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{{Short description|None}}
<!--PLEASE DO NOT ADD ANY MORE NAMES TO THIS PAGE WITHOUT INCLUDING A CREDIBLE SOURCE FOR THE INFORMATION. SEE ] AND ], WHICH ARE POLICY. THE SOURCE MUST SAY THAT THE PERSON IS ACTUALLY JEWISH.-->
{{Jew list}} {{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2020}}
{{JewsByCountry}}
{{Jewish Polish history}}
{{JewishPolishHistory}}
{{Jews by country}}
] of 1939; ], ]]]


From the ] until the ], ] comprised an appreciable part of ]'s population. The ], known for its ]<ref name="Hugh">Hugh Redwald Trevor-Roper, ''From Counter-Reformation to Glorious Revolution'', University of Chicago Press 1992, page 51. Quote: "Poland, at that time, was the most tolerant country in Europe." Also in '''' by S. Groenveld, Michael J. Wintle; and in '''' (Walburg Instituut, 1994).</ref> and described as '']'' (] for "] of the Jews"),<ref name="Haumannp30">{{Cite book|last=Haumann|first=Heiko|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ypcWuuGVvX8C&pg=PA30|title=A History of East European Jews|date=2002-01-01|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=9789639241268|page=30}}</ref><ref name="Gellerp20">{{cite book|last=Geller|first=Ewa|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mlNuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|title=Jewish Medicine and Healthcare in Central Eastern Europe|publisher=Springer|year=2018|isbn=9783319924809|editor1-last=Moskalewicz|editor1-first=Marcin|page=20 (13–26)|chapter=Yiddish 'Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum" from Early Modern Poland: A Humanistic Symbiosis of Latin Medicine and Jewish Thought|editor2-last=Caumanns|editor2-first=Ute|editor3-last=Dross|editor3-first=Fritz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Despard|first=Matthew K.|date=2015-01-02|title=In Search of a Polish Past|journal=Jewish Quarterly|volume=62|issue=1|pages=40–43|doi=10.1080/0449010x.2015.1010393|issn=0449-010X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rosenfeld|first=Gavriel D.|date=September 2016|title=Mixed Metaphors in Muranów: Holocaust Memory and Architectural Meaning at the POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews|journal=Dapim: Studies on the Holocaust|volume=30|issue=3|pages=258–273|doi=10.1080/23256249.2016.1242550|s2cid=191753083|issn=2325-6249}}</ref><ref name="Elphick2019">{{cite book|author=Daniel Elphick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5KCsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18|title=Music behind the Iron Curtain: Weinberg and his Polish Contemporaries|date=3 October 2019|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-49367-3|page=18}}</ref> had attracted tens of thousands of Jews who fled persecution from other European countries. Poland was a major spiritual and cultural center for ].
'''List of Polish Jews''':


From the ] until ], ]s comprised a significant part of the ] population. The ], known as a "Jewish paradise" for its religious tolerance, attracted numerous Jews who fled persecution from other European countries, even though, at times, discrimination against Jews surfaced as it did elsewhere in Europe. Poland was a major spiritual and cultural center for ] Jewry, and Polish Jews made major contributions to Polish cultural, economic, and political life. At the start of the ], Poland had the largest Jewish population in the world (over 3 million), the vast majority of whom were killed by the ] in the Holocaust during the ] occupation of ], particularly through the implementation of the "]" mass extermination program. Only 369,000 (11%) survived. After massive postwar emigration, the current Polish Jewish population stands at approximately 8,000. At the start of the ], Poland had the largest Jewish population in the world (over 3.3 million, some 10% of the general Polish population).<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Poland.html|title = Poland Virtual Jewish History Tour|website = Jewish Virtual Library|publisher = American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise}}</ref> The vast majority were murdered under the Nazi "]" mass-extermination program in ] during the German occupation; only 369,000 (11%) of Poland's Jews survived the War.


The following is a list of people who could be seen as Polish Jews. Note that the list includes people of Jewish faith, Ashkenazi culture and/or Jewish ancestry. The list below includes persons of Jewish faith or ancestry.


==Historical figures== ==Historical figures==
<!--SEE ]. THE SOURCE MUST STATE THAT THE PERSON IS JEWISH.-->

