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{{Short description|Spiral galaxy in the constellation Coma Berenices}}
{{Galaxy
{{Infobox Galaxy
| name = ] 99
| image = ] | name = ] 99
| image = M99s crop.jpg
<small>A ] image of M99.<br/>Credit: ]/].</small>
| caption = Galaxy Messier 99, Schulman Telescope<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Schulman Telescope|url=https://www.as.arizona.edu/schulman-telescope|access-date=2022-02-20|website=www.as.arizona.edu}}</ref>
| constellation name = ]<ref name="sinnott1988">{{cite book
| constellation name = ]<ref name="sinnott1988"/>
| author=R. W. Sinnott, editor
| epoch = ]
| title= The Complete New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue of Nebulae and Star Clusters by J. L. E. Dreyer
| group_cluster = ]<ref name="Vollmer2005" />
| year=1988
| type = SA(s)c<ref name=vaucoulerus1991/>
| publisher=Sky Publishing Corporation and Cambridge University Press
| ra = {{RA|12|18|49.625}}<ref name=Skrutskie2006/>
| id=ISBN 0-933-34651-4}}</ref>
| dec = {{DEC|+14|24|59.36}}<ref name=Skrutskie2006/>
| epoch = ]
| type = SA(s)c<ref name="ned">{{cite web | z = 0.008029<ref name=ned/>
| h_radial_v = {{Val|2404|u=km/s|fmt=commas}}<ref name=Tully2016/>
| title=NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database
| dist_ly = {{Convert|13.87|Mpc|Mly|order=flip|abbr=on|lk=on}}<ref name=Tully2016/>
| work=Results for NGC 4254
| appmag_v = 9.9<ref>{{cite web |url=https://messier.seds.org/m/m099.html |title=Messier 99 |access-date=30 April 2022 |website=SEDS Messier Catalog}}</ref>
| url=http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/
| size_v = {{nowrap|5.4{{prime}} × 4.7{{prime}}}}<ref name="ned" />
| accessdate=2006-11-25 }}</ref>
| notes =
| ra = {{RA|12|18|49.6}}<ref name="ned" />
| names = Coma Pinwheel Galaxy, Virgo Cluster Pinwheel, M99, ] 4254, ] 39578, ] 7345<ref name="simbad"/>
| dec = {{DEC|+14|24|59}}<ref name="ned" />
}}
| dist_ly = ] ]{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
| z = 2407 ± 3 ]/]<ref name="ned" />
| appmag_v = 10.4<ref name="ned" />
| size_v = 5&prime;.4 &times; 4&prime;.7<ref name="ned" />
| notes =
| names = ] 4254,<ref name="ned" /> ] 7345,<ref name="ned" /> ] 39578,<ref name="ned" /><br>Coma Pinwheel Galaxy,<ref name="simbad">{{cite web
| title=SIMBAD Astronomical Database
| work=Results for NGC 4254
| url=http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/Simbad
| accessdate=2006-11-25}}</ref> Virgo Cluster Pinwheel<ref name="simbad" />
}}


'''Messier 99''' or '''M99''', also known as '''NGC 4254''' or '''St. Catherine's Wheel''', is a ] in the northern ] ] approximately {{Convert|15,000,000|pc|ly|abbr=off|lk=on}} from the ].<ref name=Tully2016/> It was discovered by ] on 17 March 1781. The discovery was then reported to ], who included the object in the ] of comet-like objects. It was one of the first galaxies in which a spiral pattern was seen. This pattern was first identified by ] in the spring of 1846.<ref name="jonesbook1991" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rosse |first=The Earl Of |date=1850 |title=Observations on the Nebulae |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1850RSPT..140..499R |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series I |volume=140 |pages=499–514}}</ref>
'''Messier 99''' (also known as ''M99'' or ''NGC 4254'') is an ] approximately ] ]s away in the ] ].


