Misplaced Pages

Revision as of 04:11, 14 November 2024

BRICS

BRICS logo during the 2024 Russian chairmanship
Map key:   Member states   Prospective member states
Named after	Founder member states' initials (in English) BRIC (economic term)
Formation	16 June 2009; 15 years ago (2009-06-16)
Founded at	Yekaterinburg, Russia (1st BRIC summit)
Type	Intergovernmental organization
Purpose	Political and economical
Fields	International Politics
Membership	Official member  Brazil  Russia  India  China  South Africa  Iran  Egypt  Ethiopia  United Arab Emirates Invited to become an official member  Saudi Arabia "Partner State"  Algeria  Belarus  Bolivia  Cuba  Indonesia  Kazakhstan  Malaysia  Nigeria  Thailand  Turkey  Uganda  Uzbekistan  Vietnam
Official languages	English, Arabic, Amharic, Chinese, Russian, Hindi, Persian, Portuguese
Funding	Member states
Formerly called	BRIC

BRICS is an intergovernmental organization comprising Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia, and the United Arab Emirates. BRICS was originally identified to highlight investment opportunities. The grouping evolved into a geopolitical bloc, with their governments meeting annually at formal summits and coordinating multilateral policies since 2009. Relations among BRICS are conducted mainly based on non-interference, equality, and mutual benefit.

The founding countries of Brazil, Russia, India, and China held the first leaders summit in Russia in 2009 under the name BRIC. Following a renaming of the organization, South Africa attended its first summit as a member in 2011 after joining the group in 2010. Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia, and the United Arab Emirates attended their first summit as member states at the 2024 summit in Russia. Saudi Arabia has not yet responded to an invitation received on January 1, 2024 to join BRICS, and it is still under consideration.

Combined, the BRICS members encompass about 30% of the world's land surface and 45% of world population. South Africa has the largest economy in Africa whereas Brazil, India, and China are among the world's ten largest countries by population, area, and gross domestic product (GDP) nominal and by purchasing power parity of which Russia emerged as Europe's largest economy in the latest financial year. All five initial member states are members of the G20, with a combined nominal GDP of US$28 trillion (about 27% of the gross world product), a total GDP (PPP) of around US$65 trillion (35% of global GDP PPP), and an estimated US$5.2 trillion in combined foreign reserves (as of 2024).

The BRICS countries are considered the foremost geopolitical rival to the G7 bloc comprising the leading advanced economies, implementing competing initiatives such as the New Development Bank, the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement, the BRICS pay, the BRICS Joint Statistical Publication and the BRICS basket reserve currency.

BRICS has received both praise and criticism from numerous commentators.

History

Founding

The term BRIC was originally developed in the context of foreign investment strategies. It was introduced in the 2001 publication, Building Better Global Economic BRICs by Jim O'Neill, then head of global economics research at Goldman Sachs and later Chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management.

The foreign ministers of the initial four BRIC General states (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) met in New York City in September 2006 at the margins of the General Debate of the UN Assembly, beginning a series of high-level meetings. A full-scale diplomatic meeting was held in Yekaterinburg, Russia, on 16 June 2009.

The BRIC grouping's 1st formal summit, also held in Yekaterinburg, commenced on 16 June 2009, with Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Dmitry Medvedev, Manmohan Singh, and Hu Jintao, the respective leaders of Brazil, Russia, India, and China, all attending. The summit's focus was on improving the global economic situation and reforming financial institutions, and discussed how the four countries could better co-operate in the future. There was further discussion of ways that developing countries, such as 3/4 of the BRIC members, could become more involved in global affairs.

In the aftermath of the 2009 Yekaterinburg summit, the BRIC nations announced the need for a new global reserve currency, which would have to be "diverse, stable and predictable." Although the statement that was released did not directly criticize the perceived "dominance" of the US dollar – something that Russia had criticized in the past – it did spark a fall in the value of the dollar against other major currencies.

2010 expansion

In 2010, South Africa began efforts to join the BRIC grouping, and the process for its formal admission began in August of that year. South Africa officially became a member nation on 24 December 2010, after being formally invited by China to join and was subsequently accepted by other BRIC countries. The group was renamed BRICS –with the "S" standing for South Africa– to reflect the group's expanded membership. In April 2011, the President of South Africa, Jacob Zuma, attended the 2011 BRICS summit in Sanya, China as a full member.

New Development Bank

In June 2012, the BRICS nations pledged $75 billion to boost the lending power of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). However, this loan was conditional on IMF voting reforms. In March 2013, during the fifth BRICS summit in Durban, the member countries agreed to create a global financial institution to cooperate with the western-dominated IMF and World Bank. They planned to set up this New Development Bank by 2014.

At the BRICS leaders meeting in St Petersburg in September 2013, China committed $41 billion towards the pool; Brazil, India, and Russia $18 billion each; and South Africa $5 billion. China, which held the world's largest foreign exchange reserves and contributed the bulk of the currency pool, wanted a more significant managing role. China also wanted to be the location of the reserve. In October 2013, Russia's Finance Minister Anton Siluanov said that creating a $100 billion in funds designated to steady currency markets would be taken in early 2014. The Brazilian finance minister, Guido Mantega, confirmed that the fund would be created by March 2014. However, by April 2014, the currency reserve pool and development bank had yet to be set up, and the date was rescheduled to 2015.

In July 2014, during the sixth BRICS summit in Fortaleza, the BRICS members signed a document to create the US$100 billion New Development Bank (formerly known as the "BRICS Development Bank") and a reserve currency pool worth over another US$100 billion. Documents on cooperation between BRICS export credit agencies and an agreement of cooperation on innovation were also signed. The Fortaleza summit was followed by a BRICS meeting with the Union of South American Nations presidents in Brasilia.

Other initiatives

Since 2011, the National Institutes of Statistics of the BRICS group of countries (IBGE, Rosstat, the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the Central Statistics Office (India) and Statistics South Africa) produce an annual joint statistical publication to put statistical production in perspective, compare adopted methodologies and statistical results. The publication serves as a single data platform for the mutual benefit of participating countries.

Since 2012, the BRICS group of countries has been planning an optical fiber submarine communications cable system to carry telecommunications between the BRICS countries, known as the BRICS Cable. Part of the motivation for the project was the spying of the U.S. National Security Agency on all telecommunications that flowed in and out of United States territory. As of 2023, construction of the proposed cable network had not started.

In August 2019, the communications ministers of the BRICS countries signed a letter of intent to cooperate in the Information and Communication Technology sector. This agreement was signed in the fifth edition of the meeting of communication ministers of countries member of the group held in Brasília, Brazil.

The New Development Bank plans on giving out $15 billion to member states to help their struggling economies. Member countries are hoping for a smooth comeback and a continuation of economic trade pre-COVID-19. The 2020 BRICS summit was held virtually in St. Petersburg, Russia, and discussed how to handle the COVID-19 pandemic and how to fix the multilateral system via reforms. During the 13th BRICS summit, in 2021, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi called for a transparent investigation into the origins of COVID-19 under the World Health Organization with the full cooperation of "all countries", and Chinese leader Xi Jinping spoke directly afterwards, calling on BRICS countries to "oppose politicisation" of the process.

In May 2023, South Africa announced that they would be giving diplomatic immunity to Vladimir Putin and other Russian officials so that they could attend the 15th BRICS Summit despite the ICC arrest warrant for Putin. In July 2023, the Russian president announced that he will not personally attend the BRICS summit in Johannesburg on 22–24 August despite good relations with the South African government. Russian news channels noted that Putin will remotely participate online in all BRICS leaders' sessions, including its Business Forum, and also deliver his remarks virtually.

