Zaharije Ostojić - Misplaced Pages

Montenegrin Chetnik leader

Lieutenant Colonel Zaharije Ostojić
Ostojić during World War II
Native name	Захарије Остојић
Nickname(s)	Branko Zare
Born	1907 Gluhi Do, near Bar Principality of Montenegro
Died	c. April – May 1945 (aged 37/38) Jasenovac concentration camp, Jasenovac, Independent State of Croatia
Allegiance	Yugoslavia (−1941) Chetniks (1941–1945)
Years of service	–1945
Rank	Lieutenant Colonel
Commands	Chief of staff to Supreme Chetnik Command Chetnik detachments in Herzegovina
Battles / wars	World War II in Yugoslavia: 1942 Montenegro offensive Case White Battle of Višegrad Battle of Lijevče Field

Lieutenant Colonel Zaharije Ostojić (Serbian Cyrillic: Захарије Остојић; 1907 – April 1945) was a Montenegrin Serb and Yugoslav military officer who served as the chief of the operational, organisational and intelligence branches of the Chetnik Supreme Command led by Draža Mihailović in Yugoslavia during World War II. He was a major in the Royal Yugoslav Army Air Force prior to the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia, and was involved in the coup that deposed Prince Paul of Yugoslavia on 27 March 1941. After the coup, he escorted Prince Paul to exile in Greece, and was in Cairo during the invasion in April. In September 1941, he was landed on the coast of the Italian governorate of Montenegro along with the British Special Operations Executive officer Captain Bill Hudson and two companions. He escorted Hudson to the German-occupied territory of Serbia and introduced him to the Yugoslav Partisan leader Josip Broz Tito at Užice, then accompanied Hudson to Ravna Gora to meet Mihailović. Ostojić soon became Mihailović's chief of staff, and after the German attempt to capture the Chetnik leader during Operation Mihailovic in December 1941, brought the Chetnik Supreme Command staff to Montenegro where they were re-united with Mihailović in June 1942. During the remainder of 1942, Ostojić launched a counter-attack against Ustaše troops of the Independent State of Croatia returning to the eastern Bosnian town of Foča where they were expected to continue their genocidal anti-Serb policies. As many as 2,000 local Muslims were subsequently killed in the town by forces under Ostojić's command. Ostojić later oversaw large-scale massacres of civilians and burning of Muslim villages in the border region between Montenegro and the Sandžak.

While the Chetniks were an anti-Axis movement in their long-range goals and did engage in marginal resistance activities for limited periods, they also carried out for almost all of the war a tactical or selective collaboration with the occupation authorities against the Partisans. This was demonstrated in late 1942 and early 1943, when Ostojić planned and oversaw the Chetnik involvement in the large Axis anti-Partisan offensive Case White alongside Italian troops. In 1944, he became a leader of the Chetnik forces in Herzegovina, and along with Dobroslav Jevđević was involved in attempts to come to terms with the Allied forces. In late 1944, as the Partisans tightened their grip on the country and the Soviet Red Army assisted in the capture of Belgrade, he rejoined Mihailović in northeastern Bosnia but they could not agree on what course of action to take, continue fighting the Partisans or attempt to flee Yugoslavia. Ostojić, along with Chetnik leaders Pavle Đurišić and Petar Baćović and Chetnik ideologue Dragiša Vasić decided to move west to the area of the Ljubljana Gap in modern-day Slovenia where other collaborationist forces were concentrating. In early April 1945, faced with attacks by the Partisans and the Armed Forces of the Independent State of Croatia (Croatian: Hrvatske oružane snage, HOS) along their route, the combined Chetnik force was defeated by HOS forces in the Battle of Lijevče Field, after which Ostojić was captured by the Ustaše in an apparent trap. He was killed alongside Đurišić, Baćović and Vasić.

Early life

Zaharije Ostojić was a Montenegrin Serb, and was born in 1907 in the village of Gluhi Do in the Crmnica District, near the Adriatic seaport of Bar in the Principality of Montenegro. In 1910, the principality became the Kingdom of Montenegro, and after World War I, it became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and in 1929, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. After completing his schooling, Ostojić joined the Royal Yugoslav Air Force (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Jugoslovensko kraljevsko ratno vazduhoplovstvo, JKRV) and prior to the outbreak of World War II had risen to the rank of major. Little else has been recorded of Ostojić's early life, but his sister was married to Royal Yugoslav Army Brigadni đeneral Ljubo Novaković, another Montenegrin Serb who, like Ostojić, later became a Chetnik commander during World War II.

