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{{Use New Zealand English|date=November 2016}} {{Use New Zealand English|date=November 2016}}
{{Politics of New_Zealand| expanded= Executive}} {{Politics of New_Zealand| expanded= Executive}}
The '''Cabinet of New Zealand''' ({{langx|mi|Te Rūnanga o te Kāwanatanga o Aotearoa}})<ref group="n">Translated as: "The ] (literally 'Council') of the Government of New Zealand"</ref> is the ]'s body of senior ], accountable to the ]. Cabinet meetings, chaired by the ], occur once a week; in them, vital issues are discussed and ] is formulated. Cabinet is also composed of a number of ] focused on specific areas of governance and policy. Though not established by any ], Cabinet wields significant power within the ], with nearly all ]s it introduces in Parliament being enacted.

The '''Cabinet of New Zealand''' ({{lang-mi|Te Rūnanga o te Kāwanatanga o Aotearoa}})<ref group="n">Translated as: "The ] (literally 'Council') of the Government of New Zealand"</ref> is the ]'s body of senior ], accountable to the ]. Cabinet meetings, chaired by the ], occur once a week; in them, vital issues are discussed and ] is formulated. Cabinet is also composed of a number of ] focused on specific areas of governance and policy. Though not established by any ], Cabinet has significant power in the ] and nearly all ]s proposed by Cabinet in Parliament are enacted.


The New Zealand Cabinet follows the traditions of the ]. Members of Cabinet are ] to Parliament for its actions and policies. Cabinet discussions are confidential and are not disclosed to the public apart from the announcement of decisions. The New Zealand Cabinet follows the traditions of the ]. Members of Cabinet are ] to Parliament for its actions and policies. Cabinet discussions are confidential and are not disclosed to the public apart from the announcement of decisions.
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== Constitutional basis == == Constitutional basis ==
], 26 October 2017. Cabinet members are first appointed as executive councillors before receiving warrants for their ministerial portfolios.]] ], 27 November 2023. Cabinet members are first appointed as executive councillors before receiving warrants for their ministerial portfolios.]]
Cabinet is not established by any statute or constitutional document but exists purely by long-established ].<ref name="procedure">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Eichbaum |first1=Chris |title=Cabinet government – Cabinet procedure |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/cabinet-government/page-3 |encyclopedia=] |access-date=16 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="Duncan">{{cite journal|last1=Duncan|first1=Grant|title=New Zealand's Cabinet Manual: How Does It Shape Constitutional Conventions?|journal=Parliamentary Affairs|date=October 2015|volume=68|issue=4|pages=737–756|doi=10.1093/pa/gsu023}}</ref> This convention carries sufficient weight for many official declarations and regulations to refer to Cabinet; a ]—the ]—is responsible for supporting it. Although Cabinet lacks any direct legislative framework for its existence, the '']'' has become the official document which governs its functions, as well as on which its convention rests.<ref name="Duncan"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Cabinet Manual|url=https://cabinetmanual.cabinetoffice.govt.nz/|website=cabinetmanual.cabinetoffice.govt.nz|publisher=Cabinet Office of New Zealand|access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref> Cabinet is not established by any statute or constitutional document but exists purely by long-established ].<ref name="procedure">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Eichbaum |first1=Chris |title=Cabinet government – Cabinet procedure |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/cabinet-government/page-3 |encyclopedia=] |access-date=16 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="Duncan">{{cite journal|last1=Duncan|first1=Grant|title=New Zealand's Cabinet Manual: How Does It Shape Constitutional Conventions?|journal=Parliamentary Affairs|date=October 2015|volume=68|issue=4|pages=737–756|doi=10.1093/pa/gsu023}}</ref> This convention carries sufficient weight for many official declarations and regulations to refer to Cabinet; a ]—the ]—is responsible for supporting it. Although Cabinet lacks any direct legislative framework for its existence, the '']'' has become the official document which governs its functions, as well as on which its convention rests.<ref name="Duncan" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Cabinet Manual|url=https://cabinetmanual.cabinetoffice.govt.nz/|website=cabinetmanual.cabinetoffice.govt.nz|publisher=Cabinet Office of New Zealand|access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref>


The structure of Cabinet has as its basis the formal institution known as the ], the body tasked with ] the ] in the exercise of their formal constitutional functions (the "]").<ref name="cabinetmanual">{{cite web|title=Executive Council – Cabinet Manual|url=http://www.cabinetmanual.cabinetoffice.govt.nz/1.18|publisher=Cabinet Office of New Zealand|access-date=1 September 2016}}</ref> Most ministers hold membership of both bodies, but some executive councillors, known as "ministers outside Cabinet",<ref name="Eichbaum">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Eichbaum |first=Chris |title=Cabinet government – Ministers and prime ministers in cabinet |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/cabinet-government/page-6 |encyclopedia=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=20 November 2018 }}</ref> are not ranked as Cabinet members and do not normally attend. The convention of a cabinet meeting separately from the Executive Council began during ]'s first tenure as ] (1856–1861).<ref name="Stafford">{{cite web |last1=Bohan |first1=Edmund |title=Stafford, Edward William |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1s22/stafford-edward-william |publisher=] |access-date=7 June 2018 |date=1990}}</ref> Stafford, a long-time advocate of ] in New Zealand, believed the colonial government should have full control over all its affairs, without the intervention of the governor. Because the governor chaired the Executive Council, Stafford intentionally met with his ministers without the governor present, thus reducing the Council to its formal role.<ref name="Stafford"/> The structure of Cabinet has as its basis the formal institution known as the ], the body tasked with ] the ] in the exercise of their formal constitutional functions (the "]").<ref name="cabinetmanual">{{cite web|title=Executive Council – Cabinet Manual|url=http://www.cabinetmanual.cabinetoffice.govt.nz/1.18|publisher=Cabinet Office of New Zealand|access-date=1 September 2016}}</ref> Most ministers hold membership of both bodies, but some executive councillors, known as "ministers outside Cabinet",<ref name="Eichbaum">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Eichbaum |first=Chris |title=Cabinet government – Ministers and prime ministers in cabinet |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/cabinet-government/page-6 |encyclopedia=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=20 November 2018 }}</ref> are not ranked as Cabinet members and do not normally attend. The convention of a cabinet meeting separately from the Executive Council began during ]'s first tenure as ] (1856–1861).<ref name="Stafford">{{cite web |last1=Bohan |first1=Edmund |title=Stafford, Edward William |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1s22/stafford-edward-william |publisher=] |access-date=7 June 2018 |date=1990}}</ref> Stafford, a long-time advocate of ] in New Zealand, believed the colonial government should have full control over all its affairs, without the intervention of the governor. Because the governor chaired the Executive Council, Stafford intentionally met with his ministers without the governor present, thus reducing the Council to its formal role.<ref name="Stafford" />