2024 expansion

In August 2023, at the 15th BRICS Summit, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that 6 emerging market group countries (Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates) had been invited to join the bloc. Full membership was scheduled to take effect on 1 January 2024. However, the Argentine general election in November 2023 led to a change in president to Javier Milei, who had committed to withdraw the country's membership application. On 30 November 2023, incoming Foreign Minister of Argentina Diana Mondino confirmed that Argentina would not join the BRICS. On 29 December 2023 the Government of Argentina sent a letter to all BRICS leaders to officially announce its withdrawal from the application process.

Saudi Arabia did not join BRICS at the start of 2024 as had been planned, and they announced in mid-January that they were still considering the matter. As of April 2024, the matter is still under consideration. The organizers touted the expansion as part of a plan to build a competing multipolar world order that uses Global South countries to challenge and compete against the western-dominated world order. China Daily used the expansion to claim that more developing countries were interested in joining BRICS.

On 24 October 2024, an additional 13 countries, namely Algeria, Belarus, Bolivia, Cuba, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Nigeria, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, Uzbekistan and Vietnam, were invited to participate as partner countries. No membership invitations were extended.

Summits

The grouping has held annual summits since 2009, with member countries taking turns to host. Before South Africa's admission, two BRIC summits were held, in 2009 and 2010. The first five-member BRICS summit was held in 2011 in China. The first nine-member BRICS summit was held in 2024 in Russia. The 2020, 2021, and 2022 summits were held via video-conference due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

No.	Dates	Host country	Host leader	Location	Notes
1st	16 June 2009	Russia	Dmitry Medvedev	Yekaterinburg (Sevastianov's House)	The summit was to discuss the global recession taking place at the time, future cooperation among states, and trade. Some of the specific topics discussed were food, trade, climate trade, and security for the members. They called out for a more influential voice and representation for up-and-coming markets. Note at the time South Africa was not yet admitted to the BRICS organization.
2nd	15 April 2010	Brazil	Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva	Brasília (Itamaraty Palace)	Guests: Jacob Zuma (President of South Africa) and Riyad al-Maliki (Foreign Minister of the Palestinian National Authority). The second summit continued on the conversation of the global recession and how to recover. They had a conversation on the IMF, climate change, and more ways to form cooperation among states.
3rd	14 April 2011	China	Hu Jintao	Sanya (Sheraton Sanya Resort)	First summit to include South Africa alongside the original BRIC countries. The third summit had members debating on the global and internal economies of countries.
4th	29 March 2012	India	Manmohan Singh	New Delhi (Taj Mahal Hotel)	The BRICS Cable announced an optical fibre submarine communications cable system that carries telecommunications between the BRICS countries. The fourth summit discussed how the organization could prosper from the global recession and how they could take advantage of that to help their economies. BRICS had the intention of improving their global power and providing adequate development for their state.
5th	26–27 March 2013	South Africa	Jacob Zuma	Durban (Durban ICC)	The fifth summit discusses the New Development Bank proposition and Contingent Reserve Agreement. BRICS also announced the Business Council and its Think Tank Council.
6th	14–17 July 2014	Brazil	Dilma Rousseff	Fortaleza (Centro de Eventos do Ceará)	BRICS New Development Bank and BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement agreements signed. The members of BRICS conversed with each other about political coordination, development, and economic growth. They established the Fortaleza Declaration and Action Plan.
7th	8–9 July 2015	Russia	Vladimir Putin	Ufa (Congress Hall)	Joint summit with SCO-EAEU. The seventh summit discussed global political and economic problems and better ways to foster cooperation among member states.
8th	15–16 October 2016	India	Narendra Modi	Benaulim (Taj Exotica)	Joint summit with BIMSTEC. The eighth BRICS summit debated on topics like counterterrorism, economies, and climate change. BRICS also issued the Goa Declaration and Action Plan, hoping to harden their relationships.
9th	3–5 September 2017	China	Xi Jinping	Xiamen (Xiamen International Conference Center)	Joint summit with EMDCD. The ninth summit was an event that talked about a bright future for BRICS and what their intended goals were. They alsocovered and debated international and regional issues with one another.
10th	25–27 July 2018	South Africa	Cyril Ramaphosa	Johannesburg (Sandton Convention Centre)	The tenth summit had the members discuss their rising industries in the hopes that they can cut a bigger slice of the industry market.
11th	13–14 November 2019	Brazil	Jair Bolsonaro	Brasília (Itamaraty Palace)	The theme of the 11th BRICS summit was "BRICS: economic growth for an innovative Future". The summit discussed advancements in the BRICS's science and innovation fields. Primarily trying to advance technology and digital currency. They made mutual agreements to help stop drug trafficking and organized crime; both internationally and internally.
12th	21–23 July 2020 (postponed due to COVID-19 pandemic) 17 November 2020 (video conference)	Russia	Vladimir Putin	Saint Petersburg	Joint summit with SCO. Discussing a mutual agreement on helping BRICS member countries to foster better living standards and quality of life for each country's people. Plans on focusing on peace, economies, and cultural societal issues.
13th	9 September 2021 (video conference)	India	Narendra Modi	New Delhi	BRICS Games 2021
14th	23 June 2022 (video conference)	China	Xi Jinping	Beijing	A major development on the summit was the creation of a new, basket type reserve currency. The currency, which is challenging the US dollar, combines BRICS currencies and is backed by precious metals.
15th	22–24 August 2023	South Africa	Cyril Ramaphosa	Johannesburg (Sandton Convention Centre)	Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates were invited to join the bloc. Full membership was scheduled to take effect on 1 January 2024. On December 29, 2023, the Government of Argentina sent a letter to all BRICS leaders officially declining the invitation to join the bloc. Saudi Arabia has not yet confirmed its acceptance.
16th	22–24 October 2024	Russia	Vladimir Putin	Kazan (Kazan Expo International Exhibition Centre)
17th	TBD 2025	Brazil	Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva	TBD

Member states

Flag	Country	Capital	Area (km)	Population (2024)	Nominal GDP (USD million)	PPP GDP (Int$ million)	Nominal GDP per capita ($)	PPP GDP per capita (Int$)	HDI	Currency	Official languages	Leaders	Accession
	Brazil Federative Republic of Brazil	Brasília	8,515,767	210,306,415	2,331,391	4,273,668	11,352	20,809	0.760	Brazilian real (R$) (BRL)	Portuguese also see Languages of Brazil	Head of State and Government: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva	September 2006
	Russia Russian Federation	Moscow	17,075,400	145,579,899	2,056,844	5,472,880	14,391	38,292	0.821	Russian rouble (₽) (RUB)	Russian also see Languages of Russia	Head of State: Vladimir Putin Head of Government: Mikhail Mishustin	September 2006
	India Republic of India	New Delhi	3,287,240	1,425,423,212	3,937,011	14,594,460	2,731	10,123	0.644	Indian rupee (₹) (INR)	Hindi (Devanagari script) English Also see Languages of India	Head of State: Droupadi Murmu Head of Government: Narendra Modi	September 2006
	China People's Republic of China	Beijing	9,640,011	1,425,179,569	18,532,633	35,291,015	13,136	25,015	0.788	Renminbi (Chinese yuan, ¥) (CNY)	Standard Chinese written in simplified characters see also languages of China	Paramount leader and State Representative: Xi Jinping Head of Government: Li Qiang	September 2006
	South Africa Republic of South Africa	Pretoria (executive) Cape Town (legislative) Bloemfontein (judicial)	1,221,037	62,378,410	373,233	1,025,930	5,975	16,424	0.717	South African rand (R) (ZAR)	12 languages	Head of State and Government: Cyril Ramaphosa	24 December 2010
	Egypt Arab Republic of Egypt	Cairo	1,010,408	112,618,250	347,594	1,898,538	3,225	17,614	0.728	Egyptian pound (LE) (EGP)	Arabic	Head of State: Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Head of Government: Moustafa Madbouly	1 January 2024
	Ethiopia Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia	Addis Ababa	1,104,300	125,384,287	205,130	431,688	1,910	4,019	0.492	Ethiopian birr (BR) (ETB)	Afar Amharic Oromo Somali Tigrinya	Head of State: Sahle-Work Zewde Head of Government: Abiy Ahmed	1 January 2024
	Iran Islamic Republic of Iran	Tehran	1,648,195	89,524,246	464,181	1,854,845	5,310	21,219	0.780	Iranian rial (Rl) (IRR)	Persian	Head of State: Ali Khamenei Head of Government: Masoud Pezeshkian	1 January 2024
	United Arab Emirates	Abu Dhabi	83,600	4,106,427	527,796	948,045	53,916	96,845	0.911	UAE dirham (AED)	Arabic	Head of State: Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan Head of Government: Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum	1 January 2024

Application and expansion process

While there is currently no formal application process to join BRICS, any hopeful government must receive the unanimous backing of all member states to receive an invitation. It was not until the early 2020s that discussions regarding allowing new states to join the club were widely held. Leaders and senior diplomats from the participating members began to discuss the prospect of adding additional members to the organization at that point.

