 Crash site | |
| Mission type | Test flight |
|---|---|
| Mission duration | 10 minutes, 35 seconds |
| Apogee | 81 kilometres (266,000 ft) |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Spacecraft | X-15 56-6672 |
| Crew | |
| Crew size | 1 |
| Members | Michael J. Adams |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | 15 November 1967, 18:30:07 (1967-11-15UTC18:30:07Z) UTC |
| Launch site | Balls 8, Edwards Dropped over Delamar Dry Lake |
| End of mission | |
| Destroyed | 15 November 1967, 18:40:42 (1967-11-15UTC18:40:43Z) UTC Broke up over Randsburg, California 35°25′10.68″N 117°36′2.00″W / 35.4196333°N 117.6005556°W / 35.4196333; -117.6005556 |
X-15 Flight 3-65-97, also known as X-15 Flight 191 (being the 191st free flight of the X-15), was a sub-orbital spaceflight of the North American X-15 experimental spaceplane, carrying seven experiments to a peak altitude of 266,000 feet (50.4 mi; 81 km; 43.8 nmi), above NASA's definition of the start of space at 50 miles (80 km) but below the Kármán line definition at 62 miles (100 km). The flight, on November 15, 1967, ended when the aircraft broke apart minutes after launch due to technical difficulties, killing the pilot Michael J. Adams and destroying the aircraft.
Mission overview
Adams's seventh X-15 flight took place on November 15, 1967, in the number three aircraft. At 10:30 in the morning on November 15, the X-15-3 was released from the wing of NB-52B mothership at 14,000 m (45,000 ft) over Delamar Dry Lake.
Experiments and tests on this flight to 266,000 feet were:
- Boost guidance experiment
- Solar spectrum measurement
- Ultraviolet plume detection
- Micrometeorites collection
- Wingtip pod deflection photography
- Test of Saturn V booster insulation on X-15 reentry
- Test of traversing probe in a wingtip experiment pod
While in powered flight, an electrical disturbance distracted Adams and slightly degraded the control of the aircraft; having adequate backup controls, Adams continued. At 10:33, he reached a peak altitude of 81,000 m (266,000 ft). In the NASA 1 control room, mission controller Pete Knight monitored the mission with a team of engineers.
As the X-15 climbed, Adams began a planned wing-rocking (rolling) maneuver so an on-board camera could scan the horizon. At the conclusion of the wing-rocking portion of the climb, the X-15 had begun a slow drift in heading; 40 seconds later, when the aircraft had reached its maximum altitude, it was off heading by 15 degrees to the left. As Adams came over the top, the drift briefly halted as the aircraft's nose yawed 15 degrees back to the correct attitude. Then the drift to the left began again; within 30 seconds, Adams's descending flight path was at right angles to the attitude of the aircraft. At 70,000 m (230,000 ft), while descending into the rapidly increasing density of the atmosphere, the X-15 entered a Mach 5 (5,300 km/h) spin.
In the NASA 1 control room, there was no way to monitor the heading of the aircraft, so the situation was unknown to the engineers monitoring the flight. Normal conversation continued between Knight and Adams, with Knight advising Adams that he was "a little bit high", but in "real good shape". Adams radioed that the aircraft " squirrelly", and moments later repeatedly told Knight that he had entered a spin. The ground controllers sought to get the X-15 straightened out, but there was no recommended spin recovery technique for the X-15, and engineers knew nothing about the aircraft's supersonic spin tendencies. The chase pilots, realizing that the X-15 would never make Rogers Dry Lake, headed for the emergency lakes, Ballarat and Cuddeback, in case Adams attempted an emergency landing.
Adams held the X-15's controls against the spin, using both the flight controls and the reaction control jets in the nose and wings. He managed to recover from the spin at 36,000 m (118,000 ft) and went into an inverted Mach 4.7 (5,300 km/h) dive at an angle between 40 and 45 degrees. In theory, Adams was in a good position to roll upright, pull out of the dive and set up a landing. However, due to high gain in the adaptive control system, the X-15 went into limit-cycle oscillations with rapid pitching motion of increasing severity, still in a dive at 49,000 m (160,000 ft) per minute. As the X-15 neared 20,000 m (65,000 ft), it was diving at Mach 3.93 (4,200 km/h; 2,600 mph) and experiencing more than 15 g0 (150 m/s) vertically, and 8 g0 (78 m/s) laterally.