===Politicians=== ===Politicians===
* ] (1913–1992), Israeli prime minister, Nobel Laureate, 1978 (born in Poland)<ref></ref>
* ] (1913-1992), Israeli prime minister
* ] (1886-1973), Israeli prime minister * ] (1886–1973), Israeli prime minister (born in Poland)<ref></ref>
* ], Israeli prime minister and former software entrepreneur
* ] (1901-1984), Secretary of PUWP (Polish United Workers' Party)
* ] (1901–1984), Polish communist, Secretary of PUWP (Polish United Workers' Party), in charge of State Security Services (Urząd Bezpieczeństwa, UB), the largest and the most notorious secret police force in the history of the People's Republic of Poland,
* ] (b. 1946), Speaker of the Sejm
* ] (1925–1987), American politician<ref></ref>
* ] (1880-1942), Polish-Jewish politician
* ] (1880–1942), member of Warsaw Municipal Council; Polish Senator; head of the Jewish Council under the Nazi Germans; committed suicide when the Germans requested that the children will be deported
* ] (1883-1968), Speaker of the Sejm
* ] (b. 1954), Polish politician, a speaker of the Sejm<ref></ref>
* ] (1892-1982), American politician
* ], Polish social historian, politician and former Minister of Foreign Affairs
* ] (1925-2000), Swedish politician
* ] (1917–1994), Chief Rabbi of the Military Rabbinate of the IDF
* ] (b. 1932), Polish foreign minister
* ], ] between 2010 and 2015
* ] (1898-1969), Israeli politician
* ] (1825-1906), Polish politician<ref>http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08665a.htm</ref> * ] (1825–1906), Polish politician<ref></ref>
* ], ] from 2015, Jewish grandfather, not Jewish in faith
* ] (1870-1941), Polish politician
* ], Polish lawyer, politician and former Minister of Justice
* ], (b. 1942), Polish foreign minister
* ], Polish diplomat, academician and former Minister of Foreign Affairs
* ] (b. 1946), journalist, politician (Jewish father)
* ], Polish historian, essayist
* ] (1905-1974), economist, minister
* ] (b. 1965), British foreign affairs minister<ref></ref>
* ] (1888-1960), British politician
* ], British politician, ] and Leader of the Opposition between 2010 and 2015
* ] (b. 1923), Israeli prime minister, Nobel Prize laureate (1994)
* ] (1888–1960), British politician<ref></ref>
* ] (1885-1939), Bolshevik politician
* ], Prime Minister of Israel; father was from Warsaw
* ] (b. 1938), Polish foreign minister
* ] (1923–2016), Israeli prime minister and president, Nobel Prize laureate (1994)<ref></ref>
* ] (b.1941), American politician
* ], Polish researcher, diplomat, and former Minister of Foreign Affairs
* ] (b. 1915), Israeli prime minister
* ] (1915–2012), Israeli prime minister (born in Poland)<ref></ref>
* ] (1882-1955), Polish politician{{fact}}
* ], Israeli President 1963 to 1973
* ] (1915-2000), deputy prime minister
* ] (1882–1955), Polish politician<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lib.umd.edu/SLSES/donors/autobio.html |title=Notes for an Autobiography<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2006-12-20 |archive-date=2012-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205044745/http://www.lib.umd.edu/SLSES/donors/autobio.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> (of Jewish descent)
* ] (b. 1933), journalist, commentator, writer and politician
* ], politician, journalist, editor-in-chief of the weekly '']''
* ] (1541-1617), according to tradition, temporary King of Poland in 1586
* ] (1902–1977), American politician<ref></ref>
* ] (b. 1935), Israeli politician, a speaker of the Knesset
* ], political scientist, former Deputy ]
* ] (1895-1943), Polish-Jewish leader
* ], Russian politician, founder and the leader of the ]

===Soldiers and fighters===
* ] (1919-1943), leader of ]
* ] (1886-1973), ]
* ] (b. 1922), last living leader of the ]
* ] (1764-1809), colonel during ] and Napoleonic wars
* ] (1889–1962), General of the Polish Army and deputy minister of war affairs
* ] (1884–1954), General of the Polish Army
* ] (1900-1986), US Navy Admiral
* ] (1915-1952), WW2 spy (Jewish mother)
* ], Lieutenant Colonel, spy


===Others=== ===Others===
] of 1939; ], ]]]
* ], founder of Polish nuclear energy industry
* ], leader of ] in World War II
* ], politician
* ], mistress of Polish king ]
* ] (1907-1967), Polish-British political activist
* ], aide to Chinese leader ]
* ], lover of ]<ref>: "was born in 1898 near Lodz, into a traditional Jewish family" Accessed 10 Nov 2006.</ref>
* ], leader of the ] and fighter of ]
* Sir ] , British judge
* ] (1898–1952), lover of ]<ref></ref>
* ] (1900-1959), human rights lawyer
* ], naturalized Chinese journalist and author
* ] (1870-1919), Marxist
* ], commander of the Stalinist political police
* ] (b. 1923), abortion activist
* ], leader of the ] (1943-1944)
* ] (1881-1965), founder of ]
* ] (1444–ca.1510), traveler, interpreter<ref></ref>
* ] (1810-1892), feminist
* ], Soviet agent in the United States
* ] (1908-2005), founder of ], Nobel Prize (1995)
* ], Polish journalist
* ], Operative Technology and records
* ], wife of ]
* ] feminist (Jewish mother)
* ], former Stalinist military prosecutor from Poland * ], Stalinist official
* ], commanded the first Jewish military formation in modern history
* ], political activist and human rights campaigner (Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, Jews for Justice for Palestinians, Independent Jewish Voices), mother of David and Ed Miliband.
* ], American organized crime figure
* Sir ], British judge<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050905221046/http://ejil.org/journal/Vol8/No2/art6.html |date=2005-09-05 }}</ref>
* ] (1871–1919), ] revolutionary<ref>{{cite web|title=Rosa Luxemburg: More Than a Revolutionary| author=Annette Insdorf| url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE3DD1331F932A05756C0A961948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print| work=The New York Times| date=1987-05-31}}</ref>
* ], Australian general
* ], Polish count who converted to Judaism
* ], German literary critic
* ], French fashion designer
* ], Stalinist interrogator
* ], journalist, columnist, and essayist
* ], Canadian businessman
* ], Canadian bodybuilder and entrepreneur
* ], journalist and television personality
* ], Stalinist prosecutor, wife of ]
* ], physician, inventor, and writer; creator of Esperanto