In August 2023, at the 15th BRICS Summit, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates had been invited to join the organization on 1 January 2024.

On 30 December 2023, the new government of Argentina, which formally applied for BRICS membership under Alberto Fernández's government in 2022, officially declined the offer to join the bloc due to the new government's different foreign policy.

On 1 January 2024, Egypt, United Arab Emirates, Ethiopia and Iran officially joined the bloc.

On 2 September 2024, Turkey officially applied to join the bloc. At the same time, Turkey has been a NATO member since 18 February 1952 and is also a European Union candidate country. Turkey's EU membership process started on 3 October 2005 but was frozen on 13 March 2019. In September 2022, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announced that his country would apply for membership in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. On 11 July 2024, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan stated in a statement to the U.S. Newsweek magazine that they did not consider Turkey's membership in NATO as an alternative to the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and BRICS.

Algeria previously applied for membership in 2023, but later rejected it in September 2024, making Algeria the second country after Argentina to decline and stop its application.

Following the 2024 BRICS summit, Brazil blocked Venezuela's application to the bloc, largely due to the disputed 2024 Venezuelan elections and the Venezuelan crisis. The country in response recalled its ambassador from Brazil.

Potential candidates for future membership

The following countries have either expressed interest in joining BRICS or have already applied for membership:

1 - Officially applied for membership
2 - Officially invited to join as Member State, but have yet to make a formal decision
3 - Officially invited to join as Partner State

Financial architecture

The financial architecture of BRICS is made of the New Development Bank (NDB) and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA). These components were signed into a treaty in 2014 and became active in 2015.

New Development Bank

The New Development Bank (NDB), formally referred to as the BRICS Development Bank, is a multilateral development bank operated by the five BRICS states. The bank's primary focus of lending is infrastructure projects with authorized lending of up to $34 billion annually. South Africa hosts the African headquarters of the bank. The bank has a starting capital of $50 billion, with wealth increased to $100 billion over time. Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa initially contributed $10 billion each to bring the total to $50 billion. As of 2020, it had 53 projects underway worth around $15 billion.

In 2021, Bangladesh, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates and Uruguay joined the NDB.

BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement

The BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) is a framework for protecting against global liquidity pressures. This includes currency issues where members' national currencies are being adversely affected by global financial pressures. Emerging economies that experienced rapid economic liberalization went through increased economic volatility, bringing an uncertain macroeconomic environment. The CRA competes with the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Along with the New Development Bank, it is an example of increasing South-South cooperation. It was established in 2015 by the BRICS countries. The legal basis is formed by the Treaty for the Establishment of a BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement, signed in Fortaleza in July 2014. With its inaugural meetings of the BRICS CRA Governing Council and Standing Committee, held on 4 September 2015, in Ankara, Turkey It entered into force upon ratification by all BRICS states, announced at the 7th BRICS summit in July 2015.

BRICS payment system

At the 2015 BRICS summit in Russia, ministers from the BRICS states initiated consultations for a payment system that would be an alternative to the SWIFT system. The stated goal was to initially move to settlements in national currencies. The Central Bank of Russia highlighted the main benefits as backup and redundancy in case there were disruptions to the SWIFT system.

China also launched its alternative to SWIFT: the Cross-Border Interbank Payment System, which enables financial institutions worldwide to send and receive information about financial transactions. India also has its alternative Structured Financial Messaging System (SFMS), as do Russia SPFS and Brazil Pix.

Potential common currency

BRICS countries committed to study the feasibility of a new common currency or similar, at the 2023 BRICS summit in South Africa. Fair and easier international trade as well as a major reduction in costs of transactions would be some of the reasons why the countries could forge a currency union.

Reception

It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Reception of BRICS. (Discuss) (October 2024)

China

In 2012, Hu Jintao, the then General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and President of China, described the BRICS countries as defenders and promoters of developing countries and a force for world peace. Western analysts have highlighted potential divisions and weaknesses in the grouping, including significant economic instabilities, disagreements among the members over UN Security Council reform, and India and China's disputes over territorial issues.

United States

On 9 April 2013, Isobel Coleman, director of the Civil Society, Markets, and Democracy Program at the American think tank Council on Foreign Relations, and later U.S. representative to the UN, claimed that the BRICS members share a lack of consensus. They uphold drastically different political systems, from vibrant liberal democracies in Brazil and South Africa to entrenched oligarchy in Russia, and their economies are poorly integrated and differ in size by orders of magnitude. She also claimed that the significant difference in GDP influences the reserves: China accounts for over 41% of the contribution, which in turn leads to its bigger political say within the association.

A multi-year study at Tufts University published in July 2023 found that the "common portrayal of BRICS as a China-dominated group primarily pursuing anti-U.S. agendas" was misplaced. The study asserted: "The BRICS countries connect around common development interests and a quest for a multipolar world order in which no single power dominates. Yet BRICS consolidation has turned the group into a potent negotiation force that now challenges Washington's geopolitical and economic goals".

After the August 2023 BRICS Summit, Con Coughlin—defense and foreign affairs editor at The Daily Telegraph—claimed "the challenge BRICS presents to the established world order seems destined to failure" and accused the organization of being used by China as a vehicle for expanding its global influence. Coughlin also noted the contradictions within the organization, such as the border dispute between China and India, and called for greater Western engagement with India as part of a new strategic alliance.

According to the Atlantic Council's Thomas Hill in December 2023, the de-dollarization efforts within BRICS, particularly in North Africa, present a significant challenge to US interests. The inclusion of Egypt and the enthusiasm in Algiers and Tunis suggest that North African states may actively support BRICS's priority of de-dollarization. This poses a threat to the US, as a coordinated de-dollarization effort in the region could diminish American influence and impact existing trade agreements. The expansion of BRICS raises concerns for US policymakers, given the group's commitment to global de-dollarization, which aims to replace the dollar with the "R5" or "the renminbi, ruble, rupee, real, and rand", or with other multilateral central bank digital currency (CBDC) as the new global currency. This shift could limit the US's ability to run deficits and maintain low interest rates. Moreover, de-dollarization would undermine the effectiveness of US sanctions, relying on the SWIFT system, as BRICS seeks alternative financial systems, potentially making SWIFT obsolete. BBC assesses BRICS' US dollar reliance decrease projects as "likely aren’t viable, because many member states’ economies cannot afford to wean themselves off of it."

India

In 2014, the Indian Marxist author Vijay Prashad raised the limitations of the BRICS as a political and economic "locomotive of the South" because they follow neoliberal policies. They have neither established new counter-balancing institutions nor come up with an alternative ideology. Furthermore, the BRICS project, argues Prashad, cannot challenge the primacy of the United States and NATO.