This galaxy has a ] of SA(s)c,<ref name=vaucoulerus1991/> indicating a pure spiral shape with loosely wound ]. It has a peculiar shape with one normal looking arm and an extended arm that is less tightly wound. The galaxy is inclined by 42° to the ] with a major axis ] of 68°.<ref name="Vollmer2005" />
The galaxy has a normal looking arm and an extended arm that is less tightly wound. A bridge of neutral hydrogen gas links NGC 4254 with ]. The gravity from the ] ] appears to have distorted M99 and drawn out the gas bridge, as the two galaxy-sized objects have a close encounter, before they go their separate ways. It is expected that the drawn out arm will relax to match the normal arm once the encounter is over.
Three supernovae have been observed in this galaxy.


A bridge of neutral hydrogen gas links NGC 4254 with ], an ] and a possible ]. The gravity from the latter may have distorted M99 and drawn out the gas bridge, as the two galaxy-sized objects may have had a close encounter before parting greatly. However, VIRGOHI21 may instead be tidal debris from an interaction with the ] ] some 280 million years ago.<ref name="Vollmer2005"/> It is expected that the drawn out arm will relax to match the normal arm once the encounter is over.
==History==


While not classified as a ], M99 has a ] activity three times larger than other galaxies of similar ] that may have been triggered by the encounter.<ref name="Chyży2007" /> M99 is likely entering the Virgo Cluster for the first time bound to the periphery of the cluster at a projected separation of 3.7°, or around one megaparsec, from the cluster center at ]. The galaxy is undergoing ] of much of its ] as it moves through the ].<ref name="Vollmer2005"/>
Messier 99 was discovered by ] on ], ]. The discovery was then reported to ], who included the object in the ], which was the first astronomical catalogue of star clusters, nebulae, and galaxies<ref name="jonesbook1991">{{cite book
| author=K. G. Jones
| year=1991
| title=Messier's Nebulae and Star Clusters
| edition= 2nd edition
| publisher=Cambridge University Press
| location=Cambridge
| id=ISBN 0-521-37079-5 }}</ref>.


==Supernovae==
Messier 99 was one of the first galaxies in which a spiral pattern was first seen. The spiral pattern was first identified by ] in the mid-nineteenth century<ref name="jonesbook1991" />.
Four ] have been observed in M99:

* SN 1967H (], mag. 14.0) was discovered by ] on 1 July 1967.<ref>{{cite web
== See also ==
| url = http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/IAUCs/IAUC2021.jpg
| title = Circular No. 2021
| last = Gingerich
| first = Owen
| date = 5 July 1967
| website = Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams
| publisher = Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
| access-date = 2 December 2024
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1086/128660 | doi-access=free | title=The 1967 Palomar Supernova Search | date=1968 | last1=Zwicky | first1=F. | journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific | volume=80 | page=462 | bibcode=1968PASP...80..462Z}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN{{nbsp}}1967H | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1967H | publisher = ] | access-date=2 December 2024}}</ref><ref name=Fairall1975/>
* SN 1972Q (type unknown, mag. 15.8) was discovered by Leonida Rosino on 14 December 1972.<ref>{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN{{nbsp}}1972Q | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1972Q | publisher = ] | access-date=2 December 2024}}</ref>
* SN 1986I (type II, mag. 14) was discovered by ] et al. on 17 May 1986.<ref>{{cite journal | bibcode=1986IAUC.4219....1P| title=Supernovae| last1=Pennypacker| first1=C.| last2=Burns| first2=S.| last3=Crawford| first3=F.| last4=Friedman| first4=P.| last5=Muller| first5=J.| last6=Perlmutter| first6=S.| last7=Smith| first7=C.| last8=Treffers| first8=R.| last9=Williamson| first9=A.| last10=Junkkarinen| first10=V.| last11=Filippenko| first11=A. V.| last12=McCarthy| first12=P. J.| last13=Rosino| first13=L.| last14=Iijima| first14=T.| last15=Wilson| first15=I.| last16=Horine| first16=E.| journal=International Astronomical Union Circular| date=1986| issue=4219| page=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN{{nbsp}}1986I | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1986I | publisher = ] | access-date=2 December 2024}}</ref><ref name=Penhallow1986/>
* SN 2014L (], mag. 17.2) was discovered by the THU-NAOC Transient Survey (TNTS) on 26 January 2014.<ref>{{cite journal | bibcode=2014CBET.3795....1Z| title=Supernova 2014L in M99 = PSN J12184868+1424435| last1=Zhang| first1=Tianmeng| last2=Wang| first2=Xiaofeng| last3=Mo| first3=Jun| last4=Chen| first4=Juncheng| journal=Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams| date=2014| volume=3795| page=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.rochesterastronomy.org/sn2014/sn2014l.html
| title = Supernovae 2014L in M99
| last = Bishop
| first = David
| website = Rochester Astronomy
| access-date = 2 December 2024
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN{{nbsp}}2014L | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/2014L | publisher = ] | access-date=2 December 2024}}</ref>
__NOTOC__


