas, Charles H. Corlett, William A. McCullogh, Douglass T. Greene, Robert M. Perkins, Louis A. Craig, Carlos Brewer, William R. Schmidt, Alexander Patch, Robert L. Spragins, Francis K. Newcomer, Henry B. Cheadle, Lunsford E. Oliver and William L. Roberts—all of whom became general officers.

Between the wars

Unable to see service overseas in World War I, where he remained in the United States training recruits, Crittenberger's advanced military education included the United States Army Cavalry School at Fort Riley, Kansas, in 1924, the United States Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas in 1925 and the United States Army War College at Washington Barracks in Washington, D.C., in 1930. After assignments to Fort Knox, Kentucky, the 1st Cavalry Regiment (Mechanized)'s new home in 1934, he served on staff positions to the Chief of Cavalry in Washington and, towards the end of the interwar period, realizing that the cavalry's role in any future conflict would be limited (as World War I and trench warfare had proved), becoming increasingly interested in armored warfare, and became chief of staff for the 1st Armored Division. On August 1, 1935, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and, on June 17, 1941, to the temporary rank of colonel.

World War II

With the onset of the United States entry into World War II, Crittenberger, with the rank of brigadier general (having been promoted on July 10, 1941), was commanding the 2nd Armored Brigade of the 2nd Armored Division, under Major General George S. Patton. In February 1942, two months after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, and the German declaration of war on the United States four days later, Crittenberger was promoted to the temporary rank of major general on February 16 and assumed command of the division while Patton was sent to command the I Armored Corps. His permanent rank was upgraded from lieutenant colonel to colonel on July 1, and, in August, after relinquishing command of the 2nd Armored Division to Major General Ernest N. Harmon, Crittenberger organized, trained and commanded the III Armored Corps, then composed of the 7th and 11th Armored Divisions, at Camp Polk, Louisiana. Redesignated as XIX Corps in October 1943, Crittenberger brought XIX Corps to England in January 1944.

On the left, Major General Willis D. Crittenberger and, on the right, General George C. Marshall, the U.S. Army Chief of Staff, at Fort Benning, Georgia, June 1942

In early 1944, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Supreme Allied Commander for the impending Allied invasion of Normandy, initially selected Crittenberger as one of three corps commanders for the invasion. The others were Major General Leonard T. Gerow, commanding V Corps, and Major General Roscoe B. Woodruff, commanding VII Corps. All three were well-known and trusted by General Eisenhower. However, Lieutenant General Omar Bradley, whom Eisenhower selected as the First Army commander for the D-Day invasion, replaced Eisenhower's picks, seeking differing temperaments and commanders that had more combat experience. At the same time, Lieutenant General Jacob L. Devers, Commanding General (CG) of the North African Theater of Operations, United States Army (NATOUSA), was seeking a corps commander for the U.S. Fifth Army's IV Corps for the Italian campaign and Crittenberger was chosen. Devers had in fact requested Crittenberger's services and thought highly of him, writing, "I consider Crittenberger to be one of my best commanders."

Crittenberger relinquished command of XIX Corps, briefly, to Major General Woodruff, who soon handed over to Major General Charles H. Corlett, a classmate from the West Point class of 1913, and departed England for the Mediterranean Theater of Operations (MTO), assuming command of IV Corps from Major General Alexander Patch, another West Point classmate, in Italy on March 20, 1944. Held in reserve during the early stages of the Italian campaign, IV Corps replaced the VI Corps, under Major General Lucian Truscott, in the front line after the liberation of the Italian capital of Rome in early June. Crittenberger's corps, coming under command of Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark's American Fifth Army (which, together with the British Eighth Army, formed part of the Allied Armies in Italy/AAI, later redesignated as the 15th Army Group, commanded by British General Sir Harold Alexander) later fought on through the Gothic Line, in some of the toughest and most difficult fighting of the Italian campaign.

Chaplain Paul J. Maddox conducting Easter sunrise services for men of IV Corps, Castelluccia, Italy, April 1, 1945. In front is the commander of IV Corps, Major General Willis D. Crittenberger.

Having the 1st Brazilian Infantry and the 6th South African Armoured Divisions in its ranks, in addition to the United States 1st Armored, the 92nd Infantry and the 10th Mountain Divisions, Crittenberger's IV Corps were in combat for over 390 days, 326 of them engaged in continuous combat. Crittenberger commanded IV Corps, still part of the Fifth Army, now commanded by Lieutenant General Lucian Truscott (like Crittenberger, a cavalryman whom Crittenberger had taught while he was an instructor at the U.S. Army Cavalry School), after Lieutenant General Clark was promoted to the command of 15th Army Group, as the western arm of the Allied thrust through northern Italy (codenamed Operation Grapeshot) to the Po River, capturing large numbers of German troops, and which ultimately ended with the surrender of the remaining German forces in Italy on May 2, 1945. The end of World War II in Europe came soon after, as did a promotion for Crittenberger to the temporary rank of lieutenant general on June 3, This was followed by the surrender of Japan on September 2, 1945, almost exactly six years since the war had begun.

During the campaign in Italy Crittenberger, who Eisenhower initially had doubts over, gained the respect of his superiors, such as Clark, Devers, and Truscott, the latter of whom wrote, "He has been outstanding during my entire time with the Fifth Army. He is in my opinion a better corps commander and a better battlefield leader than Geoff ."