Global Opinion

According to a Gallup International poll conducted between October and December 2023, almost a third of people around the world had never heard of BRICS but Western countries were much more negative towards the alliance than elsewhere. The most negative attitudes were found in Sweden (45%), Spain (30%), the USA (30%), Portugal (29%), and Ukraine (29%) while the most positive net attitudes were in Russia (38%), Iran (37%), Nigeria (36%), Saudi Arabia (33%) and Malaysia (32%). In India, 36% had a positive view of BRICS while 29% had a negative view.

BRICS Pro Tempore Presidency

The group at each summit elects one of the heads of state of the component countries to serve as President Pro Tempore of the BRICS. In 2019, the position was held by the president of Brazil.

The priorities of the Brazilian Pro Tempore Presidency for 2019 are the following: strengthening the cooperation in science, technology, and innovation, enhancement of the cooperation on digital economy, invigoration of cooperation on the fight against transnational crime —especially organized crime, money laundering, and drug trafficking, and rapprochement between the New Development Bank (NDB) and the BRICS Business Council.

The current BRICS President Pro Tempore is from Russia and their goals are: investing in BRICS countries to strengthen their economies, cooperating in the energy and environmental industries, helping with young children, and coming up with resolutions on migration and peacekeeping.

Current leaders

Current leading member state representatives:

Member	Brazil	Russia	India	China	South Africa
Image
Name	Lula da Silva	Vladimir Putin	Narendra Modi	Xi Jinping	Cyril Ramaphosa
Posi­tion	President of Brazil	President of Russia	Prime Minister of India	President of China	President of South Africa

Member	Egypt	Ethiopia	Iran	United Arab Emirates
Image
Name	Abdel Fattah el-Sisi	Abiy Ahmed	Masoud Pezeshkian	Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan
Posi­tion	President of Egypt	Prime Minister of Ethiopia	President of Iran	President of the United Arab Emirates

See also

• Belt and Road Initiative – Chinese global infrastructure project
• BRICS Games – Multi-sport event involving athletes from the BRICS+ Nations
• Developing country – Nation with a lower living standard relative to more developed countries
• East–West dichotomy – Perceived difference between the Eastern and Western worlds
• Emerging power – Nation or block with steadily rising influence in world affairs
• List of multilateral free-trade agreements – Free trade agreements listPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• MIKTA – Informal partnership between Mexico, Indonesia, South Korea, Turkey and Australia
• G7 – Intergovernmental political and economic forum
• Potential superpowers – Entity speculated to be or become a superpowerPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• Shanghai Cooperation Organisation – Eurasian multilateral security organization
• BRICS PAY
• Member states of BRICS
• List of BRICS summit attendees
• List of country groupings
• BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement
• BRICS Universities League

Notes

1. These are observer states that, while not officially a part of the bloc, would get support from the BRICS members.
2. The sovereignty of China is disputed. Since the conclusion of the Chinese Civil War, the Republic of China on Taiwan still views itself as the continuation of the former Chinese republic, with legitimate sovereignty over mainland China despite no actual control. See: Political status of Taiwan, Retreat of the Republic of China to Taiwan, Four-Stage Theory of the Republic of China, Two Chinas, One-China policy, and Cross-strait relations.
3. The actual area under PRC control is 9,596,960.
4. The de jure head of government of China is the Premier, whose current holder is Li Qiang. The President of China is legally a ceremonial office and has no real power in China's political system. However, the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (de facto leader) has always held this office since 1993 except for the months of transition, and the current paramount leader is Xi Jinping.
5. China does not have a head of state constitutionally, but a "state representative". While the presidency has many of the characteristics of the head of state, the Chinese constitution does not define it as such.

