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| name = Acute beryllium poisoning
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| Name = Acute beryllium poisoning | synonyms =
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| ICD9 = {{ICD9|985.3}} | symptoms =
| ICDO = | complications =
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| MedlinePlus = | duration =
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|Field = occupational medicine}}
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'''Acute beryllium poisoning''' is acute illness resulting from the toxic effect of ] in its elemental form or in various chemical compounds, and is distinct from ] (also called chronic beryllium disease). The toxicity of beryllium depends upon the duration, intensity and frequency of exposure (features of dose), as well as the form of beryllium and the route of exposure (i.e. inhalation, dermal, ingestion). '''Acute beryllium poisoning''' is acute ] resulting from the toxic effect of ] in its elemental form or in various chemical compounds, and is distinct from ] (also called chronic beryllium disease). After ] procedures were put into place following the realization that the metal caused berylliosis around 1950, acute beryllium poisoning became extremely rare.<ref name=OSHAhealtheffects/>


== Signs and symptoms ==
Although the use of beryllium compounds in ]ing tubes was discontinued in 1949, potential for exposure to beryllium exists in the ] production and aerospace industries and in the refining of beryllium metal and melting of beryllium-containing alloys, the manufacturing of electronic devices, and the handling of other beryllium-containing material.
Generally associated with exposure to beryllium levels at or above 100 μg/m<sup>3</sup>,<ref name=OSHAhealtheffects/> it produces severe cough, sore nose and throat, weight loss, labored breathing, anorexia, and increased fatigue.<ref>Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. September 2002 . See also </ref>{{rp|46}}


⚫ In addition to beryllium's toxicity when inhaled, when brought into contact with skin at relatively low doses, beryllium can cause local irritation and ], and contact with skin that has been scraped or cut may cause rashes or ulcers.<ref>Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry via the CDC. Page last reviewed: 3 March 2011. Page last updated: 3 June 2015</ref> Beryllium dust or powder can irritate the eyes.<ref>NIOSH Page last reviewed: 22 July 2015. Page last updated: 1 July 2014</ref>
==Classification==
⚫ Acute beryllium poisoning is an ].<ref name=OSHAhealtheffects>OSHA Page accessed March 29, 2016</ref> Relevant occupations are those where beryllium is mined, processed or converted into metal alloys, or where machining of metals containing beryllium and recycling of scrap alloys occurs.<ref>ATSDR. September 2002</ref>


==Signs and symptoms == == Risk factors ==
⚫ ]
⚫ Acute beryllium pneumonitis produces severe cough, sore nose and throat, weight loss, labored breathing, anorexia, and increased fatigue.<ref>Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. September 2002 . See also </ref>{{rp|46}} Beryllium can cause local irritation and ] and contact with skin that has been scraped or cut may cause rashes or ulcers.<ref>Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry via the CDC. Page last reviewed: March 3, 2011. Page last updated: June 3, 2015</ref> Beryllium dust or powder can irritate the eyes.<ref>NIOSH Page last reviewed: July 22, 2015. Page last updated: July 1, 2014</ref>
⚫ Acute beryllium poisoning is an ].<ref name=OSHAhealtheffects>OSHA Page retrieved 29 March 2016</ref> Relevant occupations are those where beryllium is mined, processed or converted into metal alloys, or where machining of metals containing beryllium or recycling of scrap alloys occurs.<ref>ATSDR. September 2002</ref>


Metallographic preparation equipment and laboratory work surfaces must be damp-wiped occasionally to inhibit buildup of particles. Cutting, grinding, and polishing procedures that generate dust or fumes must be handled within sufficiently vented coverings supplied with particulate filters.<ref>Batich, Ray and James M. Marder. (1985) Beryllium In (Ed. 9), Metals Handbook: Metallography and Microstructures (pp. 389-391). Metals Park, Ohio: American Society for Metals.</ref>
==Causes==
Acute beryllium disease is a rapid onset form of ] that results from breathing high airborne concentrations of beryllium. ABD is generally associated with exposure to beryllium levels at or above 100 μg/m<sup>3</sup>.<ref name=OSHAhealtheffects/>


==Diagnosis== ==Diagnosis==
{{Empty section|date=November 2017}}
There is no specific diagnostic test for acute beryllium disease. Biopsy of the lungs reveals a nonspecific granulomatous inflammation. The chest X-ray can reveal diffuse, bilateral ] infiltrates.