To Cairo and back

Move to Montenegro

After the successful German counter-insurgency operations Uzice and Mihailovic, and the split with the Partisans, Mihailović went on the run in early December 1941. Ostojić maintained a small headquarters consisting mainly of the intelligence staff, which remained close to Mihailović and his small personal staff as he moved around the Rudnik Mountain area during the rest of the winter, ending in February 1942. Mihailović eventually made his way to Montenegro, where he arrived in June 1942. Ostojić, Hudson and other officers joined him soon after, travelling through Italian-held towns by truck disguised as troops of the Nedić regime, a puppet government in the German-occupied territory of Serbia. By this time, the Chetnik movement had determined not to fight the Germans, and had commenced collaborating with the Nedić regime soon after they attacked the Partisans at Užice. By the time Mihailović reached Montenegro, an increasing proportion of Chetnik detachments throughout Yugoslavia were also collaborating with the Italians in Montenegro and the areas of the NDH they occupied.

In a directive letter dated 30 July 1942, Ostojić urged all Chetnik commanders to "develop the strongest possible oral and written propaganda". He stated that, "the people must be persuaded that the Chetniks are their only friends and that it is from them that they can expect freedom and a happy life" and instructed the Chetniks to "work day and night and maintain the spirit of the people". He wrote, "the hour of freedom is near. Allied aid for the Chetniks is assured, and the whole world is admiring them." In August, he launched a counter-attack against Ustaše troops returning to Foča as the Italians withdrew their garrisons from the hinterland. The Chetniks feared the Ustaše were about to unleash another round of genocidal violence on the Serb population in the area. After they occupied the town, at least 2,000 local Muslims were killed in Foča by forces under Ostojić's command. The Chetnik commander in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina, Petar Baćović, reported the massacre to Mihailović. The historian Marko Attila Hoare states this massacre was part of a "systematic effort to exterminate or expel the Muslim and Croat population" from parts of Yugoslavia that were to form part of Greater Serbia. The historian Jozo Tomasevich agrees, observing that expulsion of the non-Serb population from this and other areas was done in pursuit of the principal Chetnik ideology of achieving an ethnically homogenous Greater Serbia.

In accordance with the Chetniks' Greater Serbia ideology, in November 1942, Ostojić was encouraged by Mihailović to wage a campaign of terror against the Muslim population living along the borders of Montenegro and the Sandžak, and subsequently reported that Chetniks had destroyed 21 villages and killed about 1,300 people. Between 30 November and 2 December 1942, Ostojić represented Mihailović at the Conference of Young Chetnik Intellectuals of Montenegro at the village of Šahovići near Bijelo Polje in the Sandžak, which was also attended by the Montenegrin Chetnik leader Pavle Đurišić. The conference was dominated by Đurišić and its resolutions "expressed extremism and intolerance", as well as an agenda which was focused on restoring the pre-war status quo in Yugoslavia implemented in its initial stages by a Chetnik dictatorship. It also laid claim to parts of the territory of Yugoslavia's neighbours. During the conference, Ostojić attempted to moderate the influence of the other delegates.

Chetniks of Zaharije Ostojić participated in Chetnik action led by Pavle Đurišić in srezes of Čajniče, Foča, Pljevlja and Priboj in February 1943. against Muslims. On the first day, February 5, of operation at least 31 settlements were partially or fully razed. In a report to Draža Mihailović from February 13, Đurišić claimed that Chetniks killed 1200 fighters and 8000 civilians. While both numbers are somewhat exaggerated, it is undeniable that Chetniks wanted to ethnically cleanse that region. Đurišić and Ostojić had given orders not to harm civilian population prior to operation, however considering that no one was punished for crimes against Muslim civilians, Ostojić's previous remarks about Muslims(to definitely eliminate the Turks) and report to Mihailović, it's clear organisatiors of operation planned to ethnically cleanse the Muslims.