===Sovereign Polish Armed Forces===
* ], Polish-Jewish Colonel in the Polish Legions of Napoleon's armies
* ], member of the Austrio—Hungarian Army, 1914–1918; Polish soldier and officer, 1918–1939; sent to POW camp by the Germans; finished his career in the rank of ] and, in command of the ], fought against the Germans in 1939
* ], Polish soldier in 1939 saved from death by his ]; Holocaust survivor; a man who inspired the book that the film ''Schindler's List'' was based on
* ], Chief Rabbi of the Polish Armed Forces, murdered by the Soviet NKVD


==Religious figures== ==Religious figures==
* ], professor of Hebrew<ref>'']'': born in Poland of Jewish parents</ref>
* ] (d. 1772), Hassidic rabbi
* ] (1831–1914), Hebraist, converted to Christianity<ref>British '']''</ref>
* ] (the Baal Shem Tov) (ca 1700-1760), Hassidic rabbi
* ] (1807–1864), missionary; moved to England<ref name="ReferenceA">Concise '']''</ref>
* ] (1717-1786), Hassidic rabbi

* ] (1726-1791), messianic claimant
===Rabbis===
* ], Hebraist, converted to Christianity (British ])
* Rabbi ], preacher (meggid) from Dubno
* ] (16th c.), rabbi
* ] (1670–1756), rabbi<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928105726/http://bible.tmtm.com/HART%2C_AARON_%28Jewish_Encyclopedia%29 |date=2008-09-28 }}</ref>
* ] (1793-1876), Hassidic rabbi
* Rabbi ]<ref></ref> (1550–1583), co-signer of the ] laws; chief rabbi of ]
* ] (b. 1921), rabbi
* Rabbi ], Warsaw Rabbinate
* ] (1907-1972), theologian
* Rabbi ]
* ] (1795-1874), rabbi & Zionist pioneer
* Rabbi ] (1798 – March 10, 1866), also known as the ''Chiddushei HaRim''. First Gerrer Rebbe
* ] (1763-1831), Hassidic rabbi
* Rabbi ] (1847–1905), also known as the ''Sfas Emes''. Gerrer Rebbe from 1870 to 1905.
* ] (1530-1572), rabbi
* Rabbi ] (December 25, 1866 – June 3, 1948), also known as the ''Imrei Emes''. Gerrer Rebbe from 1905 to 1948.
* ] (1510-1574), rabbi
* Rabbi ] (October 12, 1895 – February 20, 1977), also known as the ''Beis Yisroel''. Gerrer Rebbe from 1948 to 1977.
* ] (b. 1926), French Roman-Catholic cardinal
* Rabbi ] (April 6, 1898 – August 6, 1992), also known as the ''Lev Simcha''. Gerrer Rebbe from 1977 to 1992.
* ], count, converted to Judaism (Avrohom ben Avrohom), the Ger Tzedek of Vilna, (d. 1749)
* Rabbi ] (June 9, 1926 – March 7, 1996), also known as the ''Pnei Menachem''. Gerrer Rebbe from 1992 to 1996.
* ] (1790-1867), Orthodox rabbi, scholar
* Rabbi ] (b. 1939), Gerrer Rebbe from 1996 to the present
* ] (1779-1855), Hassidic rabbi (first ]er ])
* Rabbi ] (1798 – March 21, 1870)
* ] (1877-1957), Hassidic rabbi (fourth Belzer Rebbe)
* Rabbi ] (March 3, 1887 – October 27, 1933), rabbi of ], founder of ], and creator of ]
* ] (1903-1993), Orthodox rabbi, philosopher
* ] (1745-1815), Hassidic rabbi


==Academics== ==Academics==
===Scientists===
* ], mathematician (Jewish father)
* ], mathematician
* ], scientist & broadcaster, works: algebraic geometry
* ], physicist, Nobel Prize (1992)
* ], mathematician: ]
* ], physicist
* ], ]
*] (1937 - ) chemist & writer, Nobel Prize winner (1981)<ref> "Roald Hoffmann, Polish-Jewish American , chemist, poet, Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1981; PIASA Casimir Funk Award 1995"</ref>
* ], physicist
* ], mathematician
* ], immunologist
* ], computer scientist: ] compression
* ], logician
* ], mathematician: ]
* ], mathematician
* ] physicist, ]
* ], mathematician
* ], chemist
* ], mathematician
* ], logician
* ], mathematician
* ], chemist, Nobel Prize (1950)
* ], mathematician
* ], inventor of the oral ]
* ], endocrinologist, Nobel Prize (1977) (Jewish father)
* ], mathematician
* ], mathematician
* ], a founder of astronautics
* ], mathematician, logician
* ], mathematician


===Social sciences=== === Economists ===
* ]
* ], Gestalt psychologist
* ], historian * ]
* ]
* ], historian
* ], Nobel Prize winner (2007)
* ]
* ]
* ] (1905–1974)
* ]