Postwar career

Army commanders in the United States and certain overseas commanders meet with Secretary of the Army Frank Pace and General J. Lawton Collins, Army Chief of Staff, in the Pentagon in routine sessions, June 5, 1952. Lieutenant General Willis D. Crittenberger is sat third from the left, between Lieutenant General Edward H. Brooks (left) and General Collins.

In the postwar years Crittenberger, whose permanent rank was advanced from colonel to brigadier general on June 23, 1946, commanded the Caribbean Defense Command, including the Panama Canal Zone, then in 1947, became first commander-in-chief of United States Caribbean Command, a regional unified theater command and predecessor to today's United States Southern Command. January 24, 1948, saw his permanent rank promoted to major general. After a two-year stint as Commanding General of the First Army, at Fort Jay, Governors Island, New York, Crittenberger concluded his active duty military career in December 1952, leaving New York City with a ticker tape parade up Broadway.

Civilian career

In retirement, Crittenberger advised President Dwight D. Eisenhower on national security matters. Crittenberger served as president of the United States Military Academy Association of Graduates from 1955 to 1958 and president of the Greater New York Fund.

Crittenberger was Chairman of the Free Europe Committee for three years, from 1956 to 1959.

Family

The grave of Lieutenant General Willis Dale Crittenberger at Arlington National Cemetery

Crittenberger married Josephine Frost Woodhull (1894–1978) on June 23, 1918. Two of his three sons served in the United States Armed Forces and died in combat. Corporal Townsend Woodhull Crittenberger (born May 13, 1925) was killed in action during the Rhine River crossing on March 25, 1945, during the final days of World War II, aged just 19. Colonel Dale Jackson Crittenberger (USMA 1950) (born May 27, 1927) commanding the 3rd Brigade of the 9th Infantry Division during the Vietnam War was killed in a mid-air collision on September 17, 1969, while directing combat operations, aged 42. Dale served as a White House military aide to President Eisenhower in 1959 and as a newly promoted major received his new badge of rank from his father's old friend, the President.

A third son, Willis D. Crittenberger Jr. (USMA 1942) also served in the United States Army in World War II with the 10th Armored Division, rising from lieutenant to lieutenant colonel during the war, retiring as a major general. He later was a spokesman for the Daughters of the American Revolution.

Lieutenant General Willis Dale Crittenberger died in Chevy Chase, Maryland, on August 4, 1980, at the age of 89. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia with his wife and sons, Townsend and Dale.

Decorations

Bronze oak leaf cluster Army Distinguished Service Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster
Bronze oak leaf clusterBronze oak leaf cluster Bronze Star Medal with two Oak Leaf Clusters
Mexican Border Service Medal
World War I Victory Medal
American Defense Service Medal
American Campaign Medal
Bronze starBronze starBronze starBronze star European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with four Service Stars
World War II Victory Medal
National Defense Service Medal
Officer of the Legion of Honor (France)
Croix de Guerre (France)
Order of Abdon Calderón (Ecuador)
Orden de Merito Militar (Peru)

Books

  • The final campaign across Italy; 1952 – His memoirs as commander of US Army IV Corps ISBN 85-7011-219-X
  • Some thoughts on civil defense; 1954 4pgs Essay
  • Debrief report; 1967 Dept. of the Army – Headquarters, II Field Force Vietnam Artillery 21pgs report

References

  1. ^ Taaffe 2013, p. 123.
  2. ^ "Obituary: General Willis D. Crittenberger; A Leader of Allied Forces in Italy", The New York Times, New York, p. M11, August 7, 1980, retrieved March 9, 2008
  3. ^ "People (Crittenberger retirement)", Time, New York, December 29, 1952, archived from the original on October 23, 2012, retrieved March 9, 2008
  4. ^ "VOLUME_7_Cullum 986".
  5. ^ "Biography of Lieutenant General Willis Dale Crittenberger (1890−1980), USA". generals.dk.
  6. D'Este, Carlo= (2002), Eisenhower: A Soldier's Life, New York: Henry Holt, ISBN 978-0-8050-5686-0, retrieved October 3, 2007
  7. ^ Taaffe 2013, p. 124.
  8. Taaffe 2013, p. 131.
  9. ^ Taaffe 2013, p. 334.
  10. Johanna Granville, "Caught With Jam on Our Fingers”: Radio Free Europe and the Hungarian Revolution in 1956,” Diplomatic History, vol. 29, no. 5 (2005): pp. 811–839.
  11. Granville, Johanna (2004), The First Domino: International Decision Making During the Hungarian Crisis of 1956, Texas A & M University Press, College Station, Texas, ISBN 1-58544-298-4

Further reading

External links

Military offices
Preceded byGeorge S. Patton Commanding General 2nd Armored Division
February–July 1942 		Succeeded byErnest N. Harmon
Preceded byNewly activated organization Commanding General III Armored Corps
1942–1943 		Post redesignated XIX Corps
Preceded byNewly activated organization Commanding General XIX Corps
1943–1944 		Succeeded byRoscoe B. Woodruff
Preceded byAlexander Patch Commanding General IV Corps
1944–1945 		Post deactivated
Preceded byRoscoe B. Woodruff Commanding General First Army
1950–1952 		Succeeded byWithers A. Burress
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