References

1. Norman, Izzah Aqilah (24 October 2024). "Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam and Thailand become partner countries of BRICS". CNA. Retrieved 25 October 2024.
2. ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". IMF. Archived from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
3. ^ "Goldman's BRIC Era Ends as Fund Folds After Years of Losses". Bloomberg. 8 November 2015. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
4. Gutemberg Pacheco Lopes Junior. "The Sino-Brazilian Principles in a Latin American and BRICS Context: The Case for Comparative Public Budgeting Legal Research; Wisconsin International Law Journal; 13 May 2015" (PDF). University of Wisconsin Law School. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
5. "What is BRICS, which countries want to join and why?". Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
6. Oliver Stuenkel (2020). The BRICS and the Future of Global Order (2 ed.). Lexington Books. p. 1. ISBN 978-0739193211.
7. "Is Saudi Arabia a Brics member or not? A curious case of invitation, acceptance and a delay". Firstpost. 22 October 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
8. "BRICS expansion: five countries join ranks". Africa News. 2 January 2024. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
9. "Iran, UAE, Egypt and Ethiopia join BRICS". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 3 January 2024. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
10. "Infographic: The Global Clout of the New BRICS". Statista Daily Data. 22 October 2024. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
11. "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) Comparison - The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
12. "Amid BRICS' rise and 'Arab Spring', a new global order forms". Christian Science Monitor. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
13. "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". IMF. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
14. "BRICS vs G7 GDP as a share of world total 2024". Statista. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
15. "BRICS Joint Statistical Publications". Federal State Statistics Service. Archived from the original on 17 January 2024.
16. Raimondi, Paolo (2 September 2023). "BRICS: The role of the unit of account for the new "basket of currencies"". India Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023.
17. "ILO head praises BRICS countries' commitment to social dialogue". ILO. 3 August 2018. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
18. Wolff, Richard D. (3 October 2022). "BRICS: the powerful global alliance". canadiandimension.com. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
19. Maitra, Sumantra (18 April 2013). "BRICS – India is the biggest loser". USINPAC. Archived from the original on 28 October 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
20. Blakeley, Grace (15 February 2023). "BRIC Nationalism Is No Alternative". Jacobin. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
21. ^ Coughlin, Con (24 August 2023). "Brics is now a motley crew of failing states". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
22. Jim O'Neill (30th November 2001)."Building Better Global Economic BRICs" Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Goldman Sachs. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
23. Nagashybayeva, Gulnar (November 2016). "Research Guides: BRICS: Sources of Information: Introduction". guides.loc.gov. Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
24. "Jim O'Neill Named Chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management". www.goldmansachs.com. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
25. "Information about BRICS". Brics6.itamaraty.gov.br. 27 March 2013. Archived from the original on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
26. "Cooperation within BRIC" Archived 19 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Kremlin.ru. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
27. ^ "First summit for emerging giants". BBC News. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 18 June 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
28. ^ Bryanski, Gleb (26 June 2009). "BRIC demands more clout, steers clear of dollar talk". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
29. "BRIC wants more influence". Euronews. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 21 June 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
30. Zhou, Wanfeng (16 June 2009). "Dollar slides after Russia comments, BRIC summit". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
31. ^ Smith, Jack A. (21 January 2011). "BRIC Becomes BRICS: Changes on the Geopolitical Chessboard". Foreign Policy Journal. Archived from the original on 26 January 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
32. "China invites South Africa to join BRIC: Xinhua". Reuters. 24 December 2010. Archived from the original on 9 June 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
33. Blanchard, Ben and Zhou Xin (14 April 2011). "UPDATE 1-BRICS discussed global monetary reform, not yuan" Archived 20 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Reuters Africa. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
34. "South Africa joins BRIC as full member". Xinhua. 24 December 2010. Archived from the original on 28 December 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
35. "BRICS countries need to further enhance coordination: Manmohan Singh". The Times of India. 12 April 2011. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
36. "BRICS should coordinate in key areas of development: PM". Indian Express. 10 April 2011. Archived from the original on 15 April 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
37. "Russia says BRICS eye joint anti-crisis fund". Reuters. 21 June 2012. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
38. "Brics eye infrastructure funding through new development bank". The Guardian. 28 March 2013. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
39. "India sees BRICS development bank agreed by 2014 summit". Reuters. 19 April 2013. Archived from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
40. "BRICS may decide on $100 billion fund early 2014 – Russia". In.reuters.com. 11 October 2013. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
41. Silvio Cascione; Patricia Duarte (10 October 2013). "Brazil's Mantega urges Fed to communicate tapering 'clearly'". In.reuters.com. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
42. "rbth.com: "BRICS countries to set up their own IMF" 14 Apr 2014". 14 April 2014. Archived from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
43. "BRICS to launch bank, tighten Latin America ties" Archived 12 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Yahoo.com. 11 July 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
44. "Brics Cable Unveiled for Direct and Cohesive Communications Services between Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa". Bloomberg News. 16 April 2012. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
45. Rolland, Nadège (2 April 2015). "A Fiber-Optic Silk Road". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
46. "BRICS countries to cooperate in ICT sector". Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
47. "BRICS To Allocate $15 Billion For Rebuilding Economies Hit By COVID-19". NDTV.com. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
48. Haidar, Suhasini; Krishnan, Ananth (15 September 2021). "India, China avoided open clash over COVID-19 origins". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
49. Carter, Sarah (30 May 2023). "South Africa moves to let Putin attend BRICS summit despite ICC arrest warrant over Ukraine war". CBS News. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
50. "South Africa's diplomatic dilemma with Putin". Deutsche Welle. 2 June 2023. Archived from the original on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
51. Bartlett K. (July 19, 2023). "Putin won't attend a South Africa summit next month, avoiding possible arrest" Archived 21 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine NPR.org. Accessed 21 July 2023.
52. Monteiro, Ana (29 December 2023). "BRICS to Grow as Saudi, Iran, UAE, Egypt, Ethiopia Join Ranks". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
53. ^ Sharma, Shweta (24 August 2023). "Brics countries agree major expansion as 6 countries invited to join". The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
54. ^ du Plessis, Carien; Miridzhanian, Anait; Acharya, Bhargav (24 August 2023). "BRICS welcomes new members in push to reshuffle world order". Reuters. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
55. "BRICS membership in doubt as opposition rejects move". www.batimes.com.ar. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
56. ^ Bonelli, Matías (1 December 2023). "Diana Mondino confirmó que la Argentina no ingresará a los BRICS" [Diana Mondino confirmed that Argentina won't join BRICS]. El Cronista (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
57. ^ "El gobierno de Javier Milei oficializó que la Argentina no entrará a los Brics". La Nación (in Spanish). 29 December 2023. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
58. El Dahan, Maha; Zhdannikov, Dmitry (18 January 2024). "Exclusive: Saudi Arabia still considering BRICS membership, sources say". Reuters. Archived from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
59. "Saudi MBS on BRICS leaders calling him to abandon U.S. dollar in oil transactions". Tactical Report. 26 April 2024.
60. Ismail, Sumayya (24 August 2023). "Saudi Arabia, Iran among 6 nations invited to join BRICS". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 24 August 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
61. 杜娟. "More nations interested in joining BRICS". www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
62. "OECD takes first step in accession discussions with Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, Peru and Romania". OECD. 25 January 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
63. du Plessis, Carien; Miridzhanian, Anait; Acharya, Bhargav (25 August 2023). "BRICS welcomes new members in push to reshuffle world order". Reuters. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
64. ^ "What is BRICS". Africa Facts. 15 October 2018. Archived from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
65. ^ "How aid for trade could help SVEs integrate in the global economy". Effectiveness of Aid for Trade in Small and Vulnerable Economies. Economic Paper. Commonwealth. 15 March 2011. pp. 30–37. doi:10.14217/9781848591004-6-en. ISBN 9781848591004. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
66. "A Cúpula de Durban e o futuro dos BRICS". Post-Western World. 4 July 2013. Archived from the original on 7 September 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
67. "BRICS summit: PM Modi to leave for Brazil tomorrow, will seek reforms". Hindustan Times. 12 July 2014. Archived from the original on 13 July 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
68. "Ufa to host SCO and BRICS summits in 2015". UfaCity.info. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
69. ^ "Theme and priorities". BRICS BRASIL 2019. Archived from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
70. "BRICS and the SCO summits postponed | Official website of the Russian BRICS Chairmanship in 2020". eng.brics-russia2020.ru. 27 May 2020. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
71. "BRICS Summit to be held virtually on Nov 17; strengthening cooperation, global stability on agenda". Hindustan Times. 5 October 2020. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
72. "Путин заявил о переносе саммитов БРИКС и ШОС из Челябинска". 19 July 2019. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
73. Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy. "BRICS Summit to be held virtually on November 17". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
74. "India plans to host BRICS Games during Khelo India Games in 2021". Firstpost. 26 August 2020. Archived from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
75. "Saudi Arabia has not yet joined BRICS - Saudi official source". Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
76. Korostovtseva, Yekaterina (5 March 2024). Юрий Ушаков: БРИКС на деле выражает интересы мирового большинства [Yuriy Ushakov: BRICS expresses the interests of the world majority in practice]. TASS (in Russian). Retrieved 18 April 2024. «Главным событием российского председательства, разумеется, станет саммит БРИКС в Казани 22–24 октября». [The main event of Russia's chairmanship will, of course, be the October 22–24 BRICS summit in Kazan.]