== Powers and functions == == Powers and functions ==
] and male; ] (seated second-left from the centre) was the only female Cabinet minister.]] ] and male; ] (seated second-left from the centre) was the only female Cabinet minister.<ref>{{cite web |title=Are we there yet? Women in Parliament |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/te-akomanga/conversations/suffrage125/are-we-there-yet-women-parliament |website=] |publisher=Ministry for Culture and Heritage |access-date=9 September 2024 |date=12 April 2023}}</ref>]]
The lack of formal legislation establishing Cabinet leaves the ] of its members only loosely defined. Cabinet generally directs and controls policy (releasing ]s), and is ] to the House of Representatives (the elected component of Parliament). It also has significant influence over law-making, and all draft ]s must be submitted to the ] before they can be introduced to the House.<ref name="Eichbaum2">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Eichbaum |first1=Chris |title=Cabinet government – What cabinet discusses |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/cabinet-government/page-2 |encyclopedia=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=28 September 2019}}</ref> Convention regarding Cabinet's authority has considerable force, and generally proves strong enough to bind its participants. Theoretically, each minister operates independently, having received a ministerial warrant over a certain field from the Crown. But the governor-general can dismiss a minister at any time, conventionally on the advice of the prime minister, so ministers are largely obliged to work within a certain framework.<ref name="Duncan"/> The lack of formal legislation establishing Cabinet leaves the ] of its members only loosely defined. Cabinet generally directs and controls policy (releasing ]s), and is ] to the House of Representatives, the elected component of Parliament. It also has significant influence over law-making, and all draft ]s must be submitted to the ] before they can be introduced to the House.<ref name="Eichbaum2">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Eichbaum |first1=Chris |title=Cabinet government – What cabinet discusses |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/cabinet-government/page-2 |encyclopedia=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=28 September 2019}}</ref> Convention regarding Cabinet's authority has considerable force, and generally proves strong enough to bind its participants. Theoretically, each minister operates independently, having received a ministerial ] over a certain field from ]. But the governor-general can dismiss a minister at any time, conventionally on the advice of the prime minister, so ministers are largely obliged to work within a certain framework.<ref name="Duncan" />


=== Collective responsibility === === Collective responsibility ===
{{Further|Cabinet collective responsibility}} {{Further|Cabinet collective responsibility}}
Cabinet itself acts as the accepted forum for establishing this framework. Ministers will jointly discuss the policy which the government as a whole will pursue, and ministers who do not exercise their respective powers in a manner compatible with Cabinet's decision risk losing those powers. This has become known as the doctrine of Cabinet collective responsibility.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cabinetmanual.cabinetoffice.govt.nz/5.2 |publisher=Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet|title=Cabinet Manual: Cabinet |year=2008|access-date=2 March 2011}}</ref><ref name="collective responsibility">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Eichbaum |first1=Chris |title=Cabinet government – Collective responsibility |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/cabinet-government/page-4 |encyclopedia=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=16 November 2018}}</ref> Collective responsibility is grounded in three key principles. The first principle is ], where members of Cabinet must publicly support decisions and defend them in public, regardless of any personal views on the matter. Secondly, the confidentiality limb means that all Cabinet discussions are to be kept confidential.<ref name="procedure"/> This allows for open and explicit conversation, discussion and debate on the issues Cabinet chooses to look at.<ref name="collective responsibility"/> The final principle is ], where Cabinet and executive government must have the confidence of the House of Representatives. If there is no government, the governor-general has the ability to intervene to find a government that does have confidence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://empowernz.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Palmer-Constitution1.pdf|title=What is New Zealand's constitution and who interprets it? Constitutional realism and the importance of public office-holders|last=Palmer|first=Matthew|access-date=21 May 2018}}</ref> Cabinet itself acts as the accepted forum for establishing this framework. Ministers will jointly discuss the policy which the government as a whole will pursue, and ministers who do not exercise their respective powers in a manner compatible with Cabinet's decision risk losing those powers. This has become known as the doctrine of Cabinet collective responsibility.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cabinetmanual.cabinetoffice.govt.nz/5.2 |publisher=Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet|title=Cabinet Manual: Cabinet |year=2008|access-date=2 March 2011}}</ref><ref name="collective responsibility">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Eichbaum |first1=Chris |title=Cabinet government – Collective responsibility |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/cabinet-government/page-4 |encyclopedia=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=16 November 2018}}</ref> Collective responsibility is grounded in three key principles. The first principle is ], where members of Cabinet must publicly support decisions and defend them in public, regardless of any personal views on the matter. Secondly, the confidentiality limb means that all Cabinet discussions are to be kept confidential.<ref name="procedure" /> This allows for open and explicit conversation, discussion and debate on the issues Cabinet chooses to look at.<ref name="collective responsibility" /> The final principle is ], where Cabinet and executive government must have the confidence of the House of Representatives. If there is no government, the governor-general has the ability to intervene to find a government that does have confidence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://empowernz.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Palmer-Constitution1.pdf|title=What is New Zealand's constitution and who interprets it? Constitutional realism and the importance of public office-holders|last=Palmer|first=Matthew|access-date=21 May 2018}}</ref>


