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{{Short description|1785–1920 state in Central Asia}} {{Short description|1785–1920 state in Central Asia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox former country {{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Emirate of Bukhara | conventional_long_name = Emirate of Bukhara
| native_name = {{native name|fa|{{nq|امارت بخارا}}}}<br>''{{native name|fa-Latn|Imārat-i Bukhārā}}''<br>{{native name|chg|{{nq|بخارا امیرلیگی}}}}<br>''{{native name|chg-Latn|Bukhārā Amirligi}}'' | native_name = {{native name|fa|{{nq|امارت بخارا}}}}<br>''{{native name|fa-Latn|Imārat-i Buxārā}}''<br>{{native name|chg|{{nq|بخارا امیرلیگی}}}}<br>''{{native name|chg-Latn|Bukhārā Amirligi}}''
| common_name = Bukhara | common_name = Bukhara
| status = Emirate | status = Emirate
Line 12: Line 12:
| government_type = ] | government_type = ]
| year_start = 1785 | year_start = 1785
| event_start = ] became Emir
| event_pre = ] control | event_pre = ] control
| date_pre = 1747 | date_pre = 1747
Line 20: Line 21:
| year_end = 1920 | year_end = 1920
| date_end = 2 September | date_end = 2 September
| event_end = ] | event_end = ]
| capital = ] | capital = ]
| common_languages = {{plainlist| | common_languages = {{plainlist|
*] (main literary and administrative language){{sfn|DeWeese|2019|p=137}}
*] (official)<ref></ref><ref></ref>
*]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grenoble |first1=Lenore |title=Language Policy of the Soviet Union |date=2003 |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |isbn=1-4020-1298-5 |page=143}}</ref>}} *]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grenoble |first1=Lenore |title=Language Policy of the Soviet Union |date=2003 |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |isbn=1-4020-1298-5 |page=143}}</ref>}}
| largest_city = ] | largest_city = ]
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| p1 = Khanate of Bukhara{{!}}{{nobr|Khanate of Bukhara}} | p1 = Khanate of Bukhara{{!}}{{nobr|Khanate of Bukhara}}
| s1 = Bukharan People's Soviet Republic{{!}}{{nobr|Bukharan People's}} Soviet Republic | s1 = Bukharan People's Soviet Republic{{!}}{{nobr|Bukharan People's}} Soviet Republic
| image_flag = Flag of the Emirate of Bukhara.svg | flag_s1 = Flag of the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic.svg
| image_flag = Flag of Emirate of Bukhara-Buxoro Amirligi Bayrog'i.svg
| flag_border = no | flag_border = no
| image_map = Map of the Emirate of Bukhara.png
| image_map = Административные центры бекств Бухарского эмирата по состоянию на начало XX века.jpg
| image_map_caption = {{center|The Emirate of Bukhara under Russian rule {{c.|1900}}}} | image_map_caption = {{center|The Emirate of Bukhara {{c.|1820}}}}
| stat_year1 = 1875<ref></ref> | stat_year1 = 1875<ref></ref>
| stat_pop1 = {{Circa|2,478,000}} | stat_pop1 = {{Circa|2,478,000}}
Line 43: Line 45:
| stat_area1 = | stat_area1 =
| stat_pop2 = {{Circa|3,000,000–3,500,000}} | stat_pop2 = {{Circa|3,000,000–3,500,000}}
| currency = ], tilla, and ].<ref>''ANS Magazine''. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715160835/http://numismatics.org/magazine/bukharaspring07/ |date=15 July 2020 }} by Peter Donovan. Retrieved: 16 July 2017.</ref> | currency = ], tilla, and ]<ref>''ANS Magazine''. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715160835/http://numismatics.org/magazine/bukharaspring07/ |date=15 July 2020 }} by Peter Donovan. Retrieved: 16 July 2017.</ref>
}} }}
⚫ {{History of Uzbekistan}}
⚫ The '''Emirate of Bukhara''' ({{lang-fa|{{nq|امارت بخارا}}|Imārat-i Bukhārā}},<ref>{{cite web |title=نگاهی به امارت بخارا در صد سالگی انقلاب اکتبر |url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/world-41880418?SThisFB |website=BBC News}}</ref> {{lang-chg|{{nq|بخارا امیرلیگی}}|Bukhārā Amirligi}}) was a ] polity in ]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Golden |first1=Peter B. |title=Central Asia in World History |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK |page=115}}</ref> that existed from 1785 to 1920 in what is now ], ], ] and ]. It occupied the land between the ] and ] rivers, known formerly as ]. Its core territory was the fertile land along the lower ], and its urban centres were the ancient cities of ] and the emirate's capital, ]. It was contemporaneous with the ] to the west, in ], and the ] to the east, in ]. In 1920, it ceased to exist with the establishment of the ].
⚫ {{History of Turkmenistan}}

