The Wyoming Rule is a proposal to increase the size of the United States House of Representatives so that the standard representative-to-population ratio would be that of the smallest state, which is currently Wyoming. Under Article One of the United States Constitution, each state is guaranteed at least one representative. If the disparity between the population of the most and least populous states continues to grow, the disproportionality of the U.S. House of Representatives will continue to increase unless the body, whose size has been fixed at 435 since 1929 (except for a brief period from 1959 to 1963), is expanded.
A total of 543 seats would have been required to implement the Wyoming Rule based on the 2010 United States census results. However, the decade leading up to the 2020 United States census saw Wyoming's population increase at a lower rate than that of the rest of the United States; as a result, the required House size to implement the Wyoming Rule will increase to 574. Under the Wyoming Rule, California would gain the most seats with seventeen more members than it will have after the next reapportionment.
Legal and constitutional basis for the current House of Representatives size
The current size of the House was set by the Reapportionment Act of 1929. This law would need to be repealed and replaced in order to change the number of congressional members, which would require a majority of both houses of Congress to approve it. From a constitutional standpoint, the only restriction on House size is that there can be at most one representative per thirty thousand people, which limits the maximum size of Congress to roughly 11,000 representatives.
Under the 2020 U.S. census
The chart set out below identifies the number of House seats that would be given to the respective states if the Wyoming Rule were to be implemented using the population numbers from the 2020 United States census.
South Dakota with its two seats and an average of 443,885 people per seat would have the most seats per capita. North Dakota's lone seat (779,702 people per seat) would have the fewest seats per capita. This gives a ratio of 1 to 1.75654 between greatest and smallest number of persons per seat. By comparison, it will be 1 to 1.82574 for the lone seat of Delaware (990,837 per seat) and Montana's two seats (542,704 per seat).
States with only one seat which fall short of getting an extra seat in the House include North Dakota, Alaska, and Vermont (and by definition, Wyoming). On the other hand, states with only one seat which manage to secure an extra seat include Delaware and South Dakota.
| State | Seats apportioned | Pop. per seat | Seat change | Percentage gain | Electoral votes (excluding D.C.) |
Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Actual (2023) | Wyoming Rule | ||||||
| Alabama | 7 | 9 | 558,895 | +2 | 29% | 11 | |
| Alaska | 1 | 1 | 736,081 | 0 | 0% | 3 | |
| Arizona | 9 | 12 | 596,577 | +3 | 33% | 14 | |
| Arkansas | 4 | 5 | 602,751 | +1 | 25% | 7 | |
| California | 52 | 69 | 573,576 | +17 | 33% | 71 | Largest gain in seats. |
| Colorado | 8 | 10 | 578,217 | +2 | 25% | 12 | |
| Connecticut | 5 | 6 | 601,383 | +1 | 20% | 8 | |
| Delaware | 1 | 2 | 495,419 | +1 | 100% | 4 | Tied for largest proportionate increase. |
| Florida | 28 | 37 | 582,987 | +9 | 32% | 39 | |
| Georgia | 14 | 19 | 564,488 | +5 | 36% | 21 | |
| Hawaii | 2 | 3 | 486,712 | +1 | 50% | 5 | |
| Idaho | 2 | 3 | 613,792 | +1 | 50% | 5 | |
| Illinois | 17 | 22 | 582,852 | +5 | 29% | 24 | |
| Indiana | 9 | 12 | 565,857 | +3 | 33% | 14 | |
| Iowa | 4 | 6 | 532,068 | +2 | 50% | 8 | |
| Kansas | 4 | 5 | 588,173 | +1 | 25% | 7 | |
