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{{short description|6.0–7.1 Mw earthquake in Switzerland}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox earthquake {{Infobox earthquake
|title= 1356 Basel earthquake | title = 1356 Basel earthquake
|image= Erdbeben Basel Jauslin.JPG | image = Erdbeben Basel Jauslin.JPG
|image alt = | image alt =
|caption = Basel earthquake as envisioned by ]. | caption = Basel earthquake as envisioned by ]
|map = | map =
|map alt = | map alt =
|image name = | image name =
|map2 = {{Location map | Switzerland | map2 = {{Location map | Switzerland
| relief=yes | relief=yes
| caption= | caption=
Line 17: Line 19:
| width= 260 | width= 260
| float=center}} | float=center}}
|mapsize = | mapsize =
|pre-1900 = yes | pre-1900 = yes
|local-date = {{Start-date|October 18, 1356}} | local-date = {{Start-date|18 October 1356}}
|local-time = 22:00 | local-time = 22:00
|duration = | duration =
|magnitude = 6.0–7.1 ] | magnitude = 6.0–7.1 {{m|w|link=y}}
|depth = | depth =
|location = {{coord|47.5|7.6|display=inline,title}} | location = near ]
| coordinates = {{coord|47.5|7.6|display=inline,title}}
|type = | type =
|countries affected = ], ] | countries affected = ], ]
|damage = | damage =
| intensity = {{MSK-64|IX}} – {{MSK-64|10}}
|intensity = ]
|PGA = <!-- NN'']'' --> | PGA = <!-- NN'']'' -->
|landslide = | landslide =
|foreshocks = | foreshocks =
|aftershocks = | aftershocks =
|casualties = 1,000 | casualties = 1,000
| fault =
| tsunami =
| pgv =
| pga =
| damages =
| affected =
| timestamp =
| anss-url =
| isc-event =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| alt =
| name =
| citations =
}} }}
]]] ]]]


The '''1356 Basel earthquake''' is the most significant ] to have occurred in ] in ]<ref name="RMS">{{cite web|url=http://www.rms.com/publications/BaselReport_650year_retrospective.pdf|title=1356 Basel Earthquake: A 650-Year Retrospective|year=2006|publisher=Risk Management Solutions|accessdate=7 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229131725/http://www.rms.com/publications/BaselReport_650year_retrospective.pdf|archivedate=29 February 2012|quote=The most damaging intraplate earthquake known to have occurred in central Europe}}</ref> and had a ] in the range of 6.0–7.1.<ref name=resonance> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720000723/http://www.kantonslabor-bs.ch/files/presse/93_3_Expertise-Fessenheim-f.pdf |date=July 20, 2011 }} RÉSONANCE Ingénieurs-Conseils SA, published 2007-09-05, pages 12, 13</ref> This earthquake is also known as the '''Séisme de la Saint-Luc''', as 18 October is the feast day of Saint ]. The '''1356 Basel earthquake''' is the most significant ] to have occurred in ] in ]<ref name="RMS">{{cite web|url=http://www.rms.com/publications/BaselReport_650year_retrospective.pdf|title=1356 Basel Earthquake: A 650-Year Retrospective|year=2006|publisher=Risk Management Solutions|accessdate=7 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229131725/http://www.rms.com/publications/BaselReport_650year_retrospective.pdf|archivedate=29 February 2012|quote=The most damaging intraplate earthquake known to have occurred in central Europe}}</ref> and had a ] in the range of 6.0–7.1.<ref name=resonance> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720000723/http://www.kantonslabor-bs.ch/files/presse/93_3_Expertise-Fessenheim-f.pdf |date=20 July 2011 }} RÉSONANCE Ingénieurs-Conseils SA, published 2007-09-05, pages 12, 13</ref> This earthquake, which occurred on 18 October 1356, is also known as the '''Sankt-Lukas-Tag Erdbeben'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://altbasel.ch/dossier/erdbeben.html|title=Das Erdbeben von 1356|date=24 October 2006|publisher=Altbasel.ch|language=de}}</ref> (English: Saint Luke's Day Earthquake), as 18 October is the ] of Saint ].


