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Featherbacks Temporal range: 70.6–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Late Cretaceous to present
Chitala ornata
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Osteoglossiformes
Family:	Notopteridae Bleeker, 1859
Genera
See text

The family Notopteridae contains 10 species of osteoglossiform (bony-tongued) fishes, commonly known as featherbacks and knifefishes. These fishes live in freshwater or brackish environments in Africa and West South East and Southeast Asia.

With the denotation of "knifefish", the notopterids should not be confused with Gymnotiformes, the electric knifefishes from South and Central America. Although their manner of swimming is similar and they are superficially similar in appearance, the two groups are not closely related.

A few of the larger species, especially Chitala ornata, are food fish and occasionally aquarium pets. The name is from Greek noton meaning "back" and pteron meaning "fin".

Fossils

The earliest fossil of this family is otolith of Notopteridarum from the Late Cretaceous of India, about 70.6 to 66 million years ago.

Description

Featherbacks have slender, elongated, bodies, giving them a knife-like appearance. The caudal fin is small and fused with the anal fin, which runs most of the length of the body. Where present, the dorsal fin is small and narrow, giving rise to the common name of "featherback". The fish swims by holding its body rigid and rippling the anal fin to propel itself forward or backwards.

Notopterids have specialized swim bladders. The organ extends throughout the body and even into the fins in some cases. Although the swim bladder is not highly vascularised, it can absorb oxygen from air and also functions to produce sound by squeezing air through a narrow passage into the pharynx.

At least some species prepare nests and guard the eggs until they hatch.

Species

The 10 species in four genera are:

• Subfamily Xenomystinae Greenwood 1963
  • Genus Papyrocranus Greenwood, 1963
    • Papyrocranus afer (Günther, 1868) (reticulated knifefish)
    • Papyrocranus congoensis (Nichols & La Monte, 1932)
  • Genus Xenomystus Günther, 1868
    • Xenomystus nigri (Günther, 1868) (African knifefish)
• Subfamily Notopterinae Bleeker 1851 (Asian knifefishes, featherbacks)
  • Genus Chitala Fowler, 1934
    • Chitala blanci (d'Aubenton, 1965) (royal knifefish or Indochina featherback)
    • Chitala borneensis (Bleeker, 1851) (Indonesian featherback)
    • Chitala chitala (F. Hamilton, 1822) (Indian featherback)
    • Chitala hypselonotus (Bleeker, 1852)
    • †Chitala lopis (Bleeker, 1851)
    • Chitala ornata (J. E. Gray, 1831) (clown featherback or clown knifefish)
  • Genus Notopterus Lacépède, 1800
    • Notopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1769) (bronze featherback)

References

1. Nolf, Dirk; Rana, R. S.; Prasad, G. V. R. (2008). "Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian fish otoliths from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds, India: a revision". Bulletin de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre. 78: 239–259.
2. ^ Greenwood, P. H. & Wilson, M. V. (1998). Paxton, J. R. & Eschmeyer, W. N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 82–83. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
3. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Family Notopteridae". FishBase. July 2021 version.

Further reading

• Berra, Tim M. (2001). Freshwater Fish Distribution. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-093156-7
• The historical biogeography of the freshwater knifefishes.

v t e Osteoglossomorpha
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Subclass: Neopterygii Infraclass: Teleostei Actinopterygii see Actinopterygii Neopterygii see Neopterygii Teleostei see Teleostei Osteoglossomorpha see below↓ Osteoglossomorpha
Osteoglossomorpha †Chandlerichthys †Coriops †Harenaichthys †Jinanichthys †Paralycoptera? †Tanolepis? †Tongxinichthys †Xixiaichthys †Huashiidae Huashia Kuntulunia †Lycopteridae Jiuquanichthys Kokuraichthys? Kuyangichthys Lycoptera Hiodontiformes Hiodon †Jiaohichthys †Kokuraichthys? †Plesiolycoptera †Yanbiania Osteoglossiformes †Archaeglossus †Furichthys †Joffrichthys †Kokenichthys †Shuleichthys †Tetoriichthys †Thaumaturus †Wakinoichthys †Wilsonichthys †Xixiaichthys? Pantodontidae †Capassopiscis †Cretapantodon †Palaeopantodon †Pankowskipiscis Pantodon †Petersichthys †Prognathoglossum Osteoglossidae sensu lato †Chanopsis †Chauliopareion †Singida †Phareodontinae Brychaetoides Brychaetus Cretophareodus Magnigena Monopteros Musperia Phareodus Phareodusichthys Phareoides Ridewoodichthys Taverneichthys Xosteoglossid Arapaiminae Arapaima Heterotis †Joffrichthys? †Sinoglossus? †Thrissopterus Osteoglossinae †Foreyichthys †Heterosteoglossum †Opsithrissops Osteoglossum Scleropages Notopteroidei Gymnarchus †Laeliichthys †Lopadichthys? †Ostariostoma? †Palaeonotopterus †Sinoglossus? Notopteridae Chitala Notopterus Papyrocranus Xenomystus Mormyridae Petrocephalus Mormyrinae Boulengeromyrus Brevimyrus Brienomyrus Campylomormyrus Cryptomyrus Cyphomyrus Genyomyrus Gnathonemus Heteromormyrus Hippopotamyrus Hyperopisus Isichthys Ivindomyrus Marcusenius Mormyrops Mormyrus Myomyrus Paramormyrops Pollimyrus Stomatorhinus

• Notopteridae
• Fish of Africa
• Fish of Southeast Asia
• Teleostei families
• Extant Maastrichtian first appearances