⚫ The '''Emirate of Bukhara''' ({{langx|fa|{{nq|امارت بخارا}}|Imārat-i Buxārā}},<ref>{{cite web |title=نگاهی به امارت بخارا در صد سالگی انقلاب اکتبر |url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/world-41880418?SThisFB |website=BBC News|date=5 November 2017 }}</ref> {{langx|chg|{{nq|بخارا امیرلیگی}}|Bukhārā Amirligi}}) was a ]-] polity in ]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Golden |first1=Peter B. |title=Central Asia in World History |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK |page=115}}</ref> that existed from 1785 to 1920 in what is now ], ], ] and ]. It occupied the land between the ] and ] rivers, known formerly as ]. Its core territory was the fertile land along the lower ], and its urban centres were the ancient cities of ] and the emirate's capital, ]. It was contemporaneous with the ] to the west, in ], and the ] to the east, in ]. In 1920, it ceased to exist with the establishment of the ].


==History== ==History==
{{See also|Bukharan Revolution|Bukhara operation (1920)}} {{See also|Bukharan Revolution|Bukhara operation (1920)}}
⚫ {{Continental Asia in 1800 CE|The Emirate of Bukhara and main polities in Asia {{c.|1800}}|{{Annotation|94|53|}}}}

The Emirate of Bukhara was officially created in 1785, upon the assumption of rulership by the ] emir, ]. Shahmurad, formalized the family's dynastic rule (]), and the khanate became the Emirate of Bukhara.<ref>]. ''A History of Inner Asia'' (2000), p. 180.</ref> The Emirate of Bukhara was officially created in 1785, upon the assumption of rulership by the ] emir, ]. Shahmurad, formalized the family's dynastic rule (]), and the khanate became the Emirate of Bukhara.<ref>]. ''A History of Inner Asia'' (2000), p. 180.</ref>


As one of the few states in Central Asia after the Mongol Empire not ruled by descendants of Genghis Khan (besides the ]), it staked its legitimacy on Islamic principles rather than Genghisid blood, as the ruler took the Islamic title of Emir instead of Khan. In the 18th-19th centuries, ] (Khiva Khanate) was ruled by the Uzbek dynasty of ].<ref>Bregel, Y. The new Uzbek states: Bukhara, Khiva and Khoqand: C. 1750–1886. In N. Di Cosmo, A. Frank, & P. Golden (Eds.), The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age (pp. 392-411). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2009</ref> As one of the few states in Central Asia after the Mongol Empire not ruled by descendants of Genghis Khan (besides the ]), it staked its legitimacy on Islamic principles rather than Genghisid blood, as the ruler took the Islamic title of Emir instead of Khan. In the 18th-19th centuries, ] (Khiva Khanate) was ruled by the Uzbek dynasty of ].<ref>Bregel, Y. The new Uzbek states: Bukhara, Khiva and Khoqand: C. 1750–1886. In N. Di Cosmo, A. Frank, & P. Golden (Eds.), The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age (pp. 392-411). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2009</ref>

⚫ {{Continental Asia in 1800 CE|right|The Emirate of Bukhara and main polities in Asia {{c.|1800}}|{{Annotation|94|53|]}}}}
Over the course of the 18th century, the emirs had slowly gained effective control of the ], from their position as '']''; and by the 1740s, when the khanate was conquered by ] of ], it was clear that the emirs held the real power. In 1747, after Nadir Shah's death, the ataliq Muhammad Rahim Bi murdered Abulfayz Khan and his son, ending the {{ill|Janid dynasty|fa|جانیان}}. From then on the emirs allowed puppet khans to rule until, following the death of Abu l-Ghazi Khan, Shah Murad assumed the throne openly.<ref>{{harvp|Soucek|2000|pp=179–180}}</ref> Over the course of the 18th century, the emirs had slowly gained effective control of the ], from their position as '']''; and by the 1740s, when the khanate was conquered by ] of ], it was clear that the emirs held the real power. In 1747, after Nadir Shah's death, the ataliq Muhammad Rahim Bi murdered Abulfayz Khan and his son, ending the ]. From then on the emirs allowed puppet khans to rule until, following the death of Abu l-Ghazi Khan, Shah Murad assumed the throne openly.<ref>{{harvp|Soucek|2000|pp=179–180}}</ref>