==Earthquake== ==Earthquake==
After a ] between 19:00 and 20:00 local time, the main earthquake struck in the evening at around 22:00, and numerous ]s followed through that night.<ref>Von Waltenkofen K. (1357). Alphabetum Narrationum.</ref> Basel experienced a second, very violent shock in the middle of the night. The town within the ramparts was destroyed by a fire when torches and candles falling to the floor set the wooden houses ablaze. The number of deaths within the town of Basel alone is estimated at 300. All major churches and castles within a {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} radius of Basel were destroyed.<ref name=Lambert/> After a ] between 19:00 and 20:00 local time, the main earthquake struck at around 22:00, and numerous ]s followed through that night.<ref>Von Waltenkofen K. (1357). Alphabetum Narrationum.</ref> ] experienced a second, very violent shock in the middle of the night. The town within the ramparts was destroyed by a fire when torches and candles falling to the floor set the wooden houses ablaze. The number of deaths within the town of Basel is estimated at 300. All major churches and castles within a {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} radius of Basel were destroyed.<ref name=Lambert/>


The seismic crisis lasted a year. The modeling of the macroseismic data<ref name=Lambert/> suggests that the earthquake's source had an east-west orientation, a direction corresponding with the overlapping faults on the ].<ref>Meyer, B., Lacassin, R., Brulhet, J., Mouroux, B., 1994. "The Basel 1356 earthquake: which fault produced it?" ''Terra Nova'' '''6''', 54–63.</ref> On the other hand, recent paleoseismologic studies attribute the cause of this earthquake to a ], oriented NNE-SSW and south of the town.<ref>Meghraoui M., Delouis B., Ferry M., Giardini D., Huggenberger P., Spottke I. et M. Granet (2001). "Active Normal Faulting in the Upper Rhine Graben and Paleoseismic Identification of the 1356 Basel Earthquake" ''Science'', '''293''', pp. 2070–73. {{doi|10.1126/science.1010618}}</ref> The significant magnitude of the event suggests a possible extension of this fault under the town. The seismic crisis lasted a year. The modeling of the macroseismic data<ref name=Lambert/> suggests that the earthquake's source had an east–west orientation, a direction corresponding with the overlapping faults on the ].<ref>Meyer, B., Lacassin, R., Brulhet, J., Mouroux, B., 1994. "The Basel 1356 earthquake: which fault produced it?" ''Terra Nova'' '''6''', 54–63.</ref> On the other hand, recent ] studies attribute the cause of this earthquake to a ], oriented NNE-SSW and south of the town.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Meghraoui | first=M. | title=Active Normal Faulting in the Upper Rhine Graben and Paleoseismic Identification of the 1356 Basel Earthquake | journal=Science | volume=293 | issue=5537 | date=2001 | issn=0036-8075 | doi=10.1126/science.1010618 | jstor=3084555 | pages=2070–2073| pmid=11557888 | s2cid=34852180 }}</ref> The significant magnitude of the event suggests a possible extension of this fault under the town.<ref name="Ferry_etal_2005">{{Cite journal |last1=Ferry |first1=M. |last2=Meghraoui |first2=M. |last3=Delouis |first3=B. |last4=Giardini |first4=D. |date=2005 |title=Evidence for Holocene palaeoseismicity along the Basel—Reinach active normal fault (Switzerland): a seismic source for the 1356 earthquake in the Upper Rhine graben |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=160 |issue=2 |pages=554–572 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02404.x|bibcode=2005GeoJI.160..554F |doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.11850/33737 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>