Formally all ministers are equals and may not command or be commanded by a fellow minister. Constitutional practice does, however, dictate that the prime minister is '']'', meaning 'first among equals'.<ref name="Fairclough 2002, p. ~23">{{cite book |last=Fairclough |first=Paul |title=Advanced Government and Politics |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dxqkElM8jiYC&pg=PA23 |chapter=6.1 The Prime Minister |year=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-913434-2 }}</ref> Formally all ministers are equals and may not command or be commanded by a fellow minister. Constitutional practice does, however, dictate that the prime minister is '']'', meaning 'first among equals'.<ref name="Fairclough 2002, p. ~23">{{cite book |last=Fairclough |first=Paul |title=Advanced Government and Politics |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dxqkElM8jiYC&pg=PA23 |chapter=6.1 The Prime Minister |year=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-913434-2 }}</ref>
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==== Collective responsibility after MMP ==== ==== Collective responsibility after MMP ====
Some political commentators, such as Professor Philip Joseph, have argued that it is a misnomer to deem the unanimity principle of collective responsibility a constitutional convention as such. Joseph views unanimity as merely a "rule of pragmatic politics", lacking a sufficient constitutional nature to be deemed a constitutional convention.<ref name="Joseph">{{cite book |last1=Joseph |first1=Philip A. |title=Joseph on Constitutional and Administrative Law |date=2021 |location=Wellington |isbn=9781988553450 |pages=123, 126 |edition=5th}}</ref> He states that, unlike a convention, governments may waive, suspend or abandon political rules,<ref name="Joseph"/> as has happened since the introduction of the ] system (MMP) in 1993 (''see {{slink||Electoral reform}}''). One reform following the introduction of MMP allowed for junior parties in a coalition the ability to ']' with the majority in order to manage policy differences.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Holl|first1=Maarten|last2=Palmer|first2=Matthew|title=Helen Clark and Jim Anderton with their coalition agreement, 1999|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/35909/helen-clark-and-jim-anderton-with-their-coalition-agreement-1999|encyclopedia=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand|access-date=2 September 2019|language=en|date=20 June 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430084524/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/35909/helen-clark-and-jim-anderton-with-their-coalition-agreement-1999|archive-date=30 April 2014}}</ref> Following the 2011 general election the National-led government released the following statement in regards to the role of minor parties in the context of collective responsibility: Some political commentators, such as Professor Philip Joseph, have argued that it is a misnomer to deem the unanimity principle of collective responsibility a constitutional convention as such. Joseph views unanimity as merely a "rule of pragmatic politics", lacking a sufficient constitutional nature to be deemed a constitutional convention.<ref name="Joseph">{{cite book |last1=Joseph |first1=Philip A. |title=Joseph on Constitutional and Administrative Law |date=2021 |location=Wellington |isbn=9781988553450 |pages=123, 126 |edition=5th}}</ref> He states that, unlike a convention, governments may waive, suspend or abandon political rules,<ref name="Joseph" /> as has happened since the introduction of the ] system (MMP) in 1993 (''see {{slink||Electoral reform}}''). One reform following the introduction of MMP allowed for junior parties in a coalition the ability to ']' with the majority in order to manage policy differences.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Holl|first1=Maarten|last2=Palmer|first2=Matthew|title=Helen Clark and Jim Anderton with their coalition agreement, 1999|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/35909/helen-clark-and-jim-anderton-with-their-coalition-agreement-1999|encyclopedia=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand|access-date=2 September 2019|language=en|date=20 June 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430084524/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/35909/helen-clark-and-jim-anderton-with-their-coalition-agreement-1999|archive-date=30 April 2014}}</ref> Following the 2011 general election the National-led government released the following statement in regards to the role of minor parties in the context of collective responsibility:
<blockquote>Collective responsibility applies differently in the case of support party Ministers. Support party Ministers are only bound by collective responsibility in relation to their own respective portfolios (including any specific delegated responsibilities). When support party Ministers speak about the issues in their portfolios, they speak for the government and as part of the government. When the government takes decisions within their portfolios, they must support those decisions, regardless of their personal views and whether or not they were at the meeting concerned. When support party Ministers speak about matters outside their portfolios, they may speak as political party leaders or members of Parliament rather than as Ministers, and do not necessarily support the government position.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/publications/co-12-3-national-led-administration-consultation-and-operating-arrangements |title=CO (12) 3: National-led Administration – Consultation and Operating Arrangements|website=CO (12) 3: National-led Administration – Consultation and Operating Arrangements|language=en-NZ|access-date=24 May 2018}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>Collective responsibility applies differently in the case of support party Ministers. Support party Ministers are only bound by collective responsibility in relation to their own respective portfolios (including any specific delegated responsibilities). When support party Ministers speak about the issues in their portfolios, they speak for the government and as part of the government. When the government takes decisions within their portfolios, they must support those decisions, regardless of their personal views and whether or not they were at the meeting concerned. When support party Ministers speak about matters outside their portfolios, they may speak as political party leaders or members of Parliament rather than as Ministers, and do not necessarily support the government position.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/publications/co-12-3-national-led-administration-consultation-and-operating-arrangements |title=CO (12) 3: National-led Administration – Consultation and Operating Arrangements|website=CO (12) 3: National-led Administration – Consultation and Operating Arrangements|language=en-NZ|access-date=24 May 2018}}</ref></blockquote>


Ministers outside Cabinet retain ] for the actions of their department (in common with Cabinet ministers).<ref name="Eichbaum"/> Ministers outside Cabinet retain ] for the actions of their department (in common with Cabinet ministers).<ref name="Eichbaum" />