==See also==
* ]
* ] - ''a similar face-on spiral galaxy'' * ] - ''a similar face-on spiral galaxy''
* ] - ''a similar face-on spiral galaxy'' * ] - ''a similar face-on spiral galaxy''


==References==
== External links ==
{{reflist|refs=


<ref name="simbad">{{cite simbad | title=M 99 | access-date=2009-12-18}}</ref>
*
*
*
*


<ref name=vaucoulerus1991>{{citation | postscript=.
==References==
| last1=de Vaucouleurs | first1=G. | last2=de Vaucouleurs | first2=A.
| last3=Corwin | first3=H. G. Jr. | last4=Buta | first4=R. J.
| last5=Paturel | first5=G. | last6=Fouque | first6=P.
| title=Third reference catalogue of bright galaxies
| version=9 | display-authors=1 | date=1991
| publisher=] | location=New York }}</ref>


<ref name=Tully2016>{{citation
<div class="references-small"><references/></div>
| last1=Tully | first1=R. Brent | last2=Courtois | first2=Hélène M.
| last3=Sorce | first3=Jenny G. | display-authors=1
| title=Cosmicflows-3 | journal=The Astronomical Journal
| volume=152 | issue=2 | id=50 | pages=21 | date=August 2016
| doi=10.3847/0004-6256/152/2/50 | bibcode=2016AJ....152...50T
| arxiv=1605.01765 | s2cid=250737862 | postscript=. | doi-access=free }}</ref>


<ref name=Skrutskie2006>{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/498708 |last1=Skrutskie |first1=Michael F. |last2=Cutri |first2=Roc M. |last3=Stiening |first3=Rae |last4=Weinberg |first4=Martin D. |last5=Schneider |first5=Stephen E. |last6=Carpenter |first6=John M. |last7=Beichman |first7=Charles A. |last8=Capps |first8=Richard W. |last9=Chester |first9=Thomas |last10=Elias |first10=Jonathan H. |last11=Huchra |first11=John P. |last12=Liebert |first12=James W. |last13=Lonsdale |first13=Carol J. |last14=Monet |first14=David G. |last15=Price |first15=Stephan |last16=Seitzer |first16=Patrick |last17=Jarrett |first17=Thomas H. |last18=Kirkpatrick |first18=J. Davy |last19=Gizis |first19=John E. |last20=Howard |first20=Elizabeth V. |last21=Evans |first21=Tracey E. |last22=Fowler |first22=John W. |last23=Fullmer |first23=Linda |last24=Hurt |first24=Robert L. |last25=Light |first25=Robert M. |last26=Kopan |first26=Eugene L. |last27=Marsh |first27=Kenneth A. |last28=McCallon |first28=Howard L. |last29=Tam |first29=Robert |last30=Van Dyk |first30=Schuyler D. |last31=Wheelock |first31=Sherry L. |title=The Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) |journal=The Astronomical Journal |date=1 February 2006 |volume=131 |issue=2 |pages=1163–1183 |bibcode=2006AJ....131.1163S |s2cid=18913331 |issn=0004-6256 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
]