===Location=== ===Location===
Due to the limited records of the event, a variety of ]s have been proposed for the earthquake. Some of the proposed locations include ] beneath the ] or along the Basel-Reinach ].<ref name=RMS/> Another study placed the epicenter {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of Basel.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fäh|first=D|author2=Gisler, M.|author3=Jaggi, B.|author4=Kästli, P.|author5=Lutz, T.|author6=Masciadri, V.|author7=Matt, C.|author8=Mayer-Rosa, D.|author9=Rippmann, D.|author10=Schwarz-Zanetti, G.|author11=Tauber, J.|author12=Wenk, T|last-author-amp=yes|title=The 1356 Basel earthquake: an interdisciplinary revision.|journal=]|date=July 2009|volume=178|issue=1|pages=351–374|doi=10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04130.x|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04130.x/abstract|accessdate=26 March 2012|bibcode = 2009GeoJI.178..351F }}</ref> Due to the limited records of the event, a variety of ]s have been proposed for the earthquake. Some of the proposed locations include ] beneath the ] or along the Basel-Reinach ].<ref name=RMS/> Another study placed the epicenter {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of Basel.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fäh|first=D|author2=Gisler, M.|author3=Jaggi, B.|author4=Kästli, P.|author5=Lutz, T.|author6=Masciadri, V.|author7=Matt, C.|author8=Mayer-Rosa, D.|author9=Rippmann, D.|author10=Schwarz-Zanetti, G.|author11=Tauber, J.|author12=Wenk, T|title=The 1356 Basel earthquake: an interdisciplinary revision.|journal=]|date=July 2009|volume=178|issue=1|pages=351–374|doi=10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04130.x|bibcode = 2009GeoJI.178..351F |doi-access=free|hdl=20.500.11850/21256|hdl-access=free}}</ref>


===Intensity=== ===Intensity===
The earthquake was felt as far away as ], ], and even in ]. The maximum intensity registered on the ] was IX–X (''Destructive–Devastating''). Notably, the macroseismic map was established on the basis of damage reported by the region's 30 to 40 castles.<ref name=Lambert>{{citation|title=New hypotheses on the maximum damage area of the 1356 Basel earthquake (Switzerland)|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379104001969|last=Lambert|first=J.|last2=Winter|first2=T.|last3=Dewez|first3=T. J. B.|last4=Sabourault|first4=P.|year=2005|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|publisher=]|volume=24|issue=3–4|pages=381–399|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.02.019|bibcode=2005QSRv...24..381L}}</ref><ref>D. Mayer-Rosa and B. Cadiot (1979). "A review of the 1356 Basel earthquake: basic data", ''Tectonophysics'', '''53''', pp. 325–333.</ref> The earthquake was felt as far away as ], ], and even in ]. The maximum intensity registered on the ] was IX–X (''Destructive–Devastating''). The macroseismic map was established on the basis of damage reported by the region's 30 to 40 castles.<ref name=Lambert>{{citation|title=New hypotheses on the maximum damage area of the 1356 Basel earthquake (Switzerland)|last1=Lambert|first1=J.|last2=Winter|first2=T.|last3=Dewez|first3=T. J. B.|last4=Sabourault|first4=P.|year=2005|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=24|issue=3–4|pages=381–399|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.02.019|bibcode=2005QSRv...24..381L}}</ref><ref>D. Mayer-Rosa and B. Cadiot (1979). "A review of the 1356 Basel earthquake: basic data", ''Tectonophysics'', '''53''', pp. 325–333.</ref>


From this macroseismic data, various studies have been conducted to estimate the ] of the earthquake, which have resulted in various values of 6.2 (BRGM 1998);<ref name=resonance /><ref name=Lambert /> 6.0 (GEO-TER 2002);<ref name=resonance /> 6.9 (SED 2004) with a follow-up report suggesting a range of between 6.7 and 7.1;<ref name=resonance /> 6.6 (GFZ 2006);<ref name=resonance /> and a major Swiss study by 21 European experts, with American involvement, in which four sub-groups estimated values of 6.9, 6.9, 6.5 to 6.9, and 6.5 ± 0.5 (PEGASOS 2002–2004).<ref name=resonance /> There are also different opinions about which ] were involved.<ref name=resonance /> From this macroseismic data, various studies have been conducted to estimate the ] of the earthquake, which have resulted in various values of 6.2 (BRGM 1998);<ref name=resonance /><ref name=Lambert /> 6.0 (GEO-TER 2002);<ref name=resonance /> 6.9 (SED 2004) with a follow-up report suggesting a range of between 6.7 and 7.1;<ref name=resonance /> 6.6 (GFZ 2006);<ref name=resonance /> and a major Swiss study by 21 European experts, with American involvement, in which four sub-groups estimated values of 6.9, 6.9, 6.5 to 6.9, and 6.5 ± 0.5 (PEGASOS 2002–2004).<ref name=resonance /> There are also different opinions about which ] were involved.<ref name=resonance />