{{anchor|Electoral reform}} {{anchor|Electoral reform}}
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== Meetings == == Meetings ==
], Beehive, 26 October 2017]] ], Beehive, 28 November 2023]]
{{See also|Secretary of the Cabinet (New Zealand)}} {{See also|Secretary of the Cabinet (New Zealand)}}
Members of Cabinet meet on a regular basis, usually weekly on a Monday,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mulgan |first1=R. G. |last2=Aimer |first2=Peter |title=Politics in New Zealand |date=2004 |publisher=Auckland University Press |location=Auckland, N.Z. |isbn=1869403185 |page=80 |edition=3rd}}</ref> to discuss the most important issues of government policy. Matters that must be submitted to Cabinet include new legislation, involving draft ]; financial proposals and ] decisions; constitutional arrangements; ] changes; government responses to ] recommendations; portfolio interests of ministers; appointments to government bodies; and international treaties.<ref name="Eichbaum2"/> Members of Cabinet meet on a regular basis, usually weekly on a Monday,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mulgan |first1=R. G. |last2=Aimer |first2=Peter |title=Politics in New Zealand |date=2004 |publisher=Auckland University Press |location=Auckland, N.Z. |isbn=1869403185 |page=80 |edition=3rd}}</ref> to discuss the most important issues of government policy. Matters that must be submitted to Cabinet include new legislation, involving draft ]; financial proposals and ] decisions; constitutional arrangements; ] changes; government responses to ] recommendations; portfolio interests of ministers; appointments to government bodies; and international treaties.<ref name="Eichbaum2" />


The meetings are chaired by the prime minister or, in the prime minister's absence, the next most senior minister in attendance, usually the deputy prime minister. Ministers outside Cabinet may occasionally be invited for the discussion of particular items with which they have been closely involved.<ref group="n" name="Outside Cabinet">Only members regularly attend Cabinet meetings, although ministers outside Cabinet and support party ministers can be invited to attend if an area of their portfolio is on the agenda. Thus all ministers listed below have a role in Cabinet's decision-making.</ref> All Cabinet meetings are held behind closed doors, and the ] are taken by the ] and kept confidential.<ref name="procedure"/> However, usually shortly after the weekly meeting the prime minister holds a press conference to discuss important national issues.<ref>{{cite web |title=Post Cabinet Press Conference |url=https://www.beehive.govt.nz/feature/postcab |website=beehive.govt.nz |publisher=New Zealand Government |access-date=23 November 2018}}</ref> The meetings are chaired by the prime minister or, in the prime minister's absence, the next most senior minister in attendance, usually the deputy prime minister. Ministers outside Cabinet may occasionally be invited for the discussion of particular items with which they have been closely involved.<ref group="n" name="Outside Cabinet" /> All Cabinet meetings are held behind closed doors, and the ] are taken by the ] and kept confidential.<ref name="procedure" /> However, usually shortly after the weekly meeting the prime minister holds a press conference to discuss important national issues.<ref>{{cite web |title=Post Cabinet Press Conference |url=https://www.beehive.govt.nz/feature/postcab |website=beehive.govt.nz |publisher=New Zealand Government |access-date=23 November 2018}}</ref>


The Cabinet secretary and their deputy are the only non-ministers who attend Cabinet meetings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Supporting the work of the Cabinet |url=https://dpmc.govt.nz/our-business-units/cabinet-office/supporting-work-cabinet |publisher=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet |access-date=22 November 2018}}</ref> They are not political appointments and their role at Cabinet meetings is to formulate and record the Cabinet's decisions and advise on procedure, not to offer policy advice.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mulgan |first1=R. G. |last2=Aimer |first2=Peter |title=Politics in New Zealand |date=2004 |publisher=Auckland University Press |location=Auckland, N.Z. |isbn=1869403185 |pages=80–81 |edition=3rd}}</ref> The secretary has a dual role as the clerk of the ] where they provide a channel of communication and liaison between the Cabinet and the governor-general.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shroff |first=Marie |url=https://www.wgtn.ac.nz/public-law/publications/occasional-papers/pdfs/the-role-of-the-secretary-of-cabinet.pdf |title=The Role of the Secretary of the Cabinet – The View from the Beehive |publisher=New Zealand Centre for Public Law |date=July 2001 |accessdate=5 October 2021 |isbn=0-475-50066-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://dpmc.govt.nz/our-business-units/cabinet-office/supporting-work-cabinet/cabinet-manual/1-sovereign-governor-4 |title=Clerk of the Executive Council |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet |access-date=4 October 2021 |quote=}}</ref> The Cabinet secretary and their deputy are the only non-ministers who attend Cabinet meetings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Supporting the work of the Cabinet |url=https://dpmc.govt.nz/our-business-units/cabinet-office/supporting-work-cabinet |publisher=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet |access-date=22 November 2018}}</ref> They are not political appointments and their role at Cabinet meetings is to formulate and record the Cabinet's decisions and advise on procedure, not to offer policy advice.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mulgan |first1=R. G. |last2=Aimer |first2=Peter |title=Politics in New Zealand |date=2004 |publisher=Auckland University Press |location=Auckland, N.Z. |isbn=1869403185 |pages=80–81 |edition=3rd}}</ref> The secretary has a dual role as the clerk of the ] where they provide a channel of communication and liaison between the Cabinet and the governor-general.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shroff |first=Marie |url=https://www.wgtn.ac.nz/public-law/publications/occasional-papers/pdfs/the-role-of-the-secretary-of-cabinet.pdf |title=The Role of the Secretary of the Cabinet – The View from the Beehive |publisher=New Zealand Centre for Public Law |date=July 2001 |accessdate=5 October 2021 |isbn=0-475-50066-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://dpmc.govt.nz/our-business-units/cabinet-office/supporting-work-cabinet/cabinet-manual/1-sovereign-governor-4 |title=Clerk of the Executive Council |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet |access-date=4 October 2021 |quote=}}</ref>
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== Members == == Members ==
{{See also|Ministers in the New Zealand Government}} {{See also|Ministers in the New Zealand Government}}
The prime minister assigns roles to ministers and ranks them in order to determine seniority. A minister's rank depends on factors such as "their length of service, the importance of their portfolio and their personal standing with the prime minister".<ref name="Eichbaum"/> The ] is the second-highest ranked, after the prime minister.<ref name="Current_Cabinet">{{cite web |date=11 November 2023 |title=Ministerial List 24 July 2023 |url=https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/sites/default/files/2023-11/ministerial-list-11-november-2023.pdf |publisher=]}}</ref> Under MMP, there are typically three categories of minister: ministers within the 'core' Cabinet, ministers outside Cabinet, and ministers from support parties (i.e. minor parties which have agreed to support a government party during ] votes).<ref name="Eichbaum"/><ref name="Dowding">{{cite book |last1=Dowding |first1=Keith |last2=Dumont |first2=Patrick |title=The Selection of Ministers around the World |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317634454 |pages=27–28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UStHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 |access-date=5 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The size of Cabinet has grown over time. In the 1890s, for example, there were seven Cabinet ministers.<ref name="teara">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/cabinet-government/page-1|title=Cabinet government|encyclopedia=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand|access-date=1 September 2016}}</ref> The number of ministers within Cabinet increased in the period up until the 1970s, but has plateaued at 20 since {{NZ election link year|1972}}; this despite increases in the number of members of parliament. By contrast, the numbers of ministers outside Cabinet has grown, especially since the introduction of MMP.<ref name="Dowding"/> The prime minister assigns roles to ministers and ranks them in order to determine seniority. A minister's rank depends on factors such as "their length of service, the importance of their portfolio and their personal standing with the prime minister".<ref name="Eichbaum" /> The ] is the second-highest ranked, after the prime minister.<ref name="Current_Cabinet">{{cite web |date=11 November 2023 |title=Ministerial List 24 July 2023 |url=https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/sites/default/files/2023-11/ministerial-list-11-november-2023.pdf |publisher=]}}</ref> Under MMP, there are typically three categories of minister: ministers within the 'core' Cabinet, ministers outside Cabinet, and ministers from support parties (i.e. minor parties which have agreed to support a government party during ] votes).<ref name="Eichbaum" /><ref name="Dowding">{{cite book |last1=Dowding |first1=Keith |last2=Dumont |first2=Patrick |title=The Selection of Ministers around the World |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317634454 |pages=27–28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UStHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 |access-date=5 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The size of Cabinet has grown over time. In the 1890s, for example, there were seven Cabinet ministers.<ref name="teara">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/cabinet-government/page-1|title=Cabinet government|encyclopedia=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand|access-date=1 September 2016}}</ref> The number of ministers within Cabinet increased in the period up until the 1970s, but has plateaued at 20 since {{NZ election link year|1972}}; this despite increases in the number of members of parliament. By contrast, the numbers of ministers outside Cabinet has grown, especially since the introduction of MMP.<ref name="Dowding" />