77. Correia, Victor. "Lula: com Brasil presidente, prioridade do Brics será desigualdade" [Lula: with Brazil president, Brics' priority will be inequality]. Correio Braziliense (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 June 2024.
78. ^ International Monetary Fund. "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
79. Human Development Report 2023-24: Breaking the gridlock: Reimagining cooperation in a polarized world. United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
80. ^ "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37)". Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
81. Devonshire-Ellis, Chris (9 November 2022). "The New Candidate Countries For BRICS Expansion". Silk Road Briefing. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
82. "Wang Yi Chairs Dialogue of Foreign Ministers between BRICS and Emerging Markets and Developing Countries". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China. 20 May 2022. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
83. Teslova, Elena (8 November 2022). "At least a dozen countries interested in joining BRICS: Russian foreign minister". Anadolu Agency. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
84. "Argentina formally rejects BRICS membership". 29 December 2023. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
85. Hacaoglu, Selcan; Kozok, Firat (2 September 2024). "Turkey Bids to Join BRICS in Push to Build Alliances Beyond West". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 3 September 2024. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
86. Bandow, Doug (14 July 2022). "Why Is Turkey Still in NATO?". Cato Institute.
87. Pangalos, Philip (13 March 2019). "European Parliament calls for suspension of Turkey EU accession talks". Euronews.
88. Balci, Baris; Hacaoglu, Selcan (17 September 2022). "Turkey Seeks to Be First NATO Member to Join China-Led SCO". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 18 September 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
89. O'Connor, Tom (11 July 2024). "Exclusive: Why Turkey's Erdogan Is Breaking With Biden on Ukraine and Gaza". Newsweek.
90. "Algeria president: 'Country applied to join BRICS, offered $1.5bn'". July 2023.
91. "Algeria no longer express interest in joining according to Algerian news agency". Aps.
92. "Angered over BRICS veto, Venezuela recalls ambassador to Brazil". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
93. "Angola: Foreign minister warns of challenges to join BRICS". June 2023. Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
94. "Burkina Faso's PM lobbies for country's membership in BRICS". September 2024.
95. "Cameroon Applies to Join BRICS Economic Bloc". April 2024.
96. "Central Africa: We want to join BRICS". December 2023.
97. "Congo keen on joining BRICS: President". June 2024.
98. "Central African country seeks BRICS membership". August 2023.
99. "Equatorial Guinea counts on Russia's support for its BRICS accession bid — president". September 2024.
100. "Akufo-Addo exploring feasibility of Ghana joining BRICS". August 2023.
101. "Kenya, China hold bilateral talks in Nairobi, as Kenya requests China's support to join BRICS". November 2024.
102. "Economy Minister: Libya Ready to Join BRICS". 11 July 2024.
103. "Mali Expresses Interest in Joining BRICS Soon". October 2024.
104. "Namibia interested in joining BRICS — ambassador to Russia". November 2024.
105. "Nigeria intends to join BRICS with or without pressure from the West". March 2024. Archived from the original on 30 July 2024.
106. "Senegal wants to integrate the Brics". August 2023.
107. "Envoy highlights South Sudan's interest in joining BRICS". November 2023.
108. "Deputy Minister of Finance: Sudan Intends to Join the BRICS Group". August 2015.
109. "Tunisia Plans to Join BRICS Nations". April 2023. Archived from the original on 30 July 2024.
110. "BRICS is a Breath of Fresh Air for Africa - Museveni". August 2023.
111. "Zimbabwe Expresses Readiness to Join BRICS Alliance". June 2024.
112. "BRICS is the future, Bolivian FM says". August 2023.
113. "Colombia Intends to Join BRICS as Soon as Possible". April 2024.
114. "Cuban Government Shows Interest in Joining BRICS". June 2024.
115. "El Salvador could apply to accept them into BRICS". July 2024.
116. "Nicaragua in Negotiations to Join BRICS". June 2024.
117. "Peru & China Discuss Economic Cooperation, BRICS". June 2024.
118. "Venezuela renews its desire to join BRICS". June 2024.
119. "Afghanistan And The Potential For BRICS Membership". June 2023.
120. "Delegated by HRH the Crown Prince and Prime Minister, Foreign Minister attends BRICS Summit". Bahrain News Agency. 24 August 2023. Archived from the original on 3 February 2024. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
121. "Bangladesh seeks India's support to join BRICS under any format: Hasan". June 2024.
122. "How BRICS Was Expanded: The Inside Story of Twists and Turns". September 2023.
123. "Al-Sudani: Iraq hopes to join the BRICS group". October 2023.
124. Omirgazy, Dana (5 June 2023). "Kazakhstan Seeks to Join BRICS and Enhance Trade and Economic Cooperation". Astana Times. Archived from the original on 4 July 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
125. "South Africa: 8 Arab countries request to join BRICS". August 2023.
126. "Laos Intends to Join BRICS". December 2023.
127. "Malaysia applies to join BRICS, boost ties with Russia". The Star. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
128. Irrawaddy, The (6 September 2023). "Myanmar Junta Eyeing BRICS Membership as Sanctions Bite". Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
129. Ngcofe, Khaka (13 May 2024). "North Korea Signals to Join BRICS". BRICS Global Television Network. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
130. Hussain, Abid. "Pakistan seeks BRICS membership, despite India roadblock". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 10 January 2024. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
131. "Is BRICS really the lifeline Palestine needs?". August 2023.
132. "Saudi Arabia not yet responded to BRICS invitation, Saudi official source says". January 2024.
133. "Sri Lanka joins list of countries eyeing BRICS membership this year". May 2024.
134. "Syria applied for BRICS membership, country's ambassador to Russia says". October 2024.
135. "Cabinet approves Brics membership bid". May 2024.
136. "Vietnam Explores Possibility of BRICS Membership". April 2024.
137. "The Yemen–Russia riddle". July 2024.
138. Agayev, Zulfugar (20 August 2024). "Azerbaijan Formally Applies to Join BRICS, Foreign Ministry Says". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
139. Liffey, Kevin (25 July 2023). MacSwan, Angus (ed.). "Belarus says it has applied to join BRICS club, RIA reports". Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
140. "Serbia views BRICS membership as alternative to EU — deputy PM". October 2024.
141. "Türkiye applies for BRICS membership in push for new alliances". September 2024.
142. "BRICS approves Cuba, Bolivia, and 11 other countries as 'partner states'". October 2024.
143. "BRICS Bank to be headquartered in Shanghai, India to hold presidency" Archived 12 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Indiasnaps.com. 16 July 2014
144. ^ Desai, Raj M.; Vreeland, James Raymond (17 July 2014). "What the new bank of BRICS is all about". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
145. ^ "New BRICS Bank a Building Block of Alternative World Order". The Huffington Post. 18 July 2014. Archived from the original on 19 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
146. ^ "BRICS countries launch $100 billion developmental bank, currency pool". Russia & India Report. 16 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
147. ^ "BRICS Bank ready for launch – Russian Finance Minister". Russia & India Report. 10 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
148. "History". New Development Bank. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
149. Strohecker, Karin (2 September 2021). Blair, Edmund (ed.). "BRICS development bank admits UAE, Bangladesh, Uruguay as new members". Reuters. Archived from the original on 12 March 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
150. ^ "BRICS currency fund to protect members from volatility – Russia's top banker". Russia & India Report. 17 July 2014. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
151. Biziwick, Mayamiko; Cattaneo, Nicolette; Fryer, David (2015). "The rationale for and potential role of the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement". South African Journal of International Affairs. 22 (3): 307–324. doi:10.1080/10220461.2015.1069208. S2CID 153695521.
152. On the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) Governing Council and Standing Committee inaugural meetings Archived 2 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine 4 September 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2016
153. "DMPQ- BRICS payment system". 27 May 2019. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
154. "Russia offers to discuss BRICS prototype of SWIFT global system". Russia & India Report. 1 June 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
155. "Exclusive: China's international payments system ready, could launch by end-2015 – sources". Reuters. 9 March 2015. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
156. "BRICS to discuss common currency plan during the summit, says South African Foreign Minister". cnbctv18.com. 10 May 2023. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
157. "Lula confirma criação de uma moeda comum dos Brics para facilitar trocas comerciais". CNN Brasil. Archived from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
158. "BRICS summit: Leaders eye expansion, common currency – DW – 08/23/2023". dw.com. Archived from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
159. "Common Currency on Agenda for South African BRICS Summit". VOA. 12 May 2023. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
160. "Brics a force for world peace, says China". Business Day. 8 August 2012. Archived from the original on 22 April 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
161. Sharma, Ruchir (November–December 2012). "Broken BRICs: Why the Rest Stopped Rising". Foreign Affairs. 91 (November/December 2012). Archived from the original on 20 December 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
162. "China Loses Control of Its Frankenstein Economy". Bloomberg. 24 June 2013. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
163. "Brazil Stocks In Bear Market As Economy Struggles". Investor's Business Daily. Investors.com. 26 June 2013. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
164. "Emerging economies: The Great Deceleration". The Economist. 27 July 2013. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
165. "BRICS Leaders Fail to Create Rival to World Bank" Archived 4 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine . The New York Times. 29 March 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
166. Global, IndraStra. "EXCERPT | A Test of China–India Cooperative Dynamics within the BRICS Framework". IndraStra. ISSN 2381-3652. Archived from the original on 24 April 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
167. Khadija Patel (3 April 2012). "Brics summit exposes the high wall between India and China". Daily Maverick. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2013 – via Asia Times.
168. Coleman, Isobel (9 April 2013). "Ten Questions for the New BRICS Bank". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
169. O'Donnell, Frank; Papa, Mihaela; Han, Zhen (18 August 2023). "As BRICS cooperation accelerates, is it time for the US to develop a BRICS policy?". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
170. Dagres, Holly (14 December 2023). "China's de-dollarization message finds a receptive audience in North Africa". Atlantic Council. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
171. "Brics: How an evolving and expanding bloc benefits India". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
172. Prashad, Vijay 2014. The Poorer Nations: A Possible History of the Global South. Verso. p10-11
173. "BRICS expansion – less than one in five positive about it". Gallup International Association. 14 March 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
174. "Attitudes towards BRICS: Gallup International's research". Rating (sociological group). Retrieved 12 May 2024.
175. "CALENDAR OF MEETINGS/EVENTS FOR SOUTH AFRICA'S 2018 BRICS CHAIRSHIP" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
176. "BRICS information portal". BRICS. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2020.