===Damage=== ===Damage===
The ] destroyed the city of ], ], near the southern end of the ], and caused much destruction in a vast region extending into ] and ]. Though major earthquakes are common at the seismically active edges of tectonic plates in Turkey, Greece, and Italy, ]s are rare events in Central Europe. According to the ], of more than 10,000 earthquakes in Switzerland over the past 800 years, only half a dozen of them have registered more than 6.0 on the ].<ref>; the ] in southern Switzerland experienced notable earthquakes in 1855 and 1946 (Risk Management Solutions 2006)</ref> The ] destroyed the city of ], Switzerland, near the southern end of the ], and caused much destruction in a vast region extending from ] to ].<ref name="RMS" /> Though major earthquakes are common at the seismically active edges of tectonic plates in Turkey, Greece, and Italy, ]s are rare events in Central Europe. According to the ], of more than 10,000 earthquakes in Switzerland over the past 800 years, only half a dozen of them have registered more than 6.0 on the ].<ref name="SwissInfo">{{Cite web |last=Bradley |first=Simon |date=18 October 2006 |title=Switzerland prepares for seismic calamity |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/switzerland-prepares-for-seismic-calamity/5506986 |access-date=19 October 2020 |website=SwissInfo}}</ref>


==See also== ==See also==
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* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] * ]


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist|30em}} {{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal | last=Becker | first=Arnfried | title=Rockfalls triggered by the Basle earthquake on October 18, 1356 | journal=Jahresberichte und Mitteilungen des Oberrheinischen Geologischen Vereins | volume=105 | date=17 May 2023 | issn=0078-2947 | doi=10.1127/jmogv/105/0011 | pages=257–283| s2cid=259059278 }}


==External links== ==External links==
{{Commons category|1356 Basel earthquake}} {{Commons category}}
* on the Diocese of Basel makes mentions the earthquake * on the Diocese of Basel makes mentions the earthquake
* *
* {{link language|de}} * {{in lang|de}}
* *

{{Historical earthquakes (1000–1500)}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:1356 Basel Earthquake}} {{DEFAULTSORT:1356 Basel Earthquake}}
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Latest revision as of 22:06, 24 October 2024

6.0–7.1 Mw earthquake in Switzerland

1356 Basel earthquake
Basel earthquake as envisioned by Karl Jauslin
1356 Basel earthquake is located in Switzerland1356 Basel earthquake
Local date18 October 1356 (1356-10-18)
Local time22:00
Magnitude6.0–7.1 Mw
Epicenternear Basel
47°30′N 7°36′E / 47.5°N 7.6°E / 47.5; 7.6
Max. intensityMSK-64 IX (Destructive) – MSK-64 X (Devastating)
Casualties1,000
Erdbebenkreuz ("Earthquake cross") in Reinach

The 1356 Basel earthquake is the most significant seismological event to have occurred in Central Europe in recorded history and had a moment magnitude in the range of 6.0–7.1. This earthquake, which occurred on 18 October 1356, is also known as the Sankt-Lukas-Tag Erdbeben (English: Saint Luke's Day Earthquake), as 18 October is the feast day of Saint Luke the Evangelist.

Earthquake

After a foreshock between 19:00 and 20:00 local time, the main earthquake struck at around 22:00, and numerous aftershocks followed through that night. Basel experienced a second, very violent shock in the middle of the night. The town within the ramparts was destroyed by a fire when torches and candles falling to the floor set the wooden houses ablaze. The number of deaths within the town of Basel is estimated at 300. All major churches and castles within a 30 km (19 mi) radius of Basel were destroyed.

The seismic crisis lasted a year. The modeling of the macroseismic data suggests that the earthquake's source had an east–west orientation, a direction corresponding with the overlapping faults on the Jura Front. On the other hand, recent paleoseismic studies attribute the cause of this earthquake to a normal fault, oriented NNE-SSW and south of the town. The significant magnitude of the event suggests a possible extension of this fault under the town.

Location

Due to the limited records of the event, a variety of epicenters have been proposed for the earthquake. Some of the proposed locations include faults beneath the Jura Mountains or along the Basel-Reinach escarpment. Another study placed the epicenter 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Basel.