Ministers are formally ] "The Honourable" (abbreviated to "The Hon."),<ref>{{cite web |title=The Honourable |url=https://dpmc.govt.nz/our-programmes/new-zealand-royal-honours/new-zealand-royal-honours-system/types-new-zealand-royal-honours/the-honourable |publisher=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet |access-date=3 November 2020 |language=en-NZ}}</ref> except for the prime minister who is accorded the style "]" ("The Rt. Hon.").<ref>{{cite web |title=The Right Honourable |url=https://dpmc.govt.nz/our-programmes/new-zealand-royal-honours/new-zealand-royal-honours-system/types-new-zealand-royal-honours/the-right-honourable |publisher=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet |access-date=3 November 2020 |language=en-NZ}}</ref> Previously, several senior ministers used "The Right Honourable" by virtue of ] of the ] before appointments were discontinued in 2000.<ref name="teara"/> Currently, ] retains this style due to his appointment as a member of the Privy Council in 1998.<ref>{{cite web |title=Appointments to the Privy Council |url=https://gazette.govt.nz/notice/id/1998-vw3627 |work=] |access-date=28 November 2023 |date=28 May 1998}}</ref> Ministers are formally ] "The Honourable" (abbreviated to "The Hon."),<ref>{{cite web |title=The Honourable |url=https://dpmc.govt.nz/our-programmes/new-zealand-royal-honours/new-zealand-royal-honours-system/types-new-zealand-royal-honours/the-honourable |publisher=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet |access-date=3 November 2020 |language=en-NZ}}</ref> except for the prime minister who is accorded the style "]" ("The Rt. Hon.").<ref>{{cite web |title=The Right Honourable |url=https://dpmc.govt.nz/our-programmes/new-zealand-royal-honours/new-zealand-royal-honours-system/types-new-zealand-royal-honours/the-right-honourable |publisher=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet |access-date=3 November 2020 |language=en-NZ}}</ref> Previously, several senior ministers used "The Right Honourable" by virtue of ] of the ] before appointments were discontinued in 2000.<ref name="teara" /> Currently, ] retains this style due to his appointment as a member of the Privy Council in 1998.<ref>{{cite web |title=Appointments to the Privy Council |url=https://gazette.govt.nz/notice/id/1998-vw3627 |work=] |access-date=28 November 2023 |date=28 May 1998}}</ref>