=== Mathematicians ===
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]

===Philosophers===
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Crosswhite |first1=James |title=Deep Rhetoric: Philosophy, Reason, Violence, Justice, Wisdom |date=2013 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0226016344 |pages=48–49}}</ref>
* ]
* ]
* ]

=== Sciences ===
* ], sociologist * ], sociologist
* ], military writer * ], immunologist
* ], physicist, Nobel Prize winner (1992)
* ], historian
* ], historian * ], physicist
* ], historian * ], (Christian mother, Jewish father) sociologist and historian
* ], microbiologist and scientist
* ], economist
* ] (b. 1937), chemist and writer; Nobel Prize winner (1981)
* ], historian
* ], physicist
* ], psychologist (Jewish father)
* ], economist * ], immunologist
* ], computer scientist
* ], historian
* ]<ref></ref> (1852–1931), physicist; Nobel Prize winner (1907)
* ], specialist in Japanese culture, translator{{fact}}
* ], historian * ], jurist
* ] (1914–1998), Israeli physician and educator; first President of ]
* ], historian
* ], physicist, Nobel Prize winner (1944)
* ], historian
* ], Polish bacteriologist; first Chairman of ]
* ], anthropologist
* ], chemist, Nobel Prize winner (1950)
* ], historian
* ], physicist, nuclear disarmament activist, Nobel Peace Prize winner (1995)
* ], psychologist
* ], inventor of the oral ] vaccine
* ], neurophysiologist & psychiatrist
* ], sociologist, historian, politician and director of the ]
* ], famous Zionist
* ], sociologist, politician * ], founder of astronautics

* ], language teacher
==Historians==
* ], ophthalmologist and inventor of ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] (1916–1980), historian; made ] to Israel<ref>'']'', Jacob Talmon</ref>
* ]


==Cultural figures== ==Cultural figures==

===Artists=== ===Artists===
* ], painter * ], Polish-Jewish painter
* ], Polish-Jewish painter
* ], artist
* ], painter (Jewish mother)<ref></ref> * ], Polish-Jewish painter<ref></ref>
* ], painter, sculptor, stage designer, book illustrator and a commander ] during ]
* ], photographer
* ], painter * ], Polish-Jewish painter
* ], photographer{{fact}} * ], Polish-Jewish sculptor
* ], American-British sculptor
* ], painter (Jewish mother)
* ], Polish-Jewish oil painter
* ], actress
* ], Polish-Jewish-American sculptor
* ], painter
* ], painter * ], Polish-Jewish artist, painter, sculptor and engraver
* ], comic book artist * ], French comics editor and writer
* ] (1925-2018), painter; immigrated to Israel<ref>Richard McBee, '']'', July 4, 2003.</ref>
* ], architect
* ] (1916-2009), artist<ref>Kirshenblatt, Mayer and Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett. They called me Mayer July: Painted memories of a Jewish childhood in Poland before the Holocaust. University of California Press. Los Angeles:2007.</ref>
* ], painter
* ], Israeli painter, graphic designer, author and illustrator
* ], sculptor
* ], painter, poet * ] (1913-1970), painter and theater stage designer
* ], political cartoonist * ], book illustrator and political artist
* ], painter * ], painter, illustrator, graphic artist
* ] (1887-1961), painter; immigrated to England<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
* ], sculptor
* ], Polish-Jewish painter and protégé of ]
* ], sculptor (Jewish father)
* ], sculptor


===Musicians=== ===Musicians===
* ], violinist and pedagogue born in ] and trained in ]
* ], pianist
* ], Israeli pop star; mother was Bronia Rosenberg, originally from Łódź in Poland; father was Fishel Brand, from Biłgoraj in Poland
* ] & ], founders of ]
* ], composer * ], composer and conductor; born in Dvinsk, Latvia
* ], composer; born in Warsaw, Poland; immigrated to the United States
* ], pianist
* ], bebop jazz pianist and composer; father born in Poland
* ], violinist
* ], violinist/conductor * ], conductor and violinist; born in ], ]
* ], band leader; parents born in Poland
* ], violinist
* ] (1850-1934), musician; immigrated to England<ref>British Concise '']''</ref>
* ], violinist
* ], pianist, born in Lwow
* ], singer<ref> "This disc contains over 600 complete recordings of almost 200 singers of Jewish heritage" including Jan Kiepura; accessed 16 Nov 2006.<br>
* ] (1902-1966), actor and singer; immigrated to the United States<ref></ref> (Jewish mother)
The Kiepuras' European ascendancy was cut short by the rise of the Nazis; both had Jewish mothers." Accessed 16 Nov 2006.</ref>
* ] (1900-1973), composer and conductor
* ], composer, arranger, director, pianist (from the famous Brandwein family)
* ] (born 1965), polish pianist and composer<ref>{{Citation |title=Slawomir Kowalinski |date=2022-02-25 |url=https://de.wikipedia.org/search/?title=Slawomir_Kowalinski&oldid=220585183 |work=Misplaced Pages |language=de |access-date=2022-03-19}}</ref>
* ], harpsichordist (Jewish mother)
* ] (5 July 1879 - 16 August 1959), harpsichordist
* ], composer
* ] vocalist and bassist for ], (Parents born in Poland)
* ], composer
* ], composer, pianist (of Jewish ancestry) * ] (1895-1979)
* ], pianist * ], pianist, born in Lwow
* ] (26 May 1910 - 8 August 1976)
* ], pianist * ], pianist
* ], pianist * ], violinist
* ] (1918-1988), violinist; immigrated to Mexico<ref></ref>
* ] pianist, author of '']'' memoir
* ], pianist and subject of the ] film '']''
* ], composer, pianist
* ], composer, pianist * ], pianist and composer
* ] (1902-1977), composer; immigrated to the United States<ref></ref>
* ], pianist (Jewish father)
* ], composer * ]
* ], composer
* ], violinist, composer