]
<ref name="jonesbook1991">{{cite book
| first1=K. G. | last1=Jones
| date=1991 | edition=2nd
| title=Messier's Nebulae and Star Clusters
| publisher=]
| isbn=978-0-521-37079-0 }}</ref>

<ref name="sinnott1988">{{cite book
| first1=J. L. E. | last1=Dreyer
| editor1-first=R. W. | editor1-last=Sinnott
| title=The Complete New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue of Nebulae and Star Clusters
| publisher=]/]
| date=1988 | isbn=978-0-933346-51-2 }}</ref>

<ref name="ned">{{cite web
| title=NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database
| work=Results for NGC 4254
| url=http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/nph-objsearch?objname=Messier+99&img_stamp=yes
| access-date=2006-11-25 }}</ref>

<ref name="Vollmer2005">{{Cite journal
| last1=Vollmer | first1=B. | last2=Huchtmeier | first2=W.
| last3=van Driel | first3=W. | date=September 2005
| journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics
| volume=439 | issue=3 | pages=921–933
| title=NGC 4254: a spiral galaxy entering the Virgo cluster
| bibcode = 2005A&A...439..921V | arxiv=astro-ph/0505021
| doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20041350 | s2cid=17414818 }}</ref>

<ref name="Chyży2007">{{Cite journal
| last1=Chyży | first1=K. T. | last2=Ehle | first2=M.
| last3=Beck | first3=R.
| journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics
| volume=474 | issue=2 | pages=415–429 | date=September 2007
| title=Magnetic fields and gas in the cluster-influenced spiral galaxy NGC 4254. I. Radio and X-rays observations
| bibcode=2007A&A...474..415C | arxiv=0708.1533
| doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20077497 | s2cid=16273521 }}</ref>

<!-- Not in use
<ref name=ESA2012>{{cite news
| title=A Bright Spark in a Nearby Spiral Galaxy
| url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1223a/
| access-date=4 June 2012
| newspaper=ESA/Hubble Picture of the Week }}</ref>
Not in use-->

<ref name=Penhallow1986>{{citation
| title=Supernova 1986I in NGC 4254
| last1=Penhallow | first1=W. S. | last2=Wenzel | first2=W.
| last3=Jager | first3=A. | last4=Kirshner | first4=R.
| last5=Wilson | first5=I. | last6=Horine | first6=E.
| last7=Peters | first7=J. | display-authors=1
| journal=IAU Circular | volume=4225 | issue=2
| pages=2 | editor1-last=Marsden | editor1-first=B. G.
| date=June 1986 | bibcode=1986IAUC.4225....2P }}</ref>

<ref name=Fairall1975>{{citation
| first1=A. P. | last1=Fairall
| title=The spectrum of the type II supernova 1967h in NGC 4254
| journal=Monthly Notes of the Astronomical Society of South Africa
| volume=34 | issue=7–8 | date=August 1975 | pages=94–98
| bibcode= }}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
*
*
*
* {{cite journal|arxiv=1005.1455 |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/730/2/134 |title=PTF 10fqs: A LUMINOUS RED NOVA IN THE SPIRAL GALAXY MESSIER 99 |date=2011 |last1=Kasliwal |first1=Mansi M. |last2=Kulkarni |first2=Shri R. |last3=Arcavi |first3=Iair |last4=Quimby |first4=Robert M. |last5=Ofek |first5=Eran O. |last6=Nugent |first6=Peter |last7=Jacobsen |first7=Janet |last8=Gal-Yam |first8=Avishay |last9=Green |first9=Yoav |last10=Yaron |first10=Ofer |last11=Fox |first11=Derek B. |last12=Howell |first12=Jacob L. |last13=Bradley Cenko |first13=S. |last14=Kleiser |first14=Io |last15=Bloom |first15=Joshua S. |last16=Miller |first16=Adam |last17=Li |first17=Weidong |last18=Filippenko |first18=Alexei V. |last19=Starr |first19=Dan |last20=Poznanski |first20=Dovi |last21=Law |first21=Nicholas M. |last22=Helou |first22=George |last23=Frail |first23=Dale A. |last24=Neill |first24=James D. |last25=Forster |first25=Karl |last26=Christopher Martin |first26=D. |last27=Tendulkar |first27=Shriharsh P. |last28=Gehrels |first28=Neil |last29=Kennea |first29=Jamie |last30=Sullivan |first30=Mark |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=730 |issue=2 |page=134 |bibcode=2011ApJ...730..134K |s2cid=18454146 |display-authors=1 }}
* {{WikiSky}}