=== Current ministers === === Current ministers ===
]
The ]{{refn|1=See {{slink|List of New Zealand governments|List of ministries}}.|group="n"}} has a Cabinet of 20 ministers: 14 from the ], three from ], and three from ]. There are eight ministers outside Cabinet: five from National, two from ACT, and one from New Zealand First.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Palmer |first1=Russell |title=Cabinet lineup for new government unveiled - who gets what? |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/503156/cabinet-lineup-for-new-government-unveiled-who-gets-what |access-date=28 November 2023 |work=] |date=24 November 2023 |language=en-nz}}</ref> Additionally, two ] assist ministers from a parliamentary standpoint.{{refn|1=Unlike ministers, under-secretaries are not members of the Executive Council.<ref>{{citation|title=Constitution Act 1986 |url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1986/0114/latest/DLM94204.html |at=Section 9|date=13 December 1986 |access-date=3 November 2020}}</ref>|group="n"}} The ]{{refn|1=See {{slink|List of New Zealand governments|List of ministries}}.|group="n"}} has a Cabinet of 20 ministers: 14 from the ], three from ], and three from ]. There are eight ministers outside Cabinet: five from National, two from ACT, and one from New Zealand First.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Palmer |first1=Russell |title=Cabinet lineup for new government unveiled - who gets what? |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/503156/cabinet-lineup-for-new-government-unveiled-who-gets-what |access-date=28 November 2023 |work=] |date=24 November 2023 |language=en-nz}}</ref> Additionally, two ] assist ministers from a parliamentary standpoint.{{refn|1=Unlike ministers, under-secretaries are not members of the Executive Council.<ref>{{citation|title=Constitution Act 1986 |url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1986/0114/latest/DLM94204.html |at=Section 9|date=13 December 1986 |access-date=3 November 2020}}</ref>|group="n"}}
<section begin="Ministers" />

The table below lists all ministers, {{as of|2024|12|11|lc=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ministerial List - 11 December 2024 |url=https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/sites/default/files/2024-12/ministerial-list-11-december-2024.pdf |publisher=] |access-date=11 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211071044/https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/sites/default/files/2024-12/ministerial-list-11-december-2024.pdf |archive-date=11 December 2024 |date=11 December 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The table below lists all ministers, {{as of|2023|11|27|lc=on}}.


{| class=wikitable {| class=wikitable
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|} |}