===Screen and stage=== ===Screen and stage===
* ], film producer * ] (born 1941)
* ], film director * ] (1908-1980), film director<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Ford_Aleksander|title=YIVO &#124; Ford, Aleksander}}</ref>
* ] (1900-1996), Polish-American film actor and director<ref name="yivoencyclopedia.org">Hoberman, J. "Cinema." YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe 2 August 2010.<http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Cinema>. Accessed 7 July 2012.</ref>
* ], film screenwriter
* ] (born 1932), film director and screenwriter<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Cinema|title=YIVO &#124; Cinema}}</ref>
* ], film producer
* ] (born 1948), ] and writer (Jewish father)<ref name=nytimes>{{cite news| url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE7DE153BF93BA3575BC0A965958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2 | work=The New York Times | title=Holland Without a Country | first=Roger | last=Cohen | date=1993-08-08 | access-date=2011-09-13}}</ref>
* ], Yiddish actor
* ] (1887-1980), cinematographer; immigrated to the United States; brother of Mikhail Kaufman and Dziga Vertov<ref></ref>
* ], stage actress
* ] (1897-1980), cinematographer and photographer; immigrated to the Soviet Union; brother of Boris Kaufman and Dziga Vertov<ref></ref>
* ], film pioneer and director
* ] (1892–1953), opera singer, emigrated to Argentina
* ], film director
* ] (1937-2021), film, television, theatre and radio actor, comedian<ref></ref>
* ], film director, screenwriter (Jewish father)
* ], Yiddish playwright * ] (born 1940)
*] (1921-1961), film director and screenwriter, one of the creators of the Polish Film School
* ], film director
* ] (born 1933), Polish-French film director (Jewish father, half-Jewish mother)<ref></ref>
* ], cinematographer
* ] (1888-1982), ballet dancer and teacher; immigrated to England<ref></ref>
* ], cinematographer
* ], cabaret director (Jewish mother)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.teatry.art.pl/!osobistosci/skrzynecki.htm |title=Piotr Skrzynecki<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2006-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208132842/http://www.teatry.art.pl/!osobistosci/skrzynecki.htm |archive-date=2006-12-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* ], film director ''(partial Jewish ancestry)
* ] (1909-1995), film educator, director, writer<ref>"British Express Concern About Fate of Jerzy Toeplitz, Polish Film Figure." Jewish Telegraphic Agency 20 May 1968.</ref>
* ], film director (father and maternal grandparent were Jewish, Polish catholic mother)
* ] (1887-1957), actor, writer, singer and director working in theater and film<ref name="yivoencyclopedia.org"/>
* ], film producer
* ], film director; immigrated to the Soviet Union; brother of ] and ]<ref></ref>
* ], cabaret director (Jewish mother)<ref></ref>
* ] (1904-1965), film and theater director; film producer<ref>Samuel Blumenfeld, L'homme qui voulait être prince: les vies imaginaires de Michal Waszynski (Paris: B. Grasset, 2006).</ref>
* ], film director<ref></ref>
*], born Michał Feiertag, (1888-1943), stage and film actor
* ], ] & ], film producers
* ], film director{{fact}}


==Writers and poets== ==Writers and poets==

===Polish-language=== ===Polish-language===
* ], writer * ], writer and essayist
* ]
* ], writer<ref></ref>
* ], writer and poet<ref></ref>
* ], poet
* ] (1916-2000), writer<ref></ref>
* ], writer of short stories
* ], writer * ], writer and screenwriter
* ]
* ], writer, activist (Jewish mother)
*] (1917-1943), journalist, diarist
* ], writer
* ], poet * ]
* ], poet (Jewish father) * ], writer and feminist
* ], poet * ]
* ], pediatrician, children's writer, pedagogue and educator * ], writer
* ]
* ], author
* ] (1877-1937), poet (Jewish ancestry)<ref></ref>
* ], poet
* ] (1908-1988), writer (Jewish mother)<ref></ref>
* ], writer (Jewish father) <ref>'']'', Obituary, 18 May 2006: "Born in Lvov to a wealthy Jewish doctor father"</ref>
* ] (Jewish mother)
* ], poet
* ], writer
* ], writer (Jewish mother)<ref></ref>
* ]
* ], writer, literature critic, and publicist
* ] (1899-1968), poet<ref>], art. Stern, Anatol</ref>
* ], prose writer
* ] (1928-2016), writer and prolific translator into Polish from English, German and other languages
* ], writer
* ], poet * ]
* ] (Jewish father)
* ], poet
* ], novelist * ] (1894-1953), poet
* ] (1920-1985), writer<ref></ref>
* ], poet, song lyrics
* ], poet<ref>Aleksander Wat: Life and Art of an Iconoclast</ref> * ] (1900-1967), poet<ref></ref>
* ], poet<ref></ref>
* ], journalist (Jewish father)
* ] (1930-1994), writer