{{Portal bar|Astronomy|Stars|Outer space}}
{{Messier objects}}
{{NGC objects:4000-4499}}
{{Coma Berenices}}
{{Sky|12|18|49.6|+|14|24|59|60000000}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Messier 99}}
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Latest revision as of 17:59, 6 December 2024

Spiral galaxy in the constellation Coma Berenices
Messier 99
Galaxy Messier 99, Schulman Telescope
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
ConstellationComa Berenices
Right ascension12 18 49.625
Declination+14° 24′ 59.36″
Redshift0.008029
Heliocentric radial velocity2,404 km/s
Distance45.2 Mly (13.87 Mpc)
Group or clusterVirgo Cluster
Apparent magnitude (V)9.9
Characteristics
TypeSA(s)c
Apparent size (V)5.4′ × 4.7′
Other designations
Coma Pinwheel Galaxy, Virgo Cluster Pinwheel, M99, NGC 4254, PGC 39578, UGC 7345

Messier 99 or M99, also known as NGC 4254 or St. Catherine's Wheel, is a grand design spiral galaxy in the northern constellation Coma Berenices approximately 15,000,000 parsecs (49,000,000 light-years) from the Milky Way. It was discovered by Pierre Méchain on 17 March 1781. The discovery was then reported to Charles Messier, who included the object in the Messier Catalogue of comet-like objects. It was one of the first galaxies in which a spiral pattern was seen. This pattern was first identified by Lord Rosse in the spring of 1846.

This galaxy has a morphological classification of SA(s)c, indicating a pure spiral shape with loosely wound arms. It has a peculiar shape with one normal looking arm and an extended arm that is less tightly wound. The galaxy is inclined by 42° to the line-of-sight with a major axis position angle of 68°.

A bridge of neutral hydrogen gas links NGC 4254 with VIRGOHI21, an HI region and a possible dark galaxy. The gravity from the latter may have distorted M99 and drawn out the gas bridge, as the two galaxy-sized objects may have had a close encounter before parting greatly. However, VIRGOHI21 may instead be tidal debris from an interaction with the lenticular galaxy NGC 4262 some 280 million years ago. It is expected that the drawn out arm will relax to match the normal arm once the encounter is over.

While not classified as a starburst galaxy, M99 has a star formation activity three times larger than other galaxies of similar Hubble type that may have been triggered by the encounter. M99 is likely entering the Virgo Cluster for the first time bound to the periphery of the cluster at a projected separation of 3.7°, or around one megaparsec, from the cluster center at Messier 87. The galaxy is undergoing ram-pressure stripping of much of its interstellar medium as it moves through the intracluster medium.

Supernovae

Four supernovae have been observed in M99:

  • SN 1967H (type II, mag. 14.0) was discovered by Fritz Zwicky on 1 July 1967.
  • SN 1972Q (type unknown, mag. 15.8) was discovered by Leonida Rosino on 14 December 1972.
  • SN 1986I (type II, mag. 14) was discovered by Carlton Pennypacker et al. on 17 May 1986.
  • SN 2014L (type Ic, mag. 17.2) was discovered by the THU-NAOC Transient Survey (TNTS) on 26 January 2014.