| Kentucky | 6 | 8 | 563,668 | +2 | 33% | 10 | |
| Louisiana | 6 | 8 | 582,684 | +2 | 33% | 10 | |
| Maine | 2 | 2 | 681,791 | 0 | 0% | 4 | |
| Maryland | 8 | 11 | 562,298 | +3 | 38% | 13 | |
| Massachusetts | 9 | 12 | 586,122 | +3 | 33% | 14 | |
| Michigan | 13 | 18 | 560,247 | +5 | 39% | 20 | |
| Minnesota | 8 | 10 | 570,975 | +2 | 25% | 12 | |
| Mississippi | 4 | 5 | 592,783 | +1 | 25% | 7 | |
| Missouri | 8 | 11 | 560,026 | +3 | 38% | 13 | |
| Montana | 2 | 2 | 542,704 | 0 | 0% | 4 | |
| Nebraska | 3 | 3 | 654,444 | 0 | 0% | 5 | Largest state to not gain an extra seat. |
| Nevada | 4 | 5 | 621,692 | +1 | 25% | 7 | |
| New Hampshire | 2 | 2 | 689,545 | 0 | 0% | 4 | |
| New Jersey | 12 | 16 | 580,906 | +4 | 33% | 18 | |
| New Mexico | 3 | 4 | 530,055 | +1 | 33% | 6 | |
| New York | 26 | 35 | 577,593 | +9 | 35% | 37 | |
| North Carolina | 14 | 18 | 580,775 | +4 | 29% | 20 | |
| North Dakota | 1 | 1 | 779,702 | 0 | 0% | 3 | Highest population per seat. |
| Ohio | 15 | 20 | 590,442 | +5 | 40% | 22 | |
| Oklahoma | 5 | 7 | 566,217 | +2 | 40% | 9 | |
| Oregon | 6 | 7 | 605,929 | +1 | 17% | 9 | |
| Pennsylvania | 17 | 23 | 565,732 | +6 | 35% | 25 | |
| Rhode Island | 2 | 2 | 549,082 | 0 | 0% | 4 | |
| South Carolina | 7 | 9 | 569,412 | +2 | 29% | 11 | |
| South Dakota | 1 | 2 | 443,885 | +1 | 100% | 4 | Lowest population per seat. Smallest state to gain a seat. Tied for largest proportionate increase. |
| Tennessee | 9 | 12 | 576,408 | +3 | 33% | 14 | |
| Texas | 38 | 51 | 572,221 | +13 | 34% | 53 | |
| Utah | 4 | 6 | 545,875 | +2 | 50% | 8 | |
| Vermont | 1 | 1 | 643,503 | 0 | 0% | 3 | |
| Virginia | 11 | 15 | 576,970 | +4 | 36% | 17 | |
| Washington | 10 | 13 | 593,534 | +3 | 30% | 15 | |
| West Virginia | 2 | 3 | 598,348 | +1 | 50% | 5 | |
| Wisconsin | 8 | 10 | 589,747 | +2 | 25% | 12 | |
| Wyoming | 1 | 1 | 577,719 | 0 | 0% | 3 | |
| Total | 435 | 574 | +139 | 32% | 674 | 677 total electoral votes including D.C. | |
Historical House sizes
The following table describes how the House of Representatives would have looked historically, had the Wyoming Rule been adopted as part of the Reapportionment Act of 1929, instead of fixing the size at 435 representatives.
| Census, Year | Size | AL | AK | AZ | AR | CA | CO | CT | DE | FL | GA | HI | ID | IL | IN | IA | KS | KY | LA | ME | MD | MA | MI | MN | MS | MO | MT | NE | NV | NH | NJ | NM | NY | NC | ND | OH | OK | OR | PA | RI | SC | SD | TN | TX | UT | VT | VA | WA | WV | WI | WY | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15th, 1930 | 1,418 | 31 | – | 5 | 22 | 66 | 12 | 19 | 3 | 17 | 34 | – | 5 | 88 | 38 | 29 | 22 | 30 | 24 | 9 | 19 | 49 | 56 | 30 | 23 | 42 | 6 | 16 | 1 | 5 | 47 | 5 | 146 | 37 | 8 | 77 | 28 | 11 | 112 | 8 | 20 | 8 | 30 | 67 | 6 | 4 | 28 | 18 | 20 | 34 | 3 | ||||
| 16th, 1940 | 1,191 | 26 | – | 5 | 18 | 63 | 10 | 16 | 2 | 17 | 28 | – | 5 | 72 | 31 | 23 | 16 | 26 | 21 | 8 | 17 | 39 | 48 | 25 | 20 | 34 | 5 | 12 | 1 | 5 | 38 | 5 | 122 | 32 | 6 | 63 | 21 | 10 | 90 | 7 | 17 | 6 | 27 | 58 | 5 | 3 | 24 | 16 | 17 | 29 | 2 | ||||
| 17th, 1950 | 940 | 19 | – | 5 | 12 | 66 | 8 | 13 | 2 | 17 | 22 | – | 4 | 54 | 25 | 16 | 12 | 18 | 17 | 6 | 15 | 29 | 40 | 19 | 14 | 25 | 4 | 8 | 1 | 3 | 30 | 4 | 93 | 25 | 4 | 50 | 14 | 10 | 66 | 5 | 13 | 4 | 21 | 48 | 4 | 2 | 21 | 15 | 13 | 22 | 2 | ||||
| 18th, 1960 | 793 | 14 | 1 | 6 | 8 | 70 | 8 | 11 | 2 | 22 | 17 | 3 | 3 | 45 | 21 | 12 | 10 | 13 | 14 | 4 | 14 | 23 | 35 | 15 | 10 | 19 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 3 | 27 | 4 | 74 | 20 | 3 | 43 | 10 | 8 | 50 | 4 | 11 | 3 | 16 | 42 | 4 | 2 | 18 | 13 | 8 | 18 | 2 | ||||