Case White

Main article: Case White

A few weeks after the conference, Mihailović sent Ostojić to establish a forward headquarters in Kalinovik in south-eastern Bosnia. Ostojić was to command an operation aimed at encircling and destroying Partisan forces in Bosnia, which was to use Chetnik units serving as Italian auxiliaries in Herzegovina and Montenegro, as well as other Chetnik units in the Lika region, northern Bosnia and northern Dalmatia. The plan was predicated on an Allied landing on the Dalmatian coast, which Mihailović believed was imminent. The outline concept was that the Chetniks would set up a corridor through the Italian-occupied zone of the NDH as far as the Partisan liberated area in western Bosnia and Lika, neutralising the Italians through a combination of vague promises, encouraging them to surrender, and disarming them if necessary. The plan was finalised by early December 1942 at Mihailović's headquarters in Montenegro, and operations were planned to commence on 5 January 1943. However, the plan assumed that Mihailović's forces were unified, which they were not, and also that his authority extended to many more Chetniks than it did in reality.

What transpired instead was that the Chetniks that were preparing for the "march on Bosnia" were drawn into closer collaboration with the Axis during the second phase of Case White that took place in the Neretva and Rama river valleys in late February 1943. During this offensive, between 12,000 and 15,000 Chetniks fought alongside Italian forces, and in one case alongside German and Croatian troops, against the Partisans. Despite the fact that the Chetniks were an anti-Axis movement in their long-range goals and did engage in marginal resistance activities for limited periods, their involvement in Case White is one of the most significant examples of their tactical or selective collaboration with the Axis occupation forces. In this instance, the participating Chetniks operated as legalised auxiliary forces under Italian control. Ostojić believed that it was actions such as these that would cost the Chetniks the support of the Allies, and he wrote to Mihailović that the Allies would probably have supported the Chetniks had they been more involved in fighting the occupation. Ostojić told Mihailović that his officers also held this view, and proposed that Chetnik collaboration be reconsidered. However, upon receiving Ostojić's message, Mihailović did not even consider changing his strategy.

Kalinovik

Jablanica

Mostar class=notpageimage| Map of occupied Yugoslavia showing towns relating to the Chetnik involvement in Case White

Rebuffed, Ostojić drew up a plan in accordance with Mihailović's orders, which called for the Chetniks to remain south and east of the Neretva to avoid being outflanked by the Partisans. However, this essentially defensive strategy was rejected by Herzegovinian Chetnik commanders such as Dobroslav Jevđević and Bajo Stanišić, who wished to follow the Axis-led offensive strategy. This placed Ostojić in a very difficult position, with some of his key detachment commanders following the orders of the Italians rather than his, while the Chetniks were reliant on Italian air and artillery support, particularly around Jablanica. Ostojić subsequently changed his mind and supported the Italian offensive plans, launching an attack aimed at preventing the Partisans from retreating from Jablanica to Prozor on 27 February 1943. The attack was indecisive and Ostojić reprimanded the detachment commanders responsible, particularly Stanišić.

During this phase Ostojić first asked Jevđević to obtain more supplies from the Italians, and then when they refused, threatened to declare war on them. By early March, just as the Partisans were forcing a crossing eastwards across the Neretva at Jablanica, Mihailović joined Ostojić. In a letter to one of his other Montenegrin Chetnik commanders, Mihailović stated that he was managing the whole operation through Ostojić, although Mihailović later denied that he was in charge of the operation when questioned during his trial by a Yugoslav court after the war. Mihailović and Ostojić realised that the large concentrations of Chetnik troops in and around Mostar and the nearby bauxite mines were likely to draw German attention, and while they were focused on this issue, the Partisans completed their crossing of the Neretva by mid-March.

Within two weeks of Mihailović's arrival the Partisans forced the Chetniks to withdraw, losing Nevesinje then Kalinovik to them before the end of March. During the fighting, Chetnik commanders had been ill-disciplined and had failed to cooperate, causing Ostojić to threaten them with courts martial and summary execution. Mihailović ordered Ostojić to pull the Chetniks back towards positions on the line of the Drina–Piva rivers, some 80–90 kilometres (50–56 mi) south-east of Jablanica. By this point the Chetniks had suffered heavy losses, and the Partisans broke through the combined Italian–Chetnik defence line in early April. In a report dated November 1944, long after the British had withdrawn their support from the Chetniks due to their collaboration with and inaction against the occupiers, Colonel Bill Bailey, the senior British liaison officer with the Chetniks at the time of Case White stated that both Ostojić and Major Vojislav Lukačević had been very critical of Mihailović's "foolhardy, though brave, tactical handling" of Chetnik forces during Case White, which had "contributed largely to the failure of operations". Ostojić himself did not possess the necessary authority with his subordinate commanders, had been unable to cope with the rapidly changing situation, had initially adopted an unpopular and ineffective defensive strategy, and had then blamed the detachment commanders for the Chetnik failures.