] recounts in '']'' how ] and ] were executed by ] in the context of ], and how ], known as the Eccentric Missionary, escaped their fate when he came looking for them in 1845. He was wearing his full canonical costume, which caused the Emir to burst out laughing, and "Dr Wolff was eventually forced to leave Bokhara, greatly to the surprise of the populace, who were not accustomed to such clemency."<ref>'']'' ch 6 "Bokhara the Noble"</ref> ] recounts in '']'' how ] and ] were executed by ] in the context of ], and how ], known as the Eccentric Missionary, escaped their fate when he came looking for them in 1845. He was wearing his full canonical costume, which caused the Emir to burst out laughing, and "Dr Wolff was eventually forced to leave Bokhara, greatly to the surprise of the populace, who were not accustomed to such clemency."<ref>'']'' ch 6 "Bokhara the Noble"</ref>


In 1868, the emirate lost a ] with ], which had aspirations of ] in the region. Russia annexed much of the emirate's territory, including the important city of ].<ref>{{harvp|Soucek|2000|p=198}}</ref> In 1873, the remainder became a Russian ],<ref>, ''Armed Conflict Events Database'', OnWar.com</ref> and was soon surrounded by the ] of ]. In 1868, the emirate lost a ] with ], which had aspirations of ] in the region. Russia annexed much of the emirate's territory, including the important city of ].<ref>{{harvp|Soucek|2000|p=198}}</ref> In 1873, the remainder became a Russian ],<ref>, ''Armed Conflict Events Database'', OnWar.com</ref> and was soon surrounded by the ] of ]. The Russians forced the abolition of the ] in 1873, though slavery itself was not formally abolished until 1885.<ref>Becker, S. (2004). Russia's Protectorates in Central Asia: Bukhara and Khiva, 1865-1924. Storbritannien: Taylor & Francis., p. 67-68</ref>


Reformists within the Emirate had found the conservative emir, ], unwilling to loosen his grip on power, and had turned to the Russian ] revolutionaries for military assistance. The ] launched an unsuccessful assault in March 1920, and then a successful one in September of the same year.<ref>{{harvp|Soucek|2000|pp=221–222}}</ref> The Emirate of Bukhara was conquered by the ] and replaced with the ]. Today, the territory of the defunct emirate lies mostly in ], with parts in ], ] and ]. In the first half of the 19th century it had some influence in northern Afghanistan, as the emirs of the ] (], ], ], ]) nominally accepted Bukharan suzerainty.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Jonathan L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYaamE_3kD4C |title=The "Ancient Supremacy": Bukhara, Afghanistan and the Battle for Balkh, 1731-1901 |date=1996-01-01 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-10399-3 |language=en}}</ref> Reformists within the Emirate had found the conservative emir, ], unwilling to loosen his grip on power, and had turned to the Russian ] revolutionaries for military assistance. The ] launched an unsuccessful assault in March 1920, and then a successful one in September of the same year.<ref>{{harvp|Soucek|2000|pp=221–222}}</ref> The Emirate of Bukhara was conquered by the ] and replaced with the ]. Today, the territory of the defunct emirate lies mostly in ], with parts in ], ] and ]. In the first half of the 19th century it had some influence in northern Afghanistan, as the emirs of the ] (], ], ], ]) nominally accepted Bukharan suzerainty.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Jonathan L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYaamE_3kD4C |title=The "Ancient Supremacy": Bukhara, Afghanistan and the Battle for Balkh, 1731-1901 |date=1996-01-01 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-10399-3 |language=en}}</ref>
Line 68: Line 75:
The city of Bukhara has a rich history of Persian ] and ], traditions that were continued into the Emirate Period. Prominent artists of the period include the poet ], the ] ] and the scholar ]. Throughout this period, the ] of the region were renowned. The city of Bukhara has a rich history of Persian ] and ], traditions that were continued into the Emirate Period. Prominent artists of the period include the poet ], the ] ] and the scholar ]. Throughout this period, the ] of the region were renowned.