External links

• Media related to BRICS at Wikimedia Commons
• Quotations related to BRICS at Wikiquote
• BRICS information portal
• BRICS India 2021
• BRICS China 2022
• BRICS South Africa 2023
• Learn about BRICS - Institute of Applied Economic Research

Articles related to BRICS

v t e Power in international relations Types Climate Economic Energy Food Hard Maritime National Politics Realpolitik Sharp Smart Soft Status Small Middle Regional Emerging Least Great Great Potential Super Geopolitics American (Pax) Asian Chinese Indian Pacific History List of ancient great powers List of medieval great powers List of modern great powers International relations (1814–1919) Post-Western era Theory American decline Balance of power European Deterrence theory Hegemonic stability theory Multilateralism Internationalism Philosophy of power Polarity Power projection Power transition theory Second Superpower Sphere of influence Superpower collapse Superpower disengagement Studies Composite Index of National Capability Comprehensive National Power Organizations and groups by region Africa African Union Union for the Mediterranean Africa–Asia Arab League Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC) Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) Americas Association of Caribbean States (ACS) Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Central American Integration System (SICA) Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC) Mercosur North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Organization of American States (OAS) Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) Asia Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD) Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA) Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat (TCS) Europe Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Council of Europe (CoE) European Political Community (EPC) European Union (EU) Nordic Council Visegrád Group (V4) Eurasia Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) Eurasian Economic Union (EaEU) Organization of Turkic States North America–Europe Arctic Council North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Africa–Asia–Europe Union for the Mediterranean Africa–South America South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone Oceania–Pacific Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Australia–New Zealand–United States Security Treaty (ANZUS) Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG) Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) Polynesian Leaders Group (PLG) Non–regional Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS) Commonwealth of Nations Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries E9 G4 G7 G8 G8+5 G20 G24 G77 India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA) Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF) Uniting for Consensus Global United Nations (UN) v t e International relations Glossary Organizations Present BRICS Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) International Criminal Court (ICC) Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) United Nations (UN) Past League of Nations Warsaw Pact History 1648–1814 1814–1919 1919–1939 Diplomatic history of World War II Cold War International relations since 1989 Concepts Alliance Entente Coalition Military Appeasement Co-belligerence Collective security Colonialism Crisis Deterrence theory Expansionism Grey-zone Hegemony Idealism International community Internationalism Internationality Liberal Interventionism Isolationism National interest Neutral country Non-belligerent Non-state actor Imperialism Peace Power Right of conquest Sovereignty Suzerainty Treaty Bilateral Friendship Multilateral Non-aggression Peace War Whole-of-society Theory Constructivism English school Feminism Liberalism Marxism Postcolonialism Realism Related fields and subfields Comparative politics Diplomacy Foreign policy analysis Geopolitics International law International political economy International political sociology Peace and conflict studies Security studies v t e South–South cooperation and Third Worldism Global South Development Landlocked developing countries Least developed countries Heavily indebted poor countries Markets Emerging markets Newly industrialized country Transition economy Worlds theory First World Second World Third World Fourth World Geopolitics Decolonization Cold War Neocolonialism Multipolarity World Conference against Racism Durban I Durban II Durban III Globalization Post-Western era BRICS Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS) BASIC (BRICS minus Russia) BRIC (BRICS minus South Africa) India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA) Finance Debt Asian Clearing Union Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank Asian Development Bank Arab Monetary Fund BancoSur Caribbean Development Bank Common Fund for Commodities New Development Bank OPEC Fund for International Development Trade and development Developmental state Flying geese paradigm Infrastructure-based development Sustainable development Global System of Trade Preferences Protocol on Trade Negotiations New International Economic Order New World Information and Communication Order United Nations Conference on Trade and Development United Nations Development Programme United Nations Industrial Development Organization Public health Generic drugs biosimilar Pharmaceutical patents criticism Test data exclusivity Doha Declaration World Health Organization Organizations and groups G-5 G-77 G-15 D-8 G20 developing nations (G-20) G-24 G33 developing countries (G-33) G-11 G-90 Non-Aligned Movement African, Caribbean and Pacific Group African Union Afro–Asian Conference Association of Southeast Asian Nations Colombo Plan Community of Latin American and Caribbean States International Solar Alliance Melanesian Spearhead Group North–South Summit Polynesian Leaders Group South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Small Island Developing States South Centre North–South divide Brandt Report Global financial system International Monetary Fund World Bank World Trade Organization Fair trade Financial regulation Global digital divide v t e Foreign relations of Brazil Bilateral relations Africa Algeria Angola Cape Verde DR Congo Egypt Ethiopia Guinea-Bissau Kenya Mozambique Namibia Nigeria São Tomé and Príncipe South Africa Tanzania Americas Argentina Barbados Bolivia Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Guyana Haiti Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Paraguay Peru Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Asia Armenia Azerbaijan Bangladesh China East Timor Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Kazakhstan Lebanon Malaysia North Korea Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia South Korea Taiwan Thailand Turkey Europe Albania Austria Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Holy See Hungary Ireland Italy Lithuania Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovenia Spain Sweden Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Former Yugoslavia Multilateral relations European Union United Nations G4 G8+5 G20 BRICS IBSA CPLP Mercosur Unasul Diplomacy Ministry of Foreign Affairs Diplomatic missions of Brazil Diplomatic missions in Brazil UNSC reform Brazilian Antarctica Wars involving Brazil Treaties of Brazil Brazil and weapons of mass destruction Presidential visits by Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Ambassadors of Brazil v t e Foreign relations of Egypt Bilateral relations Africa Algeria Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Libya Morocco Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Tunisia Americas Argentina Brazil Canada Colombia Mexico Peru United States Uruguay Asia Armenia Bangladesh China India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Malaysia Mongolia Nepal North Korea Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia South Korea Syria Thailand Turkey United Arab Emirates Europe EU Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Denmark France Germany Greece Italy Poland Slovenia Spain Albania Kosovo Russia Serbia Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Former Yugoslavia Multilateral relations African Union Arab League (1964, 1964, 1970) ASPA European Union Union for the Mediterranean Non-Aligned Movement (2nd Summit) Disputes Arab–Israeli conflict Related topics Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister Diplomatic missions of / in Egypt Egyptian diaspora Egyptian diplomats EFTCA v t e Foreign relations of Ethiopia Africa Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Kenya Nigeria Somalia Somaliland South Africa Sudan Americas Brazil Canada Cuba Mexico United States Asia Azerbaijan China India Indonesia Israel Japan Malaysia Palestine Qatar Turkey Europe Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Kosovo Norway Russia Poland Serbia Spain Sweden United Kingdom Former Yugoslavia Multilateral relations African Union European Union Diplomatic missions Diplomatic missions of / in Ethiopia v t e Foreign relations of India Bilateral relations Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Comoros Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Equatorial Guinea Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Cayman Islands Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Hong Kong Tibet East Timor Georgia Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal North Korea Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Austria Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Holy See Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Former Soviet Union Yugoslavia Multilateral relations 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue ASEAN Africa (Summit) BASIC BIMSTEC BBIN BRICS (4th, 8th, 13th summit) Central Asia Commonwealth of Nations East Asia Summit European Union G4 G20 G77 I2U2 Group IBSA Indian Ocean Naval Symposium Indian Ocean Rim Association India–Pacific Islands relations Forum for India–Pacific Islands Cooperation India–Latin America relations International Solar Alliance Mekong–Ganga Cooperation Non-Aligned Movement (7th Summit) Quadrilateral Security Dialogue Sanctions SAARC Shanghai Cooperation Organisation United Nations Diplomacy History Ministry of External Affairs Minister Foreign Secretary Diplomatic