1943–1944

In July 1943, the Montenegrin Partisan leader Đilas contacted both Ostojić and Baćović to establish their willingness to work jointly against the Axis occupiers, given that a new government-in-exile was about to be established without Mihailović. They reported this contact to Mihailović who threatened to exclude them from his Chetnik organisation if they maintained contact with the Partisans.

In October of 1943 Chetnik troops under command of Ostojić took over Višegrad from NDH and German forces, after which Chetniks massacred Muslim and to lesser extent Croat population of the city. This event has been ignored by post-war Yugoslav historiography because it was an example of successful fight of Chetniks against Axis forces, despite the scale of Chetnik crimes in the town and surrounding villages. Ostojić claimed in a report that killing, pillaging and robbery done by his soldiers happened against his orders, however justified it with recent massacre of few tens of Serbs in near-by villages. He purposely ignores much larger scale of massacres in Višegrad and the fact that killing lasted three days and stopped only because of intervention by Albert Seitz, member of American mission to Chetnik High Quarters.

By September 1944, Ostojić had been promoted to potpukovnik, and was the Chetnik area commander in eastern Bosnia. In early September 1944, as Mihailović had been removed as Minister of the Army, Navy and Air Force with the demise of the Purić government-in-exile, Ostojić tried to make contact with Allied forces in Italy, and agreed with Lukačević to issue a proclamation to the people explaining that they were going to attack the Germans. After 12 September 1944, when King Peter called for all in Yugoslavia to rally around Tito, Ostojić and Baćović warned Mihailović that their men were losing their will to fight the Partisans. Concerned that the Russians would hand the Chetniks over to the Partisans, Ostojić then contacted the United States Office of Strategic Services liaison officer with the Chetniks, Colonel Robert H. McDowell, but was unable to arrange for the Chetniks to be placed under American command.

Retreat and death

Majevica

Ljubljana Gap

Bihać

Banja Luka class=notpageimage| Map of occupied Yugoslavia showing places relating to Ostojić' westward retreat with Đurišić

After the fall of Belgrade to combined Soviet Red Army and Partisan forces on 20 October 1944, Mihailović and a force of a few hundred of his Chetniks withdrew from Serbian territory, crossed the Drina and based themselves in the Majevica mountain area north of Tuzla in north-eastern Bosnia. Ostojić, who was commanding Herzegovinian Chetniks, was joined by Đurišić and his Montenegrin Chetniks and together they withdrew towards Mihailović.

From the time he joined Mihailović in northeastern Bosnia, Đurišić was very critical of Mihailović's leadership, and argued strongly for all the remaining Chetnik troops to move to the area of the Ljubljana Gap in modern-day Slovenia. At this point Ostojić and Baćović were also questioning Mihailović's plans. When Mihailović remained unconvinced, Đurišić decided to move to the Ljubljana Gap independent of Mihailović, and arranged for Dimitrije Ljotić's forces already in the Ljubljana Gap to meet him near Bihać in western Bosnia to assist his movement. When he left Mihailović, he was joined by Chetnik ideologue Dragiša Vasić and the Chetnik detachments commanded by Ostojić and Baćović as well as a large number of refugees.

In order to get to Bihać, Đurišić made a safe-conduct agreement with elements of the Armed Forces of the Independent State of Croatia (Croatian: Hrvatske oružane snage, HOS) and with the Montenegrin separatist Sekula Drljević. The details of the agreement are not known, but it appears Đurišić, Ostojić and Baćović and their troops were meant to cross the Sava River into Slavonia where they would be aligned with Drljević as the Montenegrin National Army with Đurišić retaining operational command. The Chetniks however, appear to have tried to outsmart the HOS forces and Drljević by sending their sick and wounded across the river, but retaining their fit troops south of the river, after which they began moving them westwards. Harassed by both the HOS troops and Partisans, they reached the Vrbas River, which they began to cross. In the Battle of Lijevče Field, north of Banja Luka, which was fought between 30 March and 8 April 1945, the combined Chetnik force was badly beaten by a strong HOS force which possessed German-supplied tanks.