<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4"> <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:1872 Vereshchagin Triumphierend anagoria.JPG|The Emir of Bukhara and the notables of the city watch how the heads of Russian soldiers are impaled on poles. Samarkand File:1872 Vereshchagin Triumphierend anagoria.JPG|The Emir of Bukhara and the notables of the city watch how the heads of Russian soldiers are impaled on poles. Samarkand
File:Chor Minor.jpg|] Madrasah, Bukhara (built in 1807) File:Chor Minor.jpg|] Madrasah, Bukhara (built in 1807)
File:Gorskii 04653u.jpg|A bureaucrat in Bukhara, ca.1910 File:Gorskii 04653u.jpg|A bureaucrat in Bukhara, c. 1910
File:Large Medallion Suzani.jpg|Large Medallion ] from Bukhara, mid-18th century? File:Large Medallion Suzani.jpg|Large Medallion ] from Bukhara, c. mid-18th century
</gallery> </gallery>


== Administrative and territorial structure == == Administrative and territorial structure ==
⚫ ]
⚫ ]
Administratively, the Emirate was divided into several beyliks or bekliks: Administratively, the Emirate was divided into several beyliks or bekliks:

# ], (now ], ]).
# ], (now Tajikistan) # ] (now ], ])
# ] (now Tajikistan)
⚫ # Burdalik, (now ], ])
# ], (now ], ]) # Burdalik (now ], ])
# ], (now ], Turkmenistan) # ] (now ], ])
⚫ # ] (now ], Turkmenistan)
⚫ # Darvaz, (c 1878, now Darvaz district, Tajikistan)
# ], (now ], Uzbekistan) # Darvaz (c 1878, now ], Tajikistan)
# Kabakli, (now ], Turkmenistan) # ] (now ], Uzbekistan)
# ], (now ], Uzbekistan) # Kabakli (now ], Turkmenistan)
# ], (now ], Tajikistan) # ] (now ], Uzbekistan)
# ], (now Qashqadaryo Region, Uzbekistan) # ] (now ], Tajikistan)
# ], (now ], Uzbekistan) # ] (now Qashqadaryo Region, Uzbekistan)
# ], (now Khatlon Region, Tajikistan) # ] (now ], Uzbekistan)
# ], (now Qashqadaryo Region, Uzbekistan) # ] (now Khatlon Region, Tajikistan)
# ], (now Lebap Region, Turkmenistan) # ] (now Qashqadaryo Region, Uzbekistan)
# ], (now ], Uzbekistan) # ] (now Lebap Region, Turkmenistan)
# ], (now ], Tajikistan) # ] (now ], Uzbekistan)
# ], (now ], Tajikistan) # ] (now ], Tajikistan)
# ] (now ], Tajikistan)
# ], (now Samarqand Region, Uzbekistan — part of Russia since 1868
# ], (c 1870, now ], Uzbekistan) # ] (now Samarqand Region, Uzbekistan — part of Russia since 1868
# ], (now Samarqand Region, Uzbekistan) # ] (c 1870, now ], Uzbekistan)
# Falgar, (now Sughd province, Tajikistan) # ] (now Samarqand Region, Uzbekistan)
⚫ # Falgar (now Sughd province, Tajikistan)

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
⚫ File:MapOfBukharaBeyliks1917.png|A map of the Emirate of Bukhara's beyliks
⚫ File:Fires in Bukhara 1920.jpg|Fires in Bukhara during the Red Army's attack, 1 September 1920
</gallery>