===]-language=== ===]===
* ], writer * ] (1880-1957), novelist and essayist<ref name="Classical Yiddish Authors"/>
* ] (1903-1976), writer and essayist
* ], poet-songwriter
* ] (fl. 19th-century)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/3962-candia-isaac-b-saul-chmelniker|title=Candia, Isaac B. Saul Chmelniker - JewishEncyclopedia.com|website=www.jewishencyclopedia.com|access-date=2017-09-05}}</ref>
* ], poet
* ] (1802-1856), playwright and poet<ref name="Classical Yiddish Authors"></ref>
* ], Yiddish writer
* ] (1852-1915), author and playwright<ref></ref>
* ], writer
* ] (1902-1991), author<ref name="Classical Yiddish Authors"/>
* ], proletariat writer
* ] (1913-2010), poet, immigrated to Israel<ref name="Classical Yiddish Authors"/>
* ], writer, Nobel Prize (1978)
* ] (1816-1893), journalist<ref></ref>
* ], novelist

===Other writers===
* ], Hebrew writer, Nobel Prize (1966)
* ], English writer
* ], Israeli literary critic
* ], French writer
* ], German writer
* ], Israeli journalist and author
* ], Hebrew poet
* ], French writer (possible Jewish mother)
* ] (Jewish father), ] novelist, since 1965 an ] citizen
* ], Hebrew writer, ] Award (])


==Business figures== ==Business figures==
* ], founder of the Belco Petroleum Corporation
* ] & ], founders of ]
* ]
* ], textile magnate, philanthropist
* ], cosmetics industrialist * ], industrialist, engineer and founder of ]
* ] (born Maksymilian Faktorowicz), founder of ]; half-brother of Prohibition-era ] ] (born Iakov Faktorowicz)
* ], founder of ]
* ] (born Jona Goldreich), L.A.-based real estate developer
* ], founder of ]
* ] (1879-1974; born Szmuel Gelbfisz), founding contributor and executive of several motion picture studios in Hollywood
* ] and ], co-founders of ] (originally Hassenfeld Brothers)
* ], marketing executive, one of the original members of both the Apple Computer Macintosh team and the NeXT team
* ] (1849-1937), banker<ref></ref>
* ], impresario, brewer who emigrated to England
* ] (1925-2021), American poker player and entrepreneur<ref></ref>
* ] (1810-1896), printer and publisher<ref></ref>
* ] (born Meyer Ratowczer), real estate developer, co-founder of ]
* ] (born Chaja Rubinstein), cosmetics entrepreneur, founder and eponym of Helena Rubinstein Incorporated cosmetics company
* ] (1928-2012), businessman and founder of ]
* ] (born Wonsal)
** ] (1884-1967)
** ] (1881-1958)
** ] (1892-1978)
** ] (1887-1927)
* ] (Shmuel Zielonka), billionaire businessman ], lawyer and philanthropist

==Sports==
===Baseball===
*]
* ]

===Chess===


==Sport figures==
===Chess players===
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]<ref>'']''; immigrated to France</ref> (1887-1956)
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]


===Others=== ===Fencing===
* ], boxing trainer (International Boxing Hall of Fame)
* ], long- and triple-jumper (4 Olympic golds)
* ], sprinter (7 medals over 4 Olympics)


* ], épée, ] champion and Soviet champion; murdered by the Nazis
==Criminals==
*], hochstapler, swindler
*] , Polish State Security Services, very cruel communist criminal
*] or Berger, Polish State Security, Services communist criminal
*], Polish State Security Services, communist criminal
*], Polish State Security Services, communist criminal
* ], chairperson of the military tribunal in Poland
*], ] Jack the Ripper suspect
*], US gangster
*], Polish State Security Services, communist criminal
* ], chairperson of the military tribunal in Cracow
* ], 1st vice-minister of MPS
* ], head of the Department of Investigations
*], US gangster


===Fictional figures=== ===Football===
* ] from '']''
* ] from ]
* ], ] mutant


* ], Poland national team<ref name=sporting>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_Si5OP6cjkC&q=%22ludwik+gintel%22+jewish&pg=PA17 |title=Jews and the Sporting Life: Studies in Contemporary Jewry XXIII |author= Ezra Mendelsohn |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-538291-4|year= 2009|access-date=December 24, 2010}}</ref>
==See also==
* ] (born 1955), football manager of various football clubs and national teams (e.g. ], ], ])
*]
* ], Poland national team; murdered by the Nazis<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurojewcong.org/ejc/news.php?id_article=5604 |author=Eldad Beck |title=Anti-Semitism feared ahead of Euro 2012 |publisher=] |date=August 9, 2010 |access-date=December 24, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120731004503/http://www.eurojewcong.org/ejc/news.php?id_article=5604 |archive-date=July 31, 2012 }}</ref>
*]
* ], spent 17 years in the ]
*]
* ] (1900-1941), left wing, Polish national team; murdered by the Nazis in the ]
* ], centre forward, Polish national team (two matches, four goals); died in December 1941 in the Lemberg Ghetto
* ], American-born, midfield, ]