==Management== == Management==
Therapy is supportive and includes removal from further beryllium exposure. Treatment is supportive, including oxygen supplementation as needed, and removal from further beryllium exposure. Corticosteroids are sometimes tried, but no good controlled studies are reported. Therapy is supportive and includes removal from further beryllium exposure.<ref name="OSHAhealtheffects" /> For very severe cases mechanical ventilation may be required.<ref>Newman, LS for the Merck Manual. Last full review/revision May 2014</ref>


==Outcomes== == Prognosis ==
The signs and symptoms of acute beryllium pneumonitis usually resolve over several weeks to months, but be may be fatal in 10 percent of cases,<ref name=OSHAhealtheffects/> and about 15–20% of cases may progress to CBD.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1056/NEJM196511252732205|pmid=5847559|year=1965|last1=Hardy|first1=HL|title=Beryllium poisoning--lessons in control of man-made disease|volume=273|issue=22|pages=1188–99|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine}}</ref> Acute beyrlllium poisoning approximately doubles the risk of getting lung cancer.<Ref>National Toxicology Program, Department of Health and Human Services. Report on Carcinogens, Thirteenth Edition </ref> The signs and symptoms of acute beryllium pneumonitis usually resolve over several weeks to months, but may be fatal in 10 percent of cases,<ref name=OSHAhealtheffects/> and about 15–20% of cases may progress to ].<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1056/NEJM196511252732205|pmid=5847559|year=1965|last1=Hardy|first1=HL|title=Beryllium poisoning--lessons in control of man-made disease|volume=273|issue=22|pages=1188–99|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine}}</ref>


Acute beryllium poisoning approximately doubles the risk of lung cancer.<ref name=ntp>National Toxicology Program, Department of Health and Human Services. Report on Carcinogens, Thirteenth Edition </ref> The mechanism by which beryllium is carcinogenic is unclear, but may be due to ionic beryllium binding to nucleic acids; it is not mutagenic.<ref name=ntp/>
==Epidemiology==
After ] procedures were put into place following the realization that the metal caused berylliosis, as of 2016 acute beryllium poisoning was considered to be extremely rare.<ref name=OSHAhealtheffects/>


== Pathophysiology ==
⚫ ==History==
{{empty section|date=January 2021}}

⚫ == History ==
Acute beryllium disease was first reported in Europe in 1933 and in the United States in 1943.<ref name="Lang">{{Cite journal|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=102|issue=6–7|date=June–July 1994|title=Beryllium: A Chronic Problem|author=Lang, Leslie|pmc=1569745|pmid=9679108|pages=526–31|doi=10.1289/ehp.94102526}}</ref> Acute beryllium disease was first reported in Europe in 1933 and in the United States in 1943.<ref name="Lang">{{Cite journal|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=102|issue=6–7|date=June–July 1994|title=Beryllium: A Chronic Problem|author=Lang, Leslie|pmc=1569745|pmid=9679108|pages=526–31|doi=10.1289/ehp.94102526}}</ref>


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist|2}} {{Reflist}}


⚫ {{OSHA|article=Beryllium|url =https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/beryllium/healtheffects.html|accessdate=2016-03-28}}
⚫ {{HHS content|article=ToxGuide for Beryllium|url =http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxguides/toxguide-4.pdf}}

==External links==
{{Medical resources
| DiseasesDB =
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|T|56|7|t|51}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|985.3}}
| ICDO =
| OMIM =
| MedlinePlus =
| eMedicineSubj =
⚫ | eMedicineTopic =
| MeshID =
}}
{{Poisoning and toxicity}} {{Poisoning and toxicity}}
{{Elements in biology}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Beryllium Poisoning}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Beryllium Poisoning}}
] ]
]
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] ]