==Amirs/Emirs of Bukhara (1785–1920)== ==Amirs/Emirs of Bukhara (1785–1920)==
{| width=100% class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=27% | Titular Name ! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=27% | Titular Name
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=25% | Personal Name ! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=25% | Personal Name
Line 109: Line 120:
|- |-
|- style="background:lightpink" |- style="background:lightpink"
|align="center"| ''Ataliq''<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|اتالیق}}}} | ''Ataliq''<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|اتالیق}}}}
|align="center"| Khudayar Bey<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|خدایار بیگ}}}} | Khudayar Bey<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|خدایار بیگ}}}}
| ?
|align="center"| ?
|- |-
|- style="background:lightpink" |- style="background:lightpink"
|align="center"| ''Ataliq''<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|اتالیق}}}} | ''Ataliq''<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|اتالیق}}}}
|align="center"| Muhammad Hakim<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|محمد حکیم}}}} | Muhammad Hakim<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|محمد حکیم}}}}
|align="center"| ?–1747 | ?–1747
|- |-
|- style="background:lightgreen" |- style="background:lightgreen"
|align="center"| ''Ataliq''<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|اتالیق}}}} | ''Ataliq''<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|اتالیق}}}}
|align="center"| Muhammad Rahim<br> {{small|{{Nastaliq|محمد رحیم}}}} | Muhammad Rahim<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|محمد رحیم}}}}
|align="center"| 1747–1753 | 1747–1753
|- |-
|align="center"| ''Amir''<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|امیر}}}} | ''Amir''<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|امیر}}}}
|align="center"| Muhammad Rahim<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|محمد رحیم}}}} | Muhammad Rahim<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|محمد رحیم}}}}
|align="center"| 1753–1756 | 1753–1756
|- |-
|align="center"| ''Khan''<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|خان}}}} | ''Khan''<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|خان}}}}
|align="center"| Muhammad Rahim<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|محمد رحیم}}}} | Muhammad Rahim<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|محمد رحیم}}}}
|align="center"| 1756–1758 | 1756–1758
|- |-
|- style="background:lightgreen" |- style="background:lightgreen"
|align="center"| ''Ataliq''<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|اتالیق}}}} | ''Ataliq''<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|اتالیق}}}}
|align="center"| ]<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|دانیال بیگ}}}} | ]<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|دانیال بیگ}}}}
|align="center"| 1758–1785 | 1758–1785
|- |-
|align="center"| ''Amir Masum''<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|امیر معصوم}}}} | ''Amir Masum''<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|امیر معصوم}}}}
|align="center"| ]<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|شاہ مراد بن دانیال بیگ}}}} | ]<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|شاہ مراد بن دانیال بیگ}}}}
|align="center"| 1785–1799 | 1785–1799
|- |-
|align="center"| ''Amir''<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|امیر}}}} | ''Amir''<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|امیر}}}}
|align="center"| ]<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|حیدر تورہ بن شاہ مراد}}}} | ]<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|حیدر تورہ بن شاہ مراد}}}}
|align="center"| 1799–1826 | 1799–1826
|- |-
|align="center"| ''Amir''<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|امیر}}}} | ''Amir''<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|امیر}}}}
|align="center"| ]<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|حسین بن حیدر تورہ}}}} | ]<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|حسین بن حیدر تورہ}}}}
|align="center"| 1826–1827 | 1826–1827
|- |-
|align="center"| ''Amir''<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|امیر}}}} | ''Amir''<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|امیر}}}}
|align="center"| ]<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|عمر بن حیدر تورہ}}}} | ]<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|عمر بن حیدر تورہ}}}}
|align="center"| 1827 | 1827
|- |-
|align="center"| ''Amir''<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|امیر}}}} | ''Amir''<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|امیر}}}}
|align="center"| ]<br> {{small|{{Nastaliq|نصراللہ بن حیدر تورہ}}}} | ]<br> {{small|{{Nastaliq|نصراللہ بن حیدر تورہ}}}}
|align="center"| 1827–1860 | 1827–1860
|- |-
|align="center"| ''Amir''<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|امیر}}}} | ''Amir''<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|امیر}}}}
|align="center"| ]<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|مظفر الدین بن نصراللہ}}}} | ]<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|مظفر الدین بن نصراللہ}}}}
| 1860–1885
|align="center"| 1860–1886
|- |-
|align="center"| ''Amir''<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|امیر}}}} | ''Amir''<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|امیر}}}}
|align="center"| ]<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|عبد الأحد بن مظفر الدین}}}} | ]<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|عبد الأحد بن مظفر الدین}}}}
| 1885–1911
|align="center"| 1886–1911
|- |-
|align="center"| ''Amir''<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|امیر}}}} | ''Amir''<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|امیر}}}}
|align="center"| ]<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|محمد عالم خان بن عبد الأحد}}}} | ]<br>{{small|{{Nastaliq|محمد عالم خان بن عبد الأحد}}}}
|align="center"| 1911–1920 | 1911–1920
|- |-
| colspan="3" align="center" | Overthrow of Emirate of Bukhara by ]. | colspan="3" | Overthrow of Emirate of Bukhara by ].
|} |}

*''Pink Rows denote progenitor chiefs serving as Tutors (Ataliqs) & Viziers to the Khans of Bukhara.''
*''Green Rows denote chiefs who took over reign of government from the ] and placed puppet Khans.'' * ''Pink Rows denote progenitor chiefs serving as Tutors (Ataliqs) & Viziers to the Khans of Bukhara.''
* ''Green Rows denote chiefs who took over reign of government from the ] and placed puppet Khans.''
*''A photo of Mohammed Alim Khan, final emir 1911-1920, is shown at ].'' * ''A photo of Mohammed Alim Khan, final emir 1911–1920, is shown at ].''


