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Ununennium (₁₁₉Uue) has not yet been synthesised, so all data would be theoretical and a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it would have no stable isotopes.

List of isotopes

No isotopes of ununennium are known.

Nucleosynthesis

Target-projectile combinations leading to Z=119 compound nuclei

The below table contains various combinations of targets and projectiles that could be used to form compound nuclei with Z=119.

Cold fusion

Following the claimed synthesis of Og in 1999 at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory from Pb and Kr, the analogous reactions Bi + Kr and Pb + Rb were proposed for the synthesis of element 119 and its then-unknown alpha decay daughters, elements 117, 115, and 113. The retraction of these results in 2001 and more recent calculations on the cross sections for "cold" fusion reactions cast doubt on this possibility; for example, a maximum yield of 2 fb is predicted for the production of Uue in the former reaction. Radioactive ion beams may provide an alternative method utilizing a lead or bismuth target, and may enable the production of more neutron-rich isotopes should they become available at required intensities.

Hot fusion

Cm(V,xn)Uue

The team at RIKEN in Wakō, Japan began bombarding curium-248 targets with a vanadium-51 beam in June 2018 to search for element 119. Curium was chosen as a target, rather than heavier berkelium or californium, as these heavier targets are difficult to prepare. The reduced asymmetry of the reaction is expected to approximately halve the cross section, requiring a sensitivity "on the order of at least 30 fb". The Cm targets were provided by Oak Ridge National Laboratory. RIKEN developed a high-intensity vanadium beam. The experiment began at a cyclotron while RIKEN upgraded its linear accelerators; the upgrade was completed in 2020. Bombardment may be continued with both machines until the first event is observed; the experiment is currently running intermittently for at least 100 days per year. The RIKEN team's efforts are being financed by the Emperor of Japan.

₉₆Cm
+
₂₃V
→
₁₁₉Uue
* → no atoms yet

The produced isotopes of ununennium are expected to undergo two alpha decays to known isotopes of moscovium (Mc and Mc respectively), which would anchor them to a known sequence of five further alpha decays and corroborate their production. In 2022, the optimal reaction energy for synthesis of ununennium in this reaction was experimentally estimated as 234.8±1.8 MeV at RIKEN. The cross section is probably below 10 fb.

Bk(Ti,xn)Uue

From April to September 2012, an attempt to synthesize the isotopes Uue and Uue was made by bombarding a target of berkelium-249 with titanium-50 at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt, Germany. This reaction between Bk and Ti was predicted to be the most favorable practical reaction for formation of ununennium, as it is rather asymmetrical, though also somewhat cold. (The reaction between Es and Ca would be superior, but preparing milligram quantities of Es for a target is difficult.) Moreover, as berkelium-249 decays to californium-249 (the next element) with a short half-life of 327 days, this allowed elements 119 and 120 to be searched for simultaneously. Nevertheless, the necessary change from the "silver bullet" Ca to Ti divides the expected yield of ununennium by about twenty, as the yield is strongly dependent on the asymmetry of the fusion reaction. Due to the predicted short half-lives, the GSI team used new "fast" electronics capable of registering decay events within microseconds.

₉₇Bk
+
₂₂Ti
→
₁₁₉Uue
* → no atoms

₉₈Cf
+
₂₂Ti
→
₁₂₀Ubn
* → no atoms

Neither element 119 nor element 120 was observed. This implied a limiting cross-section of 65 fb for producing element 119 in these reactions, and 200 fb for element 120. The predicted actual cross section for producing element 119 in this reaction is around 40 fb, which is at the limits of current technology. (The record lowest cross section of an experimentally successful reaction is 30 fb for the reaction between Bi and Zn producing nihonium.) The experiment was originally planned to continue to November 2012, but was stopped early to make use of the Bk target to confirm the synthesis of tennessine (thus changing the projectiles to Ca).

The team at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, planned to attempt this reaction. Currently, beams heavier than Ca have not been used at the JINR, but they are actively being developed.