The aircraft broke up northeast of the small Californian settlement of Johannesburg 10 minutes and 35 seconds after launch. An Air Force pilot, who was filling in for another chase pilot, spotted the main wreckage northwest of Cuddeback Lake. The aircraft was destroyed, and Adams died.
Investigation
NASA and the Air Force convened an accident board. Chaired by NASA's Donald R. Bellman, the board took two months to prepare its report. Ground parties scoured the countryside looking for wreckage, specifically the film from the cockpit camera. The weekend after the accident, an unofficial NASA Flight Research Center (FRC) search party found the camera, but could not find the film cartridge. FRC engineer Victor W. Horton organized a search and on November 29, during the first pass over the area, Willard E. Dives found the cassette.
The accident board found that the cockpit instrumentation had been functioning properly, and concluded that Adams had lost control of the X-15 as a result of a combination of distraction, misinterpretation of his instrumentation display, and possible vertigo. The electrical disturbance early in the flight degraded the overall effectiveness of the aircraft's control system and further added to pilot workload.
The board made two major recommendations: install a telemetered heading indicator in the control room, visible to the flight controller; and medically screen X-15 pilot candidates for labyrinth (vertigo) sensitivity. As a result of the X-15's crash, the FRC added a ground-based "8 ball" attitude indicator in the control room to furnish mission controllers with real time pitch, roll, yaw, heading, angle of attack, and side-slip information.
Memorials
Adams was awarded astronaut wings posthumously. His name appears on the Space Mirror Memorial.
References
This article incorporates public domain material from X-15 - Biography: Michael Adams. National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Citations
- ^ Thompson 1992, p. 352.
- Thompson 1992, p. 252.
- ^ Thompson 1992, p. 263.
- Thompson 1992, p. 252–264.
- "Who We Honor". Astronauts Memorial Foundation. Michael J. Adams. Retrieved 2023-04-03.
Bibliography
- Dennehy, Cornelius J; Orr, Jeb S; Barshi, Immanuel; Statler, Irving C (October 2014). A Comprehensive Analysis of the X-15 Flight 3-65 Accident (PDF). Langley Research Center. Hampton, Virginia: NASA. NASA/TM-2014-218538.
- Godwin, Robert, ed. (2000). X-15: The NASA Mission Reports. Apogee Books. ISBN 9781896522654. OCLC 829406542. with accompanying CD
- Jenkins, Dennis R (June 2000). Hypersonics Before the Shuttle: A Concise History of the X-15 Research Airplane (PDF). Monographs in Aerospace History No. 18. NASA. SP-2000-4518.
- Stillwell, Wendell H (1965). X-15 Research Results with a Selected Bibliography (PDF). Scientific and Technical Information Division. Washington, D.C: NASA. SP-60.
- Thompson, Milton O. (1992). At the Edge of Space: The X-15 Flight Program. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1-56098-107-5. OCLC 24010699.
External links
| North American X-15 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Operators |  | |
| Manufacturer | ||
| Pilots | ||
| Flights |
| |
| Related | ||
| Aviation accidents and incidents in 1967 (1967) | |
|---|---|
| Jan 14 Aeroflot Flight 5003Feb 16 Garuda Indonesian Airways Flight 708Feb 28 Philippine Air Lines Flight 345Mar 5 Lake Central Airlines Flight 527Mar 5 Varig Flight 837Mar 9 TWA Flight 553Mar 10 West Coast Airlines Flight 720Mar 13 South African Airways Flight 406Mar 30 Delta Air Lines Flight 9877Apr 11 Air Algérie DC-4 crashApr 20 Nicosia Globe Air Bristol Britannia crashJun 3 Air Ferry DC-4 accidentJun 4 Stockport air disasterJun 23 Mohawk Airlines Flight 40Jun 30 Thai Airways International Flight 601Jul 6 Philippine Air Lines Flight 385Jul 19 Piedmont Airlines Flight 22Aug 27 Lake Erie skydiving disasterSep 5 ČSA Flight 523Oct 12 Cyprus Airways Flight 284Nov 4 Iberia Flight 062Nov 6 TWA Flight 159Nov 15 X-15 Flight 3-65-97Nov 16 Aeroflot Flight 2230Nov 20 TWA Flight 128Dec 8 Faucett Perú Douglas C-54 crashDec 30 Aeroflot Flight L-51 | |
| 1966 ◄ ► 1968 |