== See also == == See also ==
Line 181: Line 193:


===Bibliography=== ===Bibliography===
⚫ {{History of Uzbekistan}}
⚫ {{History of Turkmenistan}}
{{refbegin}} {{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=DeWeese |first1=Devin|author-link1=Devin Deweese|editor1-last=Green |editor1-first=Nile |editor-link1=Nile Green|title=The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca |chapter=Persian and Turkic from Kazan to Tobolsk: Literary Frontiers in Muslim Inner Asia |pages=131–158|date=2019 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0520972100 }}
*{{cite book |last=Soucek |first=Svat |author-link=Svat Soucek |year=2000 |title=A History of Inner Asia |publisher=] |isbn=9780521657044 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofinneras00souc}} *{{cite book |last=Soucek |first=Svat |author-link=Svat Soucek |year=2000 |title=A History of Inner Asia |publisher=] |isbn=9780521657044 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofinneras00souc}}
{{refend}} {{refend}}


==Literature== ==Literature==
* Malikov A., The Russian conquest of the Bukharan Emirate: military and diplomatic aspects in Central Asian Survey, Volume 33, issue 2, 2014, p.&nbsp;180-198 * Malikov A., , ''Central Asian Survey'', Volume 33, issue 2, 2014, pp.&nbsp;180–198.


==External links== ==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}} *{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Divisions of the Russian Empire}} {{Divisions of the Russian Empire}}


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] ]
] ]
]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]

Latest revision as of 03:44, 11 December 2024

1785–1920 state in Central Asia

Emirate of Bukharaامارت بخارا (Persian)
Imārat-i Buxārā (Persian)
بخارا امیرلیگی (Chagatay)
Bukhārā Amirligi (Chagatay)
1785–1920
Flag of Bukhara Flag
The Emirate of Bukhara c. 1820The Emirate of Bukhara c. 1820
Status
Capitaland largest cityBukhara
Common languages
Religion Sunni Islam, Shia Islam, Sufism (Naqshbandi), Zoroastrianism, Judaism
GovernmentAbsolute monarchy
Emir 
• 1785–1799 Mir Masum Shah Murad
• 1911–1920 Mir Muhammad Alim Khan
History 
• Manghit control 1747
• Shah Murad became Emir 1785
• Conquered by Russia 1868
• Russian protectorate 1873
• Fall of Bukhara 2 September 1920
Population
• 1875 c. 2,478,000
• 1911 c. 3,000,000–3,500,000
CurrencyFulus, tilla, and tenga
Preceded by Succeeded by
Khanate of Bukhara
Bukharan People's Soviet Republic
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The Emirate of Bukhara (Persian: امارت بخارا, romanized: Imārat-i Buxārā, Chagatay: بخارا امیرلیگی, romanized: Bukhārā Amirligi) was a Muslim-Uzbek polity in Central Asia that existed from 1785 to 1920 in what is now Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. It occupied the land between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, known formerly as Transoxiana. Its core territory was the fertile land along the lower Zarafshon river, and its urban centres were the ancient cities of Samarqand and the emirate's capital, Bukhara. It was contemporaneous with the Khanate of Khiva to the west, in Khwarazm, and the Khanate of Kokand to the east, in Fergana. In 1920, it ceased to exist with the establishment of the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic.

History

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The Emirate of Bukhara was officially created in 1785, upon the assumption of rulership by the Manghit emir, Shah Murad. Shahmurad, formalized the family's dynastic rule (Manghit dynasty), and the khanate became the Emirate of Bukhara.

As one of the few states in Central Asia after the Mongol Empire not ruled by descendants of Genghis Khan (besides the Timurids), it staked its legitimacy on Islamic principles rather than Genghisid blood, as the ruler took the Islamic title of Emir instead of Khan. In the 18th-19th centuries, Khwarazm (Khiva Khanate) was ruled by the Uzbek dynasty of Kungrats.

Over the course of the 18th century, the emirs had slowly gained effective control of the Khanate of Bukhara, from their position as ataliq; and by the 1740s, when the khanate was conquered by Nadir Shah of Persia, it was clear that the emirs held the real power. In 1747, after Nadir Shah's death, the ataliq Muhammad Rahim Bi murdered Abulfayz Khan and his son, ending the Janid dynasty. From then on the emirs allowed puppet khans to rule until, following the death of Abu l-Ghazi Khan, Shah Murad assumed the throne openly.