===Professional wrestling===

* ], American professional wrestler, known for his time in ] under the ring name Chris Masters

===Swimming===

* ], Olympic 4×200-m freestyle relay; murdered by the Nazis in ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/g/GooglePM/DP/lib00153,0EAF44D611BD8AC2.html |author=Tom Archdeacon |title=Memories never dim from Games of Shame; Message of "Nazi Olympics'still vital |work= The Denver Post|date=April 26, 1998 |access-date=December 24, 2010}}</ref>

===Track and field===

* ], Olympic long-jumper from ], Poland
* ], sprinter and long jumper; world records in 100-m, 200-m, and 400-m; three-time Olympic champion, plus four medals (for a total of seven Olympic medals)
* ], two world records (discus); Olympic silver and bronze (discus)

===Weightlifting===

* ], Polish-born, three-time British champion (lightweight), three-time Maccabiah champion; survived ] and ]; all but one family member was murdered by the Nazis

==Holocaust survivors==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Judaism|Poland}}
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]


==References== ==References==
{{reflist|2}}
===Footnotes===

<div class="references-small"><references /></div>
{{Lists of Jews by country|noredlinks=yes}}


] {{DEFAULTSORT:Polish Jews}}
] ]
] ]
]
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]

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From the Middle Ages until the Holocaust, Polish Jews comprised an appreciable part of Poland's population. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, known for its religious tolerance and described as Paradisus Judaeorum (Latin for "Paradise of the Jews"), had attracted tens of thousands of Jews who fled persecution from other European countries. Poland was a major spiritual and cultural center for Ashkenazi Jews.

At the start of the Second World War, Poland had the largest Jewish population in the world (over 3.3 million, some 10% of the general Polish population). The vast majority were murdered under the Nazi "Final Solution" mass-extermination program in the Holocaust in Poland during the German occupation; only 369,000 (11%) of Poland's Jews survived the War.

The list below includes persons of Jewish faith or ancestry.

Historical figures

Politicians

Others

Graves of Polish Jews among the fallen soldiers of the Polish Defensive War of 1939; Powązki Cemetery, Warsaw

Sovereign Polish Armed Forces

  • Berek Joselewicz, Polish-Jewish Colonel in the Polish Legions of Napoleon's armies
  • Bernard Mond, member of the Austrio—Hungarian Army, 1914–1918; Polish soldier and officer, 1918–1939; sent to POW camp by the Germans; finished his career in the rank of Brigade General and, in command of the 6th Infantry Division (Poland), fought against the Germans in 1939
  • Poldek Pfefferberg, Polish soldier in 1939 saved from death by his sergeant major; Holocaust survivor; a man who inspired the book that the film Schindler's List was based on
  • Baruch Steinberg, Chief Rabbi of the Polish Armed Forces, murdered by the Soviet NKVD

Religious figures

Rabbis

Academics

Economists

Mathematicians

Philosophers

Sciences

Historians

Cultural figures

Artists

Musicians

Screen and stage

Writers and poets

Polish-language

Yiddish-language

Business figures

Sports

Baseball

Chess

Fencing

Football

Professional wrestling

Swimming

Track and field

  • Myer Prinstein, Olympic long-jumper from Szczuczyn, Poland
  • Irena Szewińska, sprinter and long jumper; world records in 100-m, 200-m, and 400-m; three-time Olympic champion, plus four medals (for a total of seven Olympic medals)
  • Jadwiga Wajs, two world records (discus); Olympic silver and bronze (discus)

Weightlifting

  • Ben Helfgott, Polish-born, three-time British champion (lightweight), three-time Maccabiah champion; survived Buchenwald and Theresienstadt; all but one family member was murdered by the Nazis