{| class="wikitable" | Party Key {| class="wikitable" | Party key
|- |-
! Ranking
! Portfolios ! Portfolios
! Image ! Image
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! Electorate ! Electorate
|- |-
! colspan="7" | {{Allcaps|Cabinet Ministers}}
! 1
|-
| ] <br>]
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="7" | '''National Party Ministers'''
|-
| {{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|]}}
| style="text-align:center"|] | style="text-align:center"|]
| bgcolor={{party color|New Zealand National Party}} | | bgcolor={{party color|New Zealand National Party}} |
Line 100: Line 102:
| {{NZ electorate link|Botany}} | {{NZ electorate link|Botany}}
|- |-
| {{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|Minister for Social Investment}}
! 2
| ] <br>] <br>]
| style="text-align:center"|]
| bgcolor={{party color|New Zealand First}} |
| ]
|
| ]
|-
! 3
| ]
| style="text-align:center"|]
| bgcolor={{party color|ACT New Zealand}} |
| ]
| Associate Minister of Education (Partnership Schools)<br>Associate Minister of Finance<br>Associate Minister of Health (Pharmac)
| {{NZ electorate link|Epsom}}
|-
! 4
| ]<br>]<br>Minister for Social Investment
| style="text-align:center"|] | style="text-align:center"|]
| bgcolor={{party color|New Zealand National Party}} | | bgcolor={{party color|New Zealand National Party}} |
Line 124: Line 109:
| List | List
|- |-
| {{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|Minister Responsible for ] Reform}}<br>{{nowrap|]}}
! 5
| ]<br>]<br>Minister Responsible for ] Reform<br>]
| style="text-align:center"|] | style="text-align:center"|]
| bgcolor={{party color|New Zealand National Party}} | | bgcolor={{party color|New Zealand National Party}} |
Line 132: Line 116:
| {{NZ electorate link|Hutt South}} | {{NZ electorate link|Hutt South}}
|- |-
| {{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|]}}
! 6
| ]<br>]
| style="text-align:center" |] | style="text-align:center" |]
| bgcolor="{{party color|New Zealand National Party}}" | | bgcolor="{{party color|New Zealand National Party}}" |
Line 140: Line 123:
| {{NZ electorate link|Whangārei}} | {{NZ electorate link|Whangārei}}
|- |-
| {{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|]}}
! 7
| ]<br>]
| style="text-align:center" |]
| bgcolor="{{party color|ACT New Zealand}}" |
| ]
|
| {{NZ electorate link|Tāmaki}}
|-
! 8
| ]<br>Minister for Regional Development<br>Minister for Resources
| style="text-align:center" |]
| bgcolor="{{party color|New Zealand First}}" |
| ]
| Associate Minister of Finance<br>Associate Minister for Energy
| List
|-
! 9
| ]<br>]<br>]
| style="text-align:center" |] | style="text-align:center" |]
| bgcolor="{{party color|New Zealand National Party}}" | | bgcolor="{{party color|New Zealand National Party}}" |
Line 164: Line 130:
| {{NZ electorate link|Pakuranga}} | {{NZ electorate link|Pakuranga}}
|- |-
| {{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|]}}
! 10
| ]<br>]
| style="text-align:center" |] | style="text-align:center" |]
| bgcolor="{{party color|New Zealand National Party}}" | | bgcolor="{{party color|New Zealand National Party}}" |
| ] | ]
| Lead Coordination Minister for the Government’s Response to the Royal Commission’s Report into Historical Abuse in State Care and in the Care of Faith-based Institutions
|
| {{NZ electorate link|East Coast Bays}} | {{NZ electorate link|East Coast Bays}}
|- |-
| {{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|]}}
! 11
| ]<br>]<br>]<br>]
| style="text-align:center" |] | style="text-align:center" |]
| bgcolor="{{party color|New Zealand National Party}}" | | bgcolor="{{party color|New Zealand National Party}}" |
Line 180: Line 144:
| List | List
|- |-
| {{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|]}}
! 12
| ]<br>]
| style="text-align:center" |] | style="text-align:center" |]
| bgcolor="{{party color|New Zealand National Party}}" | | bgcolor="{{party color|New Zealand National Party}}" |
Line 188: Line 151:
| {{NZ electorate link|Taupō}} | {{NZ electorate link|Taupō}}
|- |-
| {{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|Minister Responsible for the ]}}<br>{{nowrap|Minister Responsible for the ]}}<br>{{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|]}}
! 13
| style="text-align:center" |]
| ]<br>]<br>]<br>Minister Responsible for the ]<br>Minister Responsible for the ]<br>]<br>]
| ]
| bgcolor="{{party color|New Zealand National Party}}" | | bgcolor="{{party color|New Zealand National Party}}" |
| ] | ]
Line 196: Line 158:
| {{NZ electorate link|Papakura}} | {{NZ electorate link|Papakura}}
|- |-
| {{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|]}}
! 14
| style="text-align:center" |]
| ]<br>]<br>]
| ]
| bgcolor="{{party color|New Zealand National Party}}" | | bgcolor="{{party color|New Zealand National Party}}" |
| ] | ]
Line 204: Line 165:
| {{NZ electorate link|Whangaparāoa}} | {{NZ electorate link|Whangaparāoa}}
|- |-
| {{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|Minister for Hunting and Fishing}}<br>{{nowrap|]}}
! 15
| style="text-align:center" |]
| ]<br>]<br>Minister for Hunting and Fishing<br>]
| ]
| bgcolor="{{party color|New Zealand National Party}}" | | bgcolor="{{party color|New Zealand National Party}}" |
| ] | ]
Line 212: Line 172:
| {{NZ electorate link|Rotorua}} | {{NZ electorate link|Rotorua}}
|- |-
| {{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|]: Te Arawhiti}}<br>{{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|]}}
! 16
| style="text-align:center" |]
| ]<br>]: Te Arawhiti<br>]<br>]
| ]
| bgcolor="{{party color|New Zealand National Party}}" | | bgcolor="{{party color|New Zealand National Party}}" |
| ] | ]
Line 220: Line 179:
| {{NZ electorate link|Hamilton West}} | {{NZ electorate link|Hamilton West}}
|- |-
| {{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|]}}
! 17
| style="text-align:center" |]
| ]<br>Minister for Mental Health<br>]<br>]
| ]
| bgcolor="{{party color|New Zealand National Party}}" | | bgcolor="{{party color|New Zealand National Party}}" |
| ] | ]
Line 228: Line 186:
| {{NZ electorate link|Waimakariri}} | {{NZ electorate link|Waimakariri}}
|- |-
| ]<br>]
! 18
| style="text-align:center"|]
| ]<br>Minister for Ethnic Communities<br>]
| bgcolor={{party color|New Zealand National Party}} |
| ]
| ]
| bgcolor="{{party color|New Zealand National Party}}" |
|
| ]
| {{NZ electorate link|North Shore}}
| Associate Minister for ACC
| List
|- |-
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="7" | '''ACT Ministers'''
! 19
|-
| ]
| {{nowrap|]}}
| ]
| style="text-align:center"|]
| bgcolor={{party color|ACT New Zealand}} |
| ]
| Associate Minister of Education (Partnership Schools)<br>Associate Minister of Finance<br>Associate Minister of Health (Pharmac)<br>Associate Minister of Justice (Treaty Principles Bill)
| {{NZ electorate link|Epsom}}
|-
| {{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|]}}
| style="text-align:center" |]
| bgcolor="{{party color|ACT New Zealand}}" |
| ]
|
| {{NZ electorate link|Tāmaki}}
|-
| {{nowrap|]}}
| style="text-align:center" |]
| bgcolor="{{party color|ACT New Zealand}}" | | bgcolor="{{party color|ACT New Zealand}}" |
| ] | ]
Line 244: Line 216:
| List | List
|- |-
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="7" | '''New Zealand First Ministers'''
! 20
|-
| ]<br>]
| {{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|] <br>]}}<br>{{nowrap|]}}
| ]
| style="text-align:center"|]
| bgcolor={{party color|New Zealand First}} |
| ]
|
| ]
|-
| {{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|Minister for Regional Development}}<br>{{nowrap|Minister for Resources}}
| style="text-align:center" |]
| bgcolor="{{party color|New Zealand First}}" |
| ]
| Associate Minister of Finance<br>Associate Minister for Energy
| List
|-
| {{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|]}}
| style="text-align:center" |]
| bgcolor="{{party color|New Zealand First}}" | | bgcolor="{{party color|New Zealand First}}" |
| ] | ]
Line 252: Line 239:
| List | List
|- |-
! colspan="7" | Ministers outside Cabinet<ref group="n" name="Outside Cabinet"/> ! colspan="7" | {{Allcaps|Ministers outside Cabinet}}<ref group="n" name="Outside Cabinet">Only members regularly attend Cabinet meetings, although ministers outside Cabinet and support party ministers can be invited to attend if an area of their portfolio is on the agenda. Thus all ministers listed below have a role in Cabinet's decision-making.</ref>
|- |-
| {{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|]}}
! –
| style="text-align:center" |]
| ]<br>]
| bgcolor="{{party color|New Zealand National Party}}" |
| style="text-align:center"|]
| ]
| bgcolor={{party color|New Zealand National Party}} |
| Associate Minister for ACC
| ]
| List
|
| {{NZ electorate link|North Shore}}
|- |-
| {{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|Minister for Tertiary Education and Skills}}
! –
| Minister for Disability Issues<br>]<br>Minister for Tertiary Education and Skills
| style="text-align:center"|] | style="text-align:center"|]
| bgcolor={{party color|New Zealand National Party}} | | bgcolor={{party color|New Zealand National Party}} |
Line 270: Line 255:
| {{NZ electorate link|Invercargill}} | {{NZ electorate link|Invercargill}}
|- |-
| {{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|]}}
! –
| ]<br>]<br>Minister for Veterans
| style="text-align:center"|] | style="text-align:center"|]
| bgcolor={{party color|New Zealand National Party}} | | bgcolor={{party color|New Zealand National Party}} |
Line 278: Line 262:
| {{NZ electorate link|Kaipara ki Mahurangi}} | {{NZ electorate link|Kaipara ki Mahurangi}}
|- |-
| {{nowrap|Minister of State for Trade}}<br>{{nowrap|]}}
!–
| style="text-align:center" |]
| Minister of State for Trade<br>]
| ]
| bgcolor="{{party color|New Zealand National Party}}" | | bgcolor="{{party color|New Zealand National Party}}" |
| ] | ]
Line 286: Line 269:
| {{NZ electorate link|Selwyn}} | {{NZ electorate link|Selwyn}}
|- |-
| {{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|]}}
!–
| style="text-align:center" |]
| ]<br>]<br>]
| ]
| bgcolor="{{party color|New Zealand National Party}}" | | bgcolor="{{party color|New Zealand National Party}}" |
| ] | ]
Line 294: Line 276:
| {{NZ electorate link|Port Waikato}} | {{NZ electorate link|Port Waikato}}
|- |-
| {{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|Minister for Food Safety}}
!–
| style="text-align:center" |]
| Minister for Biosecurity<br>Minister for Food Safety
| ]
| bgcolor="{{party color|ACT New Zealand}}" | | bgcolor="{{party color|ACT New Zealand}}" |
| ] | ]
Line 302: Line 283:
| List | List
|- |-
| {{nowrap|]}}<br>{{nowrap|]}}
!–
| style="text-align:center" |]
| ]<br>]
| ]
| bgcolor="{{party color|ACT New Zealand}}" | | bgcolor="{{party color|ACT New Zealand}}" |
| ] | ]
Line 310: Line 290:
| List | List
|- |-
| {{nowrap|Minister for Rural Communities}}
!–
| style="text-align:center" |]
| Minister for Rural Communities
| ]
| bgcolor="{{party color|New Zealand First}}" | | bgcolor="{{party color|New Zealand First}}" |
| ] | ]
| Associate Minister of Agriculture | Associate Minister of Agriculture<br>Associate Minister for Regional Development
| List | List
|- |-
! colspan="7" | Parliamentary Under-Secretaries ! colspan="7" | {{Allcaps|Parliamentary Under-Secretaries}}
|- |-
| Parliamentary Under-Secretary to the<br>{{nowrap|Minister for Infrastructure}} and {{nowrap|Minister for RMA Reform}}
! –
| style="text-align:center" |]
| Parliamentary Under-Secretary to the<br>Minister for Media and Communications
| bgcolor={{party color|ACT New Zealand}} |
| ]
| |
| List
|-
| Parliamentary Under-Secretary to the<br>{{nowrap|Minister for Media and Communications}} and {{nowrap|Minister for Oceans and Fisheries}}
| style="text-align:center" |]
| bgcolor={{party color|New Zealand First}} | | bgcolor={{party color|New Zealand First}} |
| ] | ]
|
| List
|-
! –
| Parliamentary Under-Secretary to the<br>Minister for Infrastructure and Minister for RMA Reform
|
| bgcolor={{party color|ACT New Zealand}} |
| ]
| |
| List | List
|- |-
|} |}
<section end="Ministers" />