Following this defeat and the defection of one of their sub-units to Drljević, Đurišić was induced to negotiate directly with the leaders of the HOS forces about the further movement of the Chetniks towards the Ljubljana Gap. However, this appears to have been a trap, as he was attacked and captured by them on his way to the meeting. According to Tomasevich, exactly what occurred after his capture is not clear, but Baćović, Đurišić, Vasić, and Ostojić were subsequently killed, along with some Serbian Orthodox priests and others. The location of Ostojić's grave, if any, is unknown. Both the NDH forces and Drljević had reasons for ensnaring Đurišić and those accompanying him. The NDH forces were motivated by the mass terror committed by Đurišić, Ostojić and others on the Muslim population in Sandžak and south-eastern Bosnia, while Drljević was opposed to Đurišić's support of a union of Serbia and Montenegro which ran counter to Drljević's separatism.

Notes

Equivalent to a U.S. Army brigadier general.
Equivalent to a U.S. Army colonel.
Equivalent to a U.S. Army lieutenant general.
Equivalent to a U.S. Army lieutenant colonel.

Footnotes

^ Dizdar & Sobolevski 1999, p. 310.
Williams 2003, p. 54.
Shelley 2013, p. 94.
^ Niehorster 2013.
Kurapovna 2009, p. 91.
Pavlowitch 2007, p. 8.
Pavlowitch 2007, pp. 10–12.
^ Kurapovna 2009, p. 84.
Hehn 1971, p. 350, The official name of the occupied territory was the Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia.
Roberts 1973, pp. 27–29.
Milazzo 1975, pp. 33–34.
Tomasevich 1975, p. 143.
Pavlowitch 2007, p. 79.
^ Tomasevich 1975, p. 125.
Pavlowitch 2007, p. 54.
Tomasevich 1975, p. 135.
Tomasevich 1975, pp. 140–141.
^ Tomasevich 1975, p. 154.
Tomasevich 1975, p. 166.
Tomasevich 1975, p. 141.
Roberts 1973, pp. 38, 57.
^ Tomasevich 1975, p. 200.
Tomasevich 1975, pp. 196 & 198.
Tomasevich 1975, pp. 209–216.
Tomasevich 2001, pp. 189–190.
Milazzo 1975, p. 96.
Malcolm 1994, p. 188.
Hoare 2013, p. 32.
Tomasevich 1975, pp. 166–173.
Tomasevich 1975, pp. 258–259.
Milazzo 1975, p. 109.
^ Tomasevich 1975, p. 171.
^ Pavlowitch 2007, p. 112.
Trew 1998, p. 314.
Živković 2017, p. 927-928.
Živković 2017, p. 931-932.
Živković 2017, p. 945.
Tomasevich 1975, pp. 233–234.
Pavlowitch 2007, pp. 156–157.
^ Tomasevich 1975, pp. 231–243.
Milazzo 1975, pp. 103–105.
Milazzo 1975, p. 182.
Tomasevich 1975, pp. 224–225.
Pavlowitch 2007, pp. 65–67.
Redžić 2005, p. 141.
Milazzo 1975, pp. 122–123.
Milazzo 1975, p. 124.
Pavlowitch 2007, p. 159.
Milazzo 1975, p. 128.
Tomasevich 1975, pp. 248–250.
^ Tomasevich 1975, p. 250.
Tomasevich 1975, p. 365.
Milazzo 1975, p. 141.
Pavlowitch 2007, pp. 169–170.
Radanović 2016, pp. 129.
Radanović 2016, pp. 131, 132.
Tomasevich 1975, p. 395.
Pavlowitch 2007, p. 232.
Tomasevich 1975, pp. 425–426.
Pavlowitch 2007, p. 237.
Pavlowitch 2007, p. 255.
Pavlowitch 2007, p. 241.
^ Tomasevich 1975, pp. 447–448.
Pajović 1987, p. 100.