Holocaust survivors

See also

References

  1. Hugh Redwald Trevor-Roper, From Counter-Reformation to Glorious Revolution, University of Chicago Press 1992, page 51. Quote: "Poland, at that time, was the most tolerant country in Europe." Also in Britain and the Netherlands by S. Groenveld, Michael J. Wintle; and in The exchange of ideas (Walburg Instituut, 1994).
  2. Haumann, Heiko (2002-01-01). A History of East European Jews. Central European University Press. p. 30. ISBN 9789639241268.
  3. Geller, Ewa (2018). "Yiddish 'Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum" from Early Modern Poland: A Humanistic Symbiosis of Latin Medicine and Jewish Thought". In Moskalewicz, Marcin; Caumanns, Ute; Dross, Fritz (eds.). Jewish Medicine and Healthcare in Central Eastern Europe. Springer. p. 20 (13–26). ISBN 9783319924809.
  4. Despard, Matthew K. (2015-01-02). "In Search of a Polish Past". Jewish Quarterly. 62 (1): 40–43. doi:10.1080/0449010x.2015.1010393. ISSN 0449-010X.
  5. Rosenfeld, Gavriel D. (September 2016). "Mixed Metaphors in Muranów: Holocaust Memory and Architectural Meaning at the POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews". Dapim: Studies on the Holocaust. 30 (3): 258–273. doi:10.1080/23256249.2016.1242550. ISSN 2325-6249. S2CID 191753083.
  6. Daniel Elphick (3 October 2019). Music behind the Iron Curtain: Weinberg and his Polish Contemporaries. Cambridge University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-108-49367-3.
  7. "Poland Virtual Jewish History Tour". Jewish Virtual Library. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise.
  8. Menachem Begin – Biography
  9. David Ben-Gurion The First Prime Minister
  10. The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Burton
  11. PRZEKRÓJ - Trzeci Kaczyński
  12. Catholic Encyclopedia: Julian Klaczko
  13. RP.pl: David Miliband
  14. Factmonster: Namier
  15. Shimon Peres – Biography
  16. Yitzhak Shamir – Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  17. "Notes for an Autobiography". Archived from the original on 2012-02-05. Retrieved 2006-12-20.
  18. Looking for The Political Graveyard?
  19. Canadian Jewish News
  20. Gaspar da Gama
  21. Tributes to Sir Hersch Lauterpacht Archived 2005-09-05 at the Wayback Machine
  22. Annette Insdorf (1987-05-31). "Rosa Luxemburg: More Than a Revolutionary". The New York Times.
  23. Concise Dictionary of National Biography: born in Poland of Jewish parents
  24. British Dictionary of National Biography
  25. ^ Concise Dictionary of National Biography
  26. Jewish Encyclopedia Archived 2008-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
  27. Jewish Encyclopedia: Elijah Ba'al Shem
  28. Crosswhite, James (2013). Deep Rhetoric: Philosophy, Reason, Violence, Justice, Wisdom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 48–49. ISBN 978-0226016344.
  29. Jewish Nobel Prize Winners
  30. Encyclopaedia Judaica, Jacob Talmon
  31. The Mendele Review: Yiddish Literature and Language
  32. Richard McBee, “Itshak Holtz: Jewish Genre Painting,” The Jewish Press, July 4, 2003.
  33. Kirshenblatt, Mayer and Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett. They called me Mayer July: Painted memories of a Jewish childhood in Poland before the Holocaust. University of California Press. Los Angeles:2007.
  34. British Concise Dictionary of National Biography
  35. Stars of David Audio Encyclopedia
  36. "Slawomir Kowalinski", Misplaced Pages (in German), 2022-02-25, retrieved 2022-03-19
  37. Dia-Pozytyw: Ludzie Sylwetki Biografie
  38. Dia-Pozytyw: Ludzie Sylwetki Biografie
  39. "YIVO | Ford, Aleksander".
  40. ^ Hoberman, J. "Cinema." YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe 2 August 2010.<http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Cinema>. Accessed 7 July 2012.
  41. "YIVO | Cinema".
  42. Cohen, Roger (1993-08-08). "Holland Without a Country". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-09-13.
  43. Jewish Film Festival
  44. Jewish Film Festival
  45. Zyciorysy.info: Krzysztof Kowalewski
  46. IMDb: Roman Polanski
  47. Jewish Women's Archive
  48. "Piotr Skrzynecki". Archived from the original on 2006-12-08. Retrieved 2006-11-28.
  49. "British Express Concern About Fate of Jerzy Toeplitz, Polish Film Figure." Jewish Telegraphic Agency 20 May 1968.
  50. Jewish Film Festival
  51. Samuel Blumenfeld, L'homme qui voulait être prince: les vies imaginaires de Michal Waszynski (Paris: B. Grasset, 2006).
  52. Dia-Pozytyw: Ludzie Sylwetki Biografie
  53. Kazimierz Brandys – Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  54. YIVO: Boleslaw Lesmian
  55. List Teodora Parnickiego do Jerzego Giedroycia
  56. Encyclopaedia Judaica, art. Stern, Anatol
  57. David Frum on National Review Online
  58. Aleksander Wat: Life and Art of an Iconoclast
  59. Dia-Pozytyw: Ludzie Sylwetki Biografie
  60. ^ Classical Yiddish Authors
  61. "Candia, Isaac B. Saul Chmelniker - JewishEncyclopedia.com". www.jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2017-09-05.
  62. Warsaw Stories: Peretz
  63. YIVO: Aleksander Zederbaum
  64. Dia-Pozytyw: Ludzie Sylwetki Biografie
  65. Tom Gross Mideast Media Archive: Henry Orenstein
  66. Dia-Pozytyw: Ludzie Sylwetki Biografie
  67. Encyclopaedia Judaica; immigrated to France
  68. Ezra Mendelsohn (2009). Jews and the Sporting Life: Studies in Contemporary Jewry XXIII. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-538291-4. Retrieved December 24, 2010.
  69. Eldad Beck (August 9, 2010). "Anti-Semitism feared ahead of Euro 2012". European Jewish Congress. Archived from the original on July 31, 2012. Retrieved December 24, 2010.
  70. Tom Archdeacon (April 26, 1998). "Memories never dim from Games of Shame; Message of "Nazi Olympics'still vital". The Denver Post. Retrieved December 24, 2010.
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