| 19th, 1970 | 672 | 11 | 1 | 6 | 6 | 66 | 7 | 10 | 2 | 23 | 15 | 3 | 2 | 37 | 17 | 9 | 8 | 11 | 12 | 3 | 13 | 19 | 29 | 13 | 7 | 16 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 24 | 3 | 60 | 17 | 2 | 35 | 9 | 7 | 39 | 3 | 9 | 2 | 13 | 37 | 4 | 2 | 15 | 11 | 6 | 15 | 1 | ||||
| 20th, 1980 | 567 | 10 | 1 | 7 | 6 | 59 | 7 | 8 | 2 | 24 | 14 | 2 | 2 | 29 | 14 | 7 | 6 | 9 | 11 | 3 | 11 | 14 | 23 | 10 | 6 | 12 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 18 | 3 | 44 | 15 | 2 | 27 | 8 | 7 | 30 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 12 | 36 | 4 | 1 | 13 | 10 | 5 | 12 | 1 | ||||
| 21st, 1990 | 549 | 9 | 1 | 8 | 5 | 65 | 7 | 7 | 2 | 29 | 14 | 3 | 2 | 25 | 12 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 3 | 11 | 13 | 21 | 10 | 6 | 11 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 17 | 3 | 40 | 15 | 1 | 24 | 7 | 6 | 26 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 11 | 37 | 4 | 1 | 14 | 11 | 4 | 11 | 1 | ||||
| 22nd, 2000 | 571 | 9 | 1 | 10 | 5 | 69 | 9 | 7 | 2 | 32 | 17 | 3 | 3 | 25 | 12 | 6 | 5 | 8 | 9 | 3 | 11 | 13 | 20 | 10 | 6 | 11 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 17 | 4 | 38 | 16 | 1 | 23 | 7 | 7 | 25 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 12 | 42 | 5 | 1 | 14 | 12 | 4 | 11 | 1 | ||||
| 23rd, 2010 | 543 | 9 | 1 | 11 | 5 | 66 | 9 | 6 | 2 | 33 | 17 | 2 | 3 | 23 | 11 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 8 | 2 | 10 | 12 | 17 | 9 | 5 | 11 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 16 | 4 | 34 | 17 | 1 | 20 | 7 | 7 | 22 | 2 | 8 | 1 | 11 | 45 | 5 | 1 | 14 | 12 | 3 | 10 | 1 | ||||
| 24th, 2020 | 574 | 9 | 1 | 12 | 5 | 69 | 10 | 6 | 2 | 37 | 19 | 3 | 3 | 22 | 12 | 6 | 5 | 8 | 8 | 2 | 11 | 12 | 18 | 10 | 5 | 11 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 16 | 4 | 35 | 18 | 1 | 20 | 7 | 7 | 23 | 2 | 9 | 2 | 12 | 51 | 6 | 1 | 15 | 13 | 3 | 10 | 1 | ||||
| Census, Year | Size | AL | AK | AZ | AR | CA | CO | CT | DE | FL | GA | HI | ID | IL | IN | IA | KS | KY | LA | ME | MD | MA | MI | MN | MS | MO | MT | NE | NV | NH | NJ | NM | NY | NC | ND | OH | OK | OR | PA | RI | SC | SD | TN | TX | UT | VT | VA | WA | WV | WI | WY |
The smallest state in each census since 1930 were:
- Nevada (censuses 1930–1950)
- Alaska (censuses 1960–1980)
- Wyoming (censuses 1990–2020)
Possible effects
While expanding the House would reduce the average disparity in district size, it would not necessarily reduce the disparity between the smallest and largest districts. After the 1990 United States census and with a House size of 435, the largest district (Montana) had 803,655 residents, 76.3% larger than the smallest district (Wyoming) with 455,975 residents. The Wyoming Rule would have given a House size of 549 in 1990 if the former method of seat apportionment had been used. With that size, the largest district (North Dakota) would have had 641,364 residents, 91.8% larger than the smallest districts (Delaware's two districts) at 334,348 residents each, due to Delaware having enough population to be split in two but North Dakota falling just on the other side of the threshold.
See also
- Apportionment
- Congressional Apportionment Amendment
- List of proposed amendments to the United States Constitution
- List of U.S. states and territories by population
References
- Taylor, Steven L. (December 14, 2010). "Representation in the House: The Wyoming Rule". Outside the Beltway.
- Shugart, Matthew Søberg (July 1, 2014). "Economix: Expand the US House". Fruits and Votes.
- "Increase the size of the House via the 'Wyoming Rule'". January 25, 2005.
- Kirk, Alexander (2020). The Electoral College: Size Really Does Matter (BS thesis). University of Richmond.