⚫ {{OSHA|article=Beryllium|url =https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/beryllium/healtheffects.html|accessdate=2016-03-28}}
⚫ {{HHS content|article=ToxGuide for Beryllium|url =http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxguides/toxguide-4.pdf}}

Latest revision as of 23:46, 29 December 2023

Medical condition
Acute beryllium poisoning
Beryllium
SpecialtyOccupational medicine

Acute beryllium poisoning is acute chemical pneumonitis resulting from the toxic effect of beryllium in its elemental form or in various chemical compounds, and is distinct from berylliosis (also called chronic beryllium disease). After occupational safety procedures were put into place following the realization that the metal caused berylliosis around 1950, acute beryllium poisoning became extremely rare.

Signs and symptoms

Generally associated with exposure to beryllium levels at or above 100 μg/m, it produces severe cough, sore nose and throat, weight loss, labored breathing, anorexia, and increased fatigue.

In addition to beryllium's toxicity when inhaled, when brought into contact with skin at relatively low doses, beryllium can cause local irritation and contact dermatitis, and contact with skin that has been scraped or cut may cause rashes or ulcers. Beryllium dust or powder can irritate the eyes.

Risk factors

Beryllium ore

Acute beryllium poisoning is an occupational disease. Relevant occupations are those where beryllium is mined, processed or converted into metal alloys, or where machining of metals containing beryllium or recycling of scrap alloys occurs.

Metallographic preparation equipment and laboratory work surfaces must be damp-wiped occasionally to inhibit buildup of particles. Cutting, grinding, and polishing procedures that generate dust or fumes must be handled within sufficiently vented coverings supplied with particulate filters.

Diagnosis

This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (November 2017)

Management

Therapy is supportive and includes removal from further beryllium exposure. For very severe cases mechanical ventilation may be required.

Prognosis

The signs and symptoms of acute beryllium pneumonitis usually resolve over several weeks to months, but may be fatal in 10 percent of cases, and about 15–20% of cases may progress to chronic beryllium disease.

Acute beryllium poisoning approximately doubles the risk of lung cancer. The mechanism by which beryllium is carcinogenic is unclear, but may be due to ionic beryllium binding to nucleic acids; it is not mutagenic.

Pathophysiology

This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (January 2021)

History

Acute beryllium disease was first reported in Europe in 1933 and in the United States in 1943.

References

  1. ^ OSHA Beryllium Health Effects Page retrieved 29 March 2016
  2. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. September 2002 Toxicological Profile: Beryllium. See also 2009 Addendum
  3. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry via the CDC. TOX FAQs: Beryllium Page last reviewed: 3 March 2011. Page last updated: 3 June 2015
  4. NIOSH International Chemical Safety Cards: Beryllium Page last reviewed: 22 July 2015. Page last updated: 1 July 2014
  5. ATSDR. ToxGuide for Beryllium September 2002
  6. Batich, Ray and James M. Marder. (1985) Beryllium In (Ed. 9), Metals Handbook: Metallography and Microstructures (pp. 389-391). Metals Park, Ohio: American Society for Metals.
  7. Newman, LS for the Merck Manual. Beryllium Disease Last full review/revision May 2014
  8. Hardy, HL (1965). "Beryllium poisoning--lessons in control of man-made disease". The New England Journal of Medicine. 273 (22): 1188–99. doi:10.1056/NEJM196511252732205. PMID 5847559.
  9. ^ National Toxicology Program, Department of Health and Human Services. Report on Carcinogens, Thirteenth Edition Beryllium and Beryllium Compounds
  10. Lang, Leslie (June–July 1994). "Beryllium: A Chronic Problem". Environmental Health Perspectives. 102 (6–7): 526–31. doi:10.1289/ehp.94102526. PMC 1569745. PMID 9679108.

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from Beryllium. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Retrieved 28 March 2016. Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from ToxGuide for Beryllium (PDF). United States Department of Health and Human Services.

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