missions of India / in India (in Chennai) Ambassadors and High Commissioners of India / to India Foreign aid by India / to India Indian diaspora Overseas citizens Foreign policy ITEC programme Look East policy Pan-African e-Network project Indira Gandhi government Narendra Modi government Asian Middle Eastern South Asian Act East) Kashmir conflict Siachen conflict Conflicts with Pakistan Disputes with China Disputes with Nepal State visits to India State visits by prime ministers of India Jawaharlal Nehru Indira Gandhi Atal Bihari Vajpayee Manmohan Singh Narendra Modi v t e Foreign relations of Iran Africa Algeria Burkina Faso Egypt Gambia Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Senegal South Africa Sudan Tunisia Americas Argentina Bolivia Brazil Canada Cuba Ecuador Mexico United States after 1979 Uruguay Venezuela Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh China Georgia History India Indonesia Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Malaysia North Korea Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia South Korea Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Holy See Hungary Italy Kosovo Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia Former Czechoslovakia Rome Yugoslavia Multilateral relations Arab League European Union NATO Disputes Nuclear program Views Iran–Israel proxy conflict Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict Israeli–Sunni Coalition Sanctions U.S. sanctions Related Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister of Foreign Affairs Diplomatic missions of / in Iran Trade Promotion Organization of Iran Foreign direct investment in Iran Propaganda in Iran Iranian diaspora Ambassadors from Iran Foreign policy of the Masoud Pezeshkian administration v t e Foreign relations of Russia Bilateral relations Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gambia Ghana Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Libya Madagascar Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Seychelles Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Argentina Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Ecuador Guatemala Guyana Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago United States Russian Empire Soviet Union Uruguay Venezuela Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China East Timor Georgia Abkhazia South Ossetia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Kurdistan Region Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal North Korea Oman Pakistan Palestine Hamas Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Transnistria Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine Donetsk PR Luhansk PR United Kingdom Vatican City Oceania Australia Fiji Nauru New Zealand Tonga Vanuatu Multilateral relations BRICS European Union NATO United Nations Arctic policy of Russia Russia and the Antarctic Near Abroad Diplomacy Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Foreign Minister) Diplomatic missions of Russia / in Russia European energy sector Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Eurasian Economic Union Military Cooperation Treaties Military doctrine Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine v t e Foreign relations of South Africa Bilateral relations Africa Algeria Angola Botswana Republic of the Congo Egypt Eswatini Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Libya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sahrawi Republic Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Argentina Bolivia Brazil Canada Colombia Cuba Mexico Peru Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Asia Azerbaijan Bangladesh China Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Israel Japan Malaysia North Korea Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka South Korea Syria Thailand Turkey United Arab Emirates Europe Bulgaria Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Netherlands Poland Portugal Russia Serbia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Multilateral relations European Union Commonwealth of Nations BRICS G8+5 G20 IBSA SACU Africa–India Forum Summit African Union Diplomacy Diplomatic missions of South Africa Diplomatic missions in South Africa Department of International Relations and Cooperation UNSC reform South African National Antarctic Programme v t e Foreign relations of China Bilateral relations Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Peru Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia East Timor Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan history Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal North Korea History Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea History Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Northern Domination Yemen Europe Albania Austria Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Lithuania Luxembourg Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City Oceania Australia Fiji Kiribati Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Vanuatu Former states Soviet Union Yugoslavia Multilateral relations BCIM Economic Corridor BIMSTEC Africa Arab League BRICS Caribbean China–Japan–South Korea European Union Latin America Oceania Third World United Nations Arctic policy of China China and the Antarctic Diplomacy Central Foreign Affairs Commission (General Secretary) Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Foreign Minister) Diplomatic missions of China / in China Belt and Road Initiative China's peaceful rise Chinese Century Confucius Institute Dates of diplomatic recognition Foreign policy of China Foreign Relations Law Foreign relations of Hong Kong Nine-dash line Panda diplomacy Political status of Taiwan Chinese unification Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Stadium diplomacy String of Pearls Major historical splits Soviet Albania Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Treaties Theater diplomacy Wolf warrior diplomacy Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy v t e Foreign relations of the United Arab Emirates Bilateral relations Africa Algeria Egypt Kenya Nigeria Somalia (Somaliland) South Africa Tanzania Americas Canada Chile Colombia Mexico Peru United States Asia Afghanistan Armenia Bahrain Bangladesh China India Indonesia Iran Iraq Kurdistan Region Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey Vietnam Yemen Europe Cyprus Denmark France Germany Greece Holy See Kosovo North Macedonia Poland Portugal Russia Serbia Spain United Kingdom Oceania Australia Diplomatic missions Diplomatic missions of the United Arab Emirates / in the United Arab Emirates Multilateral relations United Nations (ICAO, ILO, UPU, WHO, WIPO) Arab League (ALECSO, CAEU, AMF) Gulf Cooperation Council Organisation of Islamic Cooperation OPEC BRICS Non-Aligned Movement World Trade Organization Shanghai Cooperation Organisation International Monetary Fund World Bank International Monetary Fund International Maritime Security Construct Indo-Abrahamic Alliance v t e China–India relations Diplomatic posts Embassy of China, New Delhi Ambassadors of China to India Embassy of India, Beijing Ambassadors of India to China Diplomacy Greater East Asia Conference Sino-Indian Agreement 1954 Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence 2007 Delhi security summit Conflicts Sino-Indian War Origins of the Sino-Indian War 1962 Indian parliamentary resolution on China Defence of India act and Defence of India rules, 1962 Forward policy Internment of Chinese-Indians Nathu La and Cho La clashes 1987 skirmish 2013 Depsang standoff 2017 border standoff 2020–2021 skirmishes Timeline Chinese Order of battle Indian Order of battle Sino-Indian border dispute Aksai Chin Dakpa Sheri Dehra Compass Depsang Bulge Doklam Dolam Sirijap Trans-Karakoram Tract Sino-Pakistan Agreement Line of Actual Control Differing perceptions of the LAC Infrastructure Roads Report of the Officials on the Boundary Question Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement, 1993 Agreement on the Political Parameters and Guiding Principles, 2005 Border Defence Cooperation Agreement, 2013 India-China Joint Working Group on the boundary question Special Representative mechanism on the India-China boundary question Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India–China Border Affairs Border Personnel Meeting Point Economic relations BRICS BRIC BASIC BCIM Economic Corridor Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Related Hong Kong–India relations India–Taiwan relations India–Tibet relations Five Fingers of Tibet Chindia Chinas Cheena Bhavana China–India railway China Study Group Tan Yun-Shan Zhengyou Chola–Chinese relations Tamil–Chinese relations Category:China–India relations v t e China–Russia relations Diplomatic posts Embassy of China, Moscow Ambassadors of Russia to China Consulate General of Russia, Shanghai Diplomacy 1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement 2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship Altai gas pipeline 2007 Delhi security summit Eastern Siberia–Pacific Ocean oil pipeline Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation BRICS BRIC Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia Incidents New Star incident Military relations Vostok 2018 Chinese missile warning system Marine Security Belt Related History of Sino-Russian relations Sino-Soviet relations China–Russia border Trans-Zeya villages Outer Manchuria China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine Russo-Chinese Bank Building Shenzhen MSU-BIT University Chinese Eastern Railway Chinese Orthodox Church Second Cold War Cyrillization of Chinese Li Yueran China and Russia Axis of Upheaval Category:China–Russia relations

• 2000s neologisms
• 2009 in international relations
• BRICS
• Brazil–China relations
• Brazil–India relations
• Brazil–Russia relations
• Brazil–South Africa relations
• China–India relations
• China–Russia relations
• China–South Africa relations
• Economic country classifications
• India–Russia relations
• India–South Africa relations
• International economic organizations
• International political organizations
• Multilateral relations of Brazil
• Multilateral relations of China
• Multilateral relations of India
• Multilateral relations of Russia
• Multilateral relations of South Africa
• Organizations established in 2009
• Russia–South Africa relations