References

• Isotope masses from:
  • M. Wang; G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; F. G. Kondev; M. MacCormick; X. Xu; et al. (2012). "The AME2012 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 36 (12): 1603–2014. Bibcode:2012ChPhC..36....3M. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/36/12/003.
  • Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001

1. Hoffman, Ghiorso & Seaborg 2000, p. 431. sfn error: no target: CITEREFHoffmanGhiorsoSeaborg2000 (help)
2. Public Affairs Department (21 July 2001). "Results of element 118 experiment retracted". Berkeley Lab. Archived from the original on 29 January 2008. Retrieved 18 January 2008.
3. ^ Loveland, W. (2007). "Synthesis of transactinide nuclei using radioactive beams" (PDF). Physical Review C. 76 (1). 014612. Bibcode:2007PhRvC..76a4612L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.76.014612.
4. ^ Ball, P. (2019). "Extreme chemistry: experiments at the edge of the periodic table" (PDF). Nature. 565 (7741): 552–555. Bibcode:2019Natur.565..552B. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-00285-9. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 30700884. S2CID 59524524. We started the search for element 119 last June," says RIKEN researcher Hideto En'yo. "It will certainly take a long time — years and years — so we will continue the same experiment intermittently for 100 or more days per year, until we or somebody else discovers it.
5. ^ Sakai, Hideyuki (27 February 2019). "Search for a New Element at RIKEN Nishina Center" (PDF). infn.it. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
6. ^ Khuyagbaatar, J.; Yakushev, A.; Düllmann, Ch. E.; et al. (2020). "Search for elements 119 and 120" (PDF). Physical Review C. 102 (6). 064602. Bibcode:2020PhRvC.102f4602K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.102.064602. S2CID 229401931. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
7. ^ Gates, J.; Pore, J.; Crawford, H.; Shaughnessy, D.; Stoyer, M. A. (25 October 2022). "The Status and Ambitions of the US Heavy Element Program". osti.gov. doi:10.2172/1896856. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
8. Sakurai, Hiroyoshi (1 April 2020). "Greeting | RIKEN Nishina Center". With the completion of the upgrade of the linear accelerator and BigRIPS at the beginning of 2020, the RNC aims to synthesize new elements from element 119 and beyond.
9. Chapman, Kit; Turner, Kristy (13 February 2018). "The hunt is on". Education in Chemistry. Royal Society of Chemistry. Retrieved 28 June 2019. The hunt for element 113 was almost abandoned because of lack of resources, but this time Japan's emperor is bankrolling Riken's efforts to extend the periodic table to its eighth row.
10. Tanaka, Masaomi; Brionnet, Pierre; Du, Miting; et al. (2022). "Probing Optimal Reaction Energy for Synthesis of Element 119 from V+Cm Reaction with Quasielastic Barrier Distribution Measurement". Journal of the Physical Society of Japan. 91: 042081-1–11. doi:10.7566/JPSJ.91.084201. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
11. Modern alchemy: Turning a line, The Economist, May 12, 2012.
12. ^ DÜLLMANN, CHRISTOPH E. (2013). "SUPERHEAVY ELEMENT RESEARCH AT TASCA AT GSI". Fission and Properties of Neutron-Rich Nuclei. WORLD SCIENTIFIC. doi:10.1142/9789814525435_0029. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
13. ^ Zagrebaev, Karpov & Greiner 2013. sfn error: no target: CITEREFZagrebaevKarpovGreiner2013 (help)
14. ^ http://asrc.jaea.go.jp/soshiki/gr/chiba_gr/workshop3/&Yakushev.pdf
15. "Search for element 119: Christoph E. Düllmann for the TASCA E119 collaboration" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-09-15.
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17. Dmitriev, Sergey; Itkis, Mikhail; Oganessian, Yuri (2016). Status and perspectives of the Dubna superheavy element factory (PDF). Nobel Symposium NS160 – Chemistry and Physics of Heavy and Superheavy Elements. doi:10.1051/epjconf/201613108001.
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Table of nuclides Categories: Isotopes Tables of nuclides Metastable isotopes Isotopes by element

• Isotopes of ununennium
• Ununennium
• Lists of isotopes by element