References

Books

Dizdar, Zdravko; Sobolevski, Mihael (1999). Prešućivani četnički zločini u Hrvatskoj i u Bosni i Hercegovini 1941–1945 [Suppressed Chetnik Crimes in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina 1941–1945] (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia: Hrvatski institut za povijest . OCLC 606588245.
Hoare, Marko Attila (2013). Bosnian Muslims in the Second World War. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-70394-9.
Kurapovna, Marcia Christoff (2009). Shadows on the Mountain: The Allies, the Resistance, and the Rivalries that Doomed WWII Yugoslavia. New Brunswick, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-47061-566-9.
Malcolm, Noel (1994). Bosnia: A Short History. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-5520-4.
Milazzo, Matteo J. (1975). The Chetnik Movement & the Yugoslav Resistance. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-1589-8.
Pajović, Radoje (1987). Pavle Đurišić (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb, Yugoslavia: Centar za informacije i publicitet . ISBN 978-86-7125-006-1.
Pavlowitch, Stevan K. (2007). Hitler's New Disorder: The Second World War in Yugoslavia. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-1-85065-895-5.
Redžić, Enver (2005). Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Second World War. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-5625-0.
Roberts, Walter R. (1973). Tito, Mihailović and the Allies: 1941–1945. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-0740-8.
Shelley, Fred M. (2013). Nation Shapes: The Story Behind the World's Borders. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-106-2.
Tomasevich, Jozo (1975). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0857-9.
Tomasevich, Jozo (2001). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-3615-2.
Trew, Simon (1998). Britain, Mihailovic and the Chetniks, 1941-42. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-38976-2.
Williams, Heather (2003). Parachutes, Patriots and Partisans: The Special Operations Executive and Yugoslavia, 1941–1945. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-19494-9.
Radanović, Milan (2016). Kazna i zločin: Snage kolaboracije u Srbiji. Belgrade: Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung.
Živković, Milutin D. (2017). Санџак 1941–1943 [Sandžak 1941–1943] (Doctoral) (in Serbo-Croatian). Belgrade: University of Belgrade. OCLC 1242119546.

Journals

Hehn, Paul N. (1971). "Serbia, Croatia and Germany 1941–1945: Civil War and Revolution in the Balkans". Canadian Slavonic Papers. 13 (4). University of Alberta: 344–373. doi:10.1080/00085006.1971.11091249. JSTOR 40866373.

Websites

Niehorster, Leo (2013). "Royal Yugoslav Armed Forces Ranks". Leo Niehorster. Retrieved 27 February 2016.

v t e World War II in Yugoslavia
1941	Invasion of Yugoslavia Uprising in Bosnia and Herzegovina May 1941 Sanski Most revolt June uprising in eastern Herzegovina Siege of Rogatica Olovo Uprising in Serbia Battle of Loznica Battle of Banja Koviljača Attack on Šabac Mačva operation Battle of Trešnjica Kruševac Kraljevo Operation Uzice Operation Mihailovic Novi Pazar Sjenica Uprising in Montenegro Battle of Pljevlja Uprising in Croatia Croatian Partisans Srb uprising Karadak-Gollak Uprising (1941–1951)
1942	Operations Southeast Croatia and Ozren Operation Trio Chetnik sabotage of Axis communication lines Kozara Offensive Operation Alfa Operation Kopaonik
1943	Case White Case Black Siege of Turjak Operation Kugelblitz Battle of Višegrad
1944	Operations Kugelblitz and Schneesturm Operation Rösselsprung Operation Rübezahl Belgrade offensive Operation Draufgänger Battle of Jelova Gora Kosovo Operation Battle of Knin Battle of Tuzla Battle of Batina
1945	Syrmian Front Mostar operation Sarajevo Operation Battle of Lijevče Field Battle of Zelengora Battle of Poljana Battle of Odžak
Croatia	Zagreb in World War II
Macedonia	World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia
Serbia	Kosovo during World War II
Slovenia	World War II in the Slovene Lands
Strategic bombing	Belgrade 1941 1944 Podgorica Sarajevo Zadar Zagreb
see also Factions in the Yugoslav Front People of the Yugoslav Front