See also

References

  1. "The Schulman Telescope". www.as.arizona.edu. Retrieved 2022-02-20.
  2. Dreyer, J. L. E. (1988). Sinnott, R. W. (ed.). The Complete New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue of Nebulae and Star Clusters. Sky Publishing Corporation/Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-933346-51-2.
  3. ^ Skrutskie, Michael F.; Cutri, Roc M.; Stiening, Rae; Weinberg, Martin D.; Schneider, Stephen E.; Carpenter, John M.; Beichman, Charles A.; Capps, Richard W.; Chester, Thomas; Elias, Jonathan H.; Huchra, John P.; Liebert, James W.; Lonsdale, Carol J.; Monet, David G.; Price, Stephan; Seitzer, Patrick; Jarrett, Thomas H.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Gizis, John E.; Howard, Elizabeth V.; Evans, Tracey E.; Fowler, John W.; Fullmer, Linda; Hurt, Robert L.; Light, Robert M.; Kopan, Eugene L.; Marsh, Kenneth A.; McCallon, Howard L.; Tam, Robert; Van Dyk, Schuyler D.; Wheelock, Sherry L. (1 February 2006). "The Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS)". The Astronomical Journal. 131 (2): 1163–1183. Bibcode:2006AJ....131.1163S. doi:10.1086/498708. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 18913331.
  4. ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 4254. Retrieved 2006-11-25.
  5. ^ Tully, R. Brent; et al. (August 2016), "Cosmicflows-3", The Astronomical Journal, 152 (2): 21, arXiv:1605.01765, Bibcode:2016AJ....152...50T, doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/2/50, S2CID 250737862, 50.
  6. ^ Vollmer, B.; Huchtmeier, W.; van Driel, W. (September 2005). "NGC 4254: a spiral galaxy entering the Virgo cluster". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 439 (3): 921–933. arXiv:astro-ph/0505021. Bibcode:2005A&A...439..921V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041350. S2CID 17414818.
  7. "Messier 99". SEDS Messier Catalog. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  8. ^ de Vaucouleurs, G.; et al. (1991), Third reference catalogue of bright galaxies, 9, New York: Springer-Verlag.
  9. "M 99". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2009-12-18.
  10. Jones, K. G. (1991). Messier's Nebulae and Star Clusters (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-37079-0.
  11. Rosse, The Earl Of (1850). "Observations on the Nebulae". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series I. 140: 499–514.
  12. Chyży, K. T.; Ehle, M.; Beck, R. (September 2007). "Magnetic fields and gas in the cluster-influenced spiral galaxy NGC 4254. I. Radio and X-rays observations". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 415–429. arXiv:0708.1533. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..415C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077497. S2CID 16273521.
  13. Gingerich, Owen (5 July 1967). "Circular No. 2021". Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
  14. Zwicky, F. (1968). "The 1967 Palomar Supernova Search". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 80: 462. Bibcode:1968PASP...80..462Z. doi:10.1086/128660.
  15. "SN 1967H". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
  16. Fairall, A. P. (August 1975), "The spectrum of the type II supernova 1967h in NGC 4254", Monthly Notes of the Astronomical Society of South Africa, 34 (7–8): 94–98
  17. "SN 1972Q". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
  18. Pennypacker, C.; Burns, S.; Crawford, F.; Friedman, P.; Muller, J.; Perlmutter, S.; Smith, C.; Treffers, R.; Williamson, A.; Junkkarinen, V.; Filippenko, A. V.; McCarthy, P. J.; Rosino, L.; Iijima, T.; Wilson, I.; Horine, E. (1986). "Supernovae". International Astronomical Union Circular (4219): 1. Bibcode:1986IAUC.4219....1P.
  19. "SN 1986I". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
  20. Penhallow, W. S.; et al. (June 1986), Marsden, B. G. (ed.), "Supernova 1986I in NGC 4254", IAU Circular, 4225 (2): 2, Bibcode:1986IAUC.4225....2P
  21. Zhang, Tianmeng; Wang, Xiaofeng; Mo, Jun; Chen, Juncheng (2014). "Supernova 2014L in M99 = PSN J12184868+1424435". Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams. 3795: 1. Bibcode:2014CBET.3795....1Z.
  22. Bishop, David. "Supernovae 2014L in M99". Rochester Astronomy. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
  23. "SN 2014L". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 2 December 2024.

External links

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