Fitzroy Maclean recounts in Eastern Approaches how Charles Stoddart and Arthur Conolly were executed by Nasrullah Khan in the context of The Great Game, and how Joseph Wolff, known as the Eccentric Missionary, escaped their fate when he came looking for them in 1845. He was wearing his full canonical costume, which caused the Emir to burst out laughing, and "Dr Wolff was eventually forced to leave Bokhara, greatly to the surprise of the populace, who were not accustomed to such clemency."

In 1868, the emirate lost a war with Imperial Russia, which had aspirations of conquest in the region. Russia annexed much of the emirate's territory, including the important city of Samarkand. In 1873, the remainder became a Russian protectorate, and was soon surrounded by the Governorate-General of Turkestan. The Russians forced the abolition of the Bukhara slave trade in 1873, though slavery itself was not formally abolished until 1885.

Reformists within the Emirate had found the conservative emir, Mohammed Alim Khan, unwilling to loosen his grip on power, and had turned to the Russian Bolshevik revolutionaries for military assistance. The Red Army launched an unsuccessful assault in March 1920, and then a successful one in September of the same year. The Emirate of Bukhara was conquered by the Bolsheviks and replaced with the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic. Today, the territory of the defunct emirate lies mostly in Uzbekistan, with parts in Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. In the first half of the 19th century it had some influence in northern Afghanistan, as the emirs of the Chahar Wilayat (Maimana, Sheberghan, Andkhui, Sar-i Pol) nominally accepted Bukharan suzerainty.

Culture

In the era of the Manghyt emirs in Bukhara, a large construction of madrasahs, mosques and palaces was carried out. Located along important trading routes, Bukhara enjoyed a rich cultural mixture, including Persian, Uzbek, and Jewish influences.

A local school of historians developed in the Bukhara emirate. The most famous historians were Mirza Shams Bukhari, Muhammad Yakub ibn Daniyalbiy, Muhammad Mir Olim Bukhari, Ahmad Donish, Mirza Abdalazim Sami, Mirza Salimbek.

The city of Bukhara has a rich history of Persian architecture and literature, traditions that were continued into the Emirate Period. Prominent artists of the period include the poet Kiromi Bukhoroi, the calligrapher Mirza Abd al-Aziz Bukhari and the scholar Rahmat-Allah Bukhari. Throughout this period, the madrasahs of the region were renowned.

  • The Emir of Bukhara and the notables of the city watch how the heads of Russian soldiers are impaled on poles. Samarkand The Emir of Bukhara and the notables of the city watch how the heads of Russian soldiers are impaled on poles. Samarkand
  • Chor Minor Madrasah, Bukhara (built in 1807) Chor Minor Madrasah, Bukhara (built in 1807)
  • A bureaucrat in Bukhara, c. 1910 A bureaucrat in Bukhara, c. 1910
  • Large Medallion Suzani (textile) from Bukhara, c. mid-18th century Large Medallion Suzani (textile) from Bukhara, c. mid-18th century

Administrative and territorial structure

Administratively, the Emirate was divided into several beyliks or bekliks:

  1. Baljuvon (now Khatlon Region, Tajikistan)
  2. Hisar (now Tajikistan)
  3. Burdalik (now Lebap Region, Turkmenistan)
  4. Guzar (now Qashqadaryo Region, Uzbekistan)
  5. Charjuy (now Lebap Region, Turkmenistan)
  6. Darvaz (c 1878, now Darvoz district, Tajikistan)
  7. Dehnav (now Surxondaryo Region, Uzbekistan)
  8. Kabakli (now Lebap Region, Turkmenistan)
  9. Karakul (now Bukhara Region, Uzbekistan)
  10. Karategin (now Rasht district, Tajikistan)
  11. Karshi (now Qashqadaryo Region, Uzbekistan)
  12. Kattakurgan (now Samarkand region, Uzbekistan)
  13. Kulyab (now Khatlon Region, Tajikistan)
  14. Karshi (now Qashqadaryo Region, Uzbekistan)
  15. Kerki (now Lebap Region, Turkmenistan)
  16. Nurata (now Navoiy Region, Uzbekistan)
  17. Panjikent (now Sughd province, Tajikistan)
  18. Rushan (now Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous region, Tajikistan)
  19. Samarkand (now Samarqand Region, Uzbekistan — part of Russia since 1868
  20. Shahrisabz (c 1870, now Kashkadarya Region, Uzbekistan)
  21. Urgut (now Samarqand Region, Uzbekistan)
  22. Falgar (now Sughd province, Tajikistan)
  • A map of the Emirate of Bukhara's beyliks A map of the Emirate of Bukhara's beyliks
  • Fires in Bukhara during the Red Army's attack, 1 September 1920 Fires in Bukhara during the Red Army's attack, 1 September 1920