Collaboration in Yugoslavia during World War II

Puppet regimes

Political
organizations

People

Croatian & Bosniak	Mehmed Alajbegović Andrija Artuković Ivan Babić Mijo Babić Rafael Boban Mile Budak Eduard Bunić Fedor Dragojlov Mato Dukovac Jure Francetić Miroslav Filipović Muhamed Hadžiefendić Ivo Herenčić Božidar Kavran Vladimir Košak Džafer Kulenović Osman Kulenović Dido Kvaternik Slavko Kvaternik Vladimir Laxa Mladen Lorković Vjekoslav Luburić Mihajlo Lukić Julije Makanec Nikola Mandić Ivica Matković Vladimir Metikoš Josip Metzger Ademaga Mešić Husein Miljković Ljubo Miloš Ante Nikšić Miroslav Navratil Sulejman Pačariz Ante Pavelić Stijepo Perić Viktor Pavičić Ismet Popovac Ivan Prpić Osman Rastoder Husein Rovčanin Franjo Šimić Slavko Štancer Dinko Šakić Tomislav Sertić Alija Šuljak Ivan Tomašević Ante Vokić Vjekoslav Vrančić Hasan Zvizdić
Serbian	Milan Aćimović Petar Baćović Miloš Glišić Jezdimir Dangić Uroš Drenović Momčilo Đujić Dobroslav Jevđević Velibor Jonić Dragomir Jovanović Milan Kalabić Nikola Kalabić Dragutin Keserović Rade Korda Dimitrije Ljotić Vojislav Lukačević Draža Mihailović Kosta Mušicki Fehim Musakadić Milan Nedić Mihailo Olćan Kosta Pećanac Rade Radić Stevo Rađenović Mane Rokvić Miroslav Trifunović Ilija Trifunović-Birčanin Svetozar Vujković
Slovene	Franc Frakelj Ernest Peterlin Gregorij Rožman Leon Rupnik
Montenegrin	Blažo Đukanović Krsto Popović Bajo Stanišić Pavle Đurišić Zaharije Ostojić Sekula Drljević Mihailo Ivanović Novica Radović
Albanian	Gajur Deralla Xhafer Deva Aćif Hadžiahmetović Xhem Hasa Rexhep Mitrovica Shaban Polluzha Mefail Shehu
Bulgarian	Ivan Mihailov Hristo Tatarchev

Military
organizations

Chetnik movement (broad term)	Dinara Division Lim-Sandžak Chetnik Detachment Pećanac Chetniks
Croatian Armed Forces	Croatian Air Force Croatian Air Force Legion Croatian Home Guard Croatian Legion 369th Division 373rd Division 392nd Division Croatian Navy Croatian Naval Legion Green cadres Hadžiefendić Legion Sandžak Muslim militia 13th SS Division 23rd SS Division Ustaše Militia Black Legion SS Polizei-Selbstschutz-Regiment Sandschak Einsatzstaffel der Deutschen Mannschaft
Government of National Salvation	Russian Corps Serbian State Guard Serbian Volunteer Corps Montenegrin Volunteer Corps 1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment Belgrade Special Police
Slovene military organizations	Anti-Communist Volunteer Militia Black Hand Legion of Death Slovene Home Guard
Italian governorate of Montenegro / German occupied territory of Montenegro	Lovćen Brigade National Army of Montenegro and Herzegovina Montenegrin National Army
Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943) and German occupation of Albania	Albanian Militia Balli Kombëtar Skanderbeg SS Skanderbeg Vulnetari Kosovo Regiment
Bulgarian occupation / Independent State of Macedonia	Bulgarian Action Committees IMRO MYSRO Ohrana

See also: Invasion of Yugoslavia; World War II in Yugoslavia

v t e Allied missions to Draža Mihailović's Chetnik headquarters
United Kingdom	Terence Atherton † Bill Hudson William Bailey Kenneth Greenlees Neil Selby Charles Douglas Armstrong Albert Seitz Archie Jack Jasper Rootham Robert Wade Zaharije Ostojić Michael Lees
United States	Walter R. Mansfield Robert H. McDowell Ellsworth Kramer George Musulin Nick Lalich
Related topics	Yugoslav government-in-exile Special Operations Executive Office of Strategic Services Operation Bullseye Operation Hydra Operation Halyard Mission Greenwood–Rootham

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