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Pa-Hng language

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(Redirected from Yongcong language) Hmong–Mien language of China and Vietnam
Pa-Hng
Pateng
Pronunciation
Native toChina, Vietnam
Native speakers(34,000 cited 1995–2009)
Language familyHmong–Mien
Language codes
ISO 639-3pha
Glottologpahn1237
Pa-Hng is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Pa-Hng (also spelled Pa-Hung; 巴哼语 Bāhēng yǔ) is a divergent Hmongic (Miao) language spoken in Guizhou, Guangxi, and Hunan in southern China as well as northern Vietnam.

Classification

Pa-Hng has long been recognized as divergent. Benedict (1986) argued that one of its dialects constituted a separate branch of the Miao–Yao family. Ratliff found it to be the most divergent Hmongic (Miao) language that she analyzed. This Bahengic branch also includes Younuo (Yuno) and Wunai (Hm Nai).

Names

Pa-Hng speakers are called by the following names:

  • pa31 ŋ̥ŋ35 (巴哼)
  • m̥m35 nai33 (唔奈)
  • Red Yao (红瑶)
  • Flowery Yao (花瑶)
  • Eight Surname Yao (八姓瑶)

In Liping County, Guizhou, the Dong people call the Pa-Hng ka31 jiu33 (嘎优), while the Miao people call them ta55 tia52 ju33 (大达优). In Tongdao County, Hunan, the Pa-Hng (xeŋ33) are also known as the Seven Surname Yao 七姓瑶, since they have the seven surnames of Shen 沈, Lan 兰, Dai 戴, Deng 邓, Ding 丁, Pu 蒲, and Feng 奉.

In China, Pa-Hng speakers are classified as Yao, even though their language is Hmongic rather than Mienic.

Varieties

Mao & Li (1997) splits Pa-Hng into the following subdivisions, and most closely related to Hm Nai:

  • Pa-Hng proper (巴哼 pa31 ŋ̥ŋ35)
    • Northern
    • Southern
  • Hm Nai (唔奈 m̥m35 nai33)

Vocabulary word lists for these three Pa-Hng varieties can be found in Mao & Li (1997). An additional dialect is found in Vietnam.

The Na-e dialect (also known by the Vietnamese rendition of Pa-Hng, Pà Then ), is a geographic outlier. Paul Benedict (1986) argued that it is not actually Pa-Hng, or even Hmongic, but a separate branch of the Miao–Yao language family. However, Strecker (1987) responded that it does appear to be a Pa-Hng dialect, though it has some peculiarities, and that Pa-Hng as a whole is divergent.

Jerold A. Edmondson has reported Pa-Hng dialects in Bac Quang District and Hong Quang Village of Chiem Hoa District in northern Vietnam, and found that they were most closely related to the Pa-Hng dialect spoken in Gaoji Township 高基, Sanjiang County, Guangxi.

Distribution

China

Pa-Hng speakers are distributed in the following counties in China. Most of the counties have 1,000 - 6,000 Pa-Hng speakers (Mao & Li 1997).

Vietnam

Main article: Pà Thẻn people

Pa-Hng is also spoken in small pockets of northern Vietnam. In Vietnam, the Pa-Hng are an officially recognized ethnic group numbering around a few thousand people, where they are called Pà Thẻn. Na-e as reported by Bonifacy (1905) is also found in northern Vietnam.

According to Vu, the ancestors of the Pà Thẻn had first migrated from Guangxi to Hải Ninh (now Quảng Ninh Province), and then from Hải Ninh to the Thái Nguyên area. The Pà Thẻn then split off to settle in three main areas.

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar (Alveolo-)
palatal 		Velar Uvular Glottal
plain pal. plain pal. plain lab. plain lab.
Nasal voiced m mʲ n ȵ ŋ
voiceless m̥ m̥ʲ n̥ ȵ̊ ŋ̊
breathy mʱ mʲʱ nʱ ȵʱ ŋʱ
Stop/
Affricate 		voiceless p pʲ t tɕ k kʷ q qʷ ʔ
aspirated pʰ pʲʰ tʰ tɕʰ kʰ kʷʰ qʰ qʷʰ
breathy pʱ pʲʱ tʱ tɕʱ kʱ kʷʱ qʱ
prenasal ᵐp ᵐpʲ ⁿt ᶮtɕ ᵑk ᶰq
prn. breathy ᵐpʱ ᵐpʲʱ ⁿtʱ ᶮtɕʱ ᵑkʱ ᶰqʱ
Fricative f s ɕ x h
Approximant voiceless l̥ l̥ʲ
voiced ʋ l lʲ j w
breathy ʋʱ lʱ lʱʲ jʱ
  • Alveolar sounds /t, tʰ, n, n̥, nʱ/ are heard as retroflex in the Laobao dialect.

Vowels

Front Central Back
oral nasal oral nasal oral nasal
Close i ĩ (ɨ) u ũ
Near-close ɪ ɪ̃
Close-mid e ẽ ɤ o õ
Open-mid ɛ ɛ̃ ɔ ɔ̃
Open a ã ɑ ɑ̃
Syllabic m̩ n̩ ŋ̍

/i/ can also be centralized to or when following initial sounds.

See also

References

  1. Pa-Hng at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. Ratliff, Martha (2010). Hmong–Mien language history. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Australian National University. hdl:1885/146760. ISBN 978-0-85883-615-0.
  3. ^ 毛, 宗武 ; 李, 云兵 (1997). Bā hēng yǔ yánjiū 巴哼语研究 [A Study of Baheng ]. Shanghai: 上海远东出版社/Shànghǎi yuǎndōng chūbǎn shè.
  4. Guizhou Province Gazetteer: Ethnic Gazetteer (2002). Guiyang: Guizhou Ethnic Publishing House .
  5. ^ Tongdao Dong Autonomous County Ethnic Gazetteer 通道侗族自治县民族志 (2004).
  6. Benedict, Paul (1986). "Miao–Yao Enigma: The Na-e language". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 9 (1): 89–90.
  8. ^ "Map & Language Descriptions | Borderlands: Lesser Known Indigenous Languages of Northern Vietnam". Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2012-05-09.
  9. ^ 毛宗武 / Mao Zongwu. 优诺语研究 / Younuo yu yan jiu (A Study of Younuo). Beijing: 民族出版社 / Min zu chu ban she, 2007.
  10. ^ Niederer, Barbara (1997). "Notes comparatives sur le pa-hng". Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale. 26 (1): 71–130. doi:10.3406/clao.1997.1506.
  11. Niederer, Barbara (2004). "Pa-hng and the classification of the Hmong-Mien languages". In Tapp, N.; Michaud, J.; Culas, C.; Lee, G. Yai (eds.). Hmong/Miao in Asia. Bangkok: Silkworm Books. pp. 129–146.
  12. ^ Edmondson, J. A.; Gregerson, K. J. (2001). Adams, K. L.; Hudak, T. J. (eds.). "Four Languages of the Vietnam-China Borderlands". Papers from the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. Tempe: Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies: 101–133.
  13. Vũ, Quốc Khánh (2013). Người Pà Thẻn ở Việt Nam [The Pa Then in Vietnam]. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản thông tấn. pp. 12–15.
  14. Edmondson, Jerold A. (1992). "Pa-hng development and diversity". In Ratliff, M.; Schiller, E. (eds.). Papers from the First Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (PDF). Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 159–186.

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