== Committees ==<!--Do not change this heading without amending the links above--> == Committees ==<!--Do not change this heading without amending the links above-->
A Cabinet committee comprises a subset of the larger Cabinet, consisting of a number of ministers who have responsibility in related areas of policy. Cabinet committees go into considerably more detail than can be achieved at regular Cabinet meetings, discussing issues which do not need the input of ministers holding unrelated portfolios. Committee terms of reference and membership are determined by the prime minister and the exact number and makeup of committees changes with the government. {{As of|2023|2}}, there are 10 Cabinet committees:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dpmc.govt.nz/sites/default/files/2023-02/co-23-2-cabinet-committees-terms-of-reference-and-membership.pdf|title=Circular. Cabinet Committees: Terms of Reference and Membership|publisher=Cabinet Office|date=10 February 2023|access-date=6 March 2023}}</ref> A Cabinet committee comprises a subset of the larger Cabinet, consisting of a number of ministers who have responsibility in related areas of policy. Cabinet committees go into considerably more detail than can be achieved at regular Cabinet meetings, discussing issues which do not need the input of ministers holding unrelated portfolios. Committee terms of reference and membership are determined by the prime minister and the exact number and makeup of committees changes with the government. {{As of|2023|2}}, there were 10 Cabinet committees:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dpmc.govt.nz/sites/default/files/2023-02/co-23-2-cabinet-committees-terms-of-reference-and-membership.pdf|title=Circular. Cabinet Committees: Terms of Reference and Membership|publisher=Cabinet Office|date=10 February 2023|access-date=6 March 2023}}</ref>


* Cabinet Appointments and Honours Committee (APH) * Cabinet Appointments and Honours Committee (APH)
Line 355: Line 333:


== See also == == See also ==
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]

Latest revision as of 07:12, 11 December 2024

Central decision-making forum of the New Zealand Government

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The Cabinet of New Zealand (Māori: Te Rūnanga o te Kāwanatanga o Aotearoa) is the New Zealand Government's body of senior ministers, accountable to the New Zealand Parliament. Cabinet meetings, chaired by the prime minister, occur once a week; in them, vital issues are discussed and government policy is formulated. Cabinet is also composed of a number of committees focused on specific areas of governance and policy. Though not established by any statute, Cabinet wields significant power within the New Zealand political system, with nearly all government bills it introduces in Parliament being enacted.

The New Zealand Cabinet follows the traditions of the British cabinet system. Members of Cabinet are collectively responsible to Parliament for its actions and policies. Cabinet discussions are confidential and are not disclosed to the public apart from the announcement of decisions.

All ministers in Cabinet also serve as members of the Executive Council, the body tasked with advising the governor-general in the exercise of his or her formal constitutional functions. Outside Cabinet, there are a number of non-Cabinet ministers, responsible for a specific policy area and