Amirs/Emirs of Bukhara (1785–1920)

Titular Name Personal Name Reign
Ataliq
اتالیق 		Khudayar Bey
خدایار بیگ 		?
Ataliq
اتالیق 		Muhammad Hakim
محمد حکیم 		?–1747
Ataliq
اتالیق 		Muhammad Rahim
محمد رحیم 		1747–1753
Amir
امیر 		Muhammad Rahim
محمد رحیم 		1753–1756
Khan
خان 		Muhammad Rahim
محمد رحیم 		1756–1758
Ataliq
اتالیق 		Daniyal Biy
دانیال بیگ 		1758–1785
Amir Masum
امیر معصوم 		Shahmurad
شاہ مراد بن دانیال بیگ 		1785–1799
Amir
امیر 		Haydar bin Shahmurad
حیدر تورہ بن شاہ مراد 		1799–1826
Amir
امیر 		Mir Hussein bin Haydar
حسین بن حیدر تورہ 		1826–1827
Amir
امیر 		Umar bin Haydar
عمر بن حیدر تورہ 		1827
Amir
امیر 		Nasr-Allah bin Haydar Tora
نصراللہ بن حیدر تورہ 		1827–1860
Amir
امیر 		Muzaffar bin Nasrullah
مظفر الدین بن نصراللہ 		1860–1885
Amir
امیر 		Abdul-Ahad bin Muzaffar al-Din
عبد الأحد بن مظفر الدین 		1885–1911
Amir
امیر 		Muhammad Alim Khan bin Abdul-Ahad
محمد عالم خان بن عبد الأحد 		1911–1920
Overthrow of Emirate of Bukhara by Bukharan People's Soviet Republic.
  • Pink Rows denote progenitor chiefs serving as Tutors (Ataliqs) & Viziers to the Khans of Bukhara.
  • Green Rows denote chiefs who took over reign of government from the Janids and placed puppet Khans.
  • A photo of Mohammed Alim Khan, final emir 1911–1920, is shown at Emir.

See also

References

  1. DeWeese 2019, p. 137.
  2. Grenoble, Lenore (2003). Language Policy of the Soviet Union. Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 143. ISBN 1-4020-1298-5.
  3. |Meyendorf E.K. Travel from Orenburg to Bukhara. Foreword N. A. Halfin. Moscow, The main edition of the eastern literature of the publishing house "Science", 1975. (in Russian:Мейендорф Е. К. Путешествие из Оренбурга в Бухару. Предисл. Н. А. Халфина. М., Главная редакция восточной литературы издательства "Наука", 1975.)
  4. Olufsen, Ole (1911). The emir of Bokhara and his country; journeys and studies in Bokhara. Gyldendal: Nordisk forlag. p. 282.
  5. ANS Magazine. "The Coinage of the Mangit Dynasty of Bukhara" Archived 15 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine by Peter Donovan. Retrieved: 16 July 2017.
  6. "نگاهی به امارت بخارا در صد سالگی انقلاب اکتبر". BBC News. 5 November 2017.
  7. Golden, Peter B. (2011). Central Asia in World History. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 115.
  8. Soucek, Svat. A History of Inner Asia (2000), p. 180.
  9. Bregel, Y. The new Uzbek states: Bukhara, Khiva and Khoqand: C. 1750–1886. In N. Di Cosmo, A. Frank, & P. Golden (Eds.), The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age (pp. 392-411). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2009
  10. Soucek (2000), pp. 179–180
  11. Eastern Approaches ch 6 "Bokhara the Noble"
  12. Soucek (2000), p. 198
  13. Russo-Bukharan War 1868, Armed Conflict Events Database, OnWar.com
  14. Becker, S. (2004). Russia's Protectorates in Central Asia: Bukhara and Khiva, 1865-1924. Storbritannien: Taylor & Francis., p. 67-68
  15. Soucek (2000), pp. 221–222
  16. Lee, Jonathan L. (1 January 1996). The "Ancient Supremacy": Bukhara, Afghanistan and the Battle for Balkh, 1731-1901. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-10399-3.
  17. Anke fon Kyugel'gen, Legitimizatsiya sredneaziatskoy dinastii mangitov v proizvedeniyakh ikh istorikov (XVIII-XIX vv.). Almaty: Dayk press, 2004

Bibliography

Literature

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