Intensity

The earthquake was felt as far away as Zurich, Konstanz, and even in Île-de-France. The maximum intensity registered on the Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale was IX–X (Destructive–Devastating). The macroseismic map was established on the basis of damage reported by the region's 30 to 40 castles.

From this macroseismic data, various studies have been conducted to estimate the moment magnitude of the earthquake, which have resulted in various values of 6.2 (BRGM 1998); 6.0 (GEO-TER 2002); 6.9 (SED 2004) with a follow-up report suggesting a range of between 6.7 and 7.1; 6.6 (GFZ 2006); and a major Swiss study by 21 European experts, with American involvement, in which four sub-groups estimated values of 6.9, 6.9, 6.5 to 6.9, and 6.5 ± 0.5 (PEGASOS 2002–2004). There are also different opinions about which faults were involved.

Damage

The earthquake destroyed the city of Basel, Switzerland, near the southern end of the Upper Rhine Graben, and caused much destruction in a vast region extending from Paris to Prague. Though major earthquakes are common at the seismically active edges of tectonic plates in Turkey, Greece, and Italy, intraplate earthquakes are rare events in Central Europe. According to the Swiss Seismological Service, of more than 10,000 earthquakes in Switzerland over the past 800 years, only half a dozen of them have registered more than 6.0 on the Richter scale.

See also

References

  1. ^ "1356 Basel Earthquake: A 650-Year Retrospective" (PDF). Risk Management Solutions. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2015. The most damaging intraplate earthquake known to have occurred in central Europe
  2. ^ Centrale Nucléaire de Fessenheim : appréciation du risque sismique Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine RÉSONANCE Ingénieurs-Conseils SA, published 2007-09-05, pages 12, 13
  3. "Das Erdbeben von 1356" (in German). Altbasel.ch. 24 October 2006.
  4. Von Waltenkofen K. (1357). Alphabetum Narrationum.
  5. ^ Lambert, J.; Winter, T.; Dewez, T. J. B.; Sabourault, P. (2005), "New hypotheses on the maximum damage area of the 1356 Basel earthquake (Switzerland)", Quaternary Science Reviews, 24 (3–4): 381–399, Bibcode:2005QSRv...24..381L, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.02.019
  6. Meyer, B., Lacassin, R., Brulhet, J., Mouroux, B., 1994. "The Basel 1356 earthquake: which fault produced it?" Terra Nova 6, 54–63.
  7. Meghraoui, M. (2001). "Active Normal Faulting in the Upper Rhine Graben and Paleoseismic Identification of the 1356 Basel Earthquake". Science. 293 (5537): 2070–2073. doi:10.1126/science.1010618. ISSN 0036-8075. JSTOR 3084555. PMID 11557888. S2CID 34852180.
  8. Ferry, M.; Meghraoui, M.; Delouis, B.; Giardini, D. (2005). "Evidence for Holocene palaeoseismicity along the Basel—Reinach active normal fault (Switzerland): a seismic source for the 1356 earthquake in the Upper Rhine graben". Geophysical Journal International. 160 (2): 554–572. Bibcode:2005GeoJI.160..554F. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02404.x. hdl:20.500.11850/33737.
  9. Fäh, D; Gisler, M.; Jaggi, B.; Kästli, P.; Lutz, T.; Masciadri, V.; Matt, C.; Mayer-Rosa, D.; Rippmann, D.; Schwarz-Zanetti, G.; Tauber, J.; Wenk, T (July 2009). "The 1356 Basel earthquake: an interdisciplinary revision". Geophysical Journal International. 178 (1): 351–374. Bibcode:2009GeoJI.178..351F. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04130.x. hdl:20.500.11850/21256.
  10. D. Mayer-Rosa and B. Cadiot (1979). "A review of the 1356 Basel earthquake: basic data", Tectonophysics, 53, pp. 325–333.
  11. Bradley, Simon (18 October 2006). "Switzerland prepares for seismic calamity". SwissInfo. Retrieved 19 October 2020.

Further reading

External links

Historical earthquakes (1000 AD–1500 AD)
11th-century
12th-century
13th-century
14th-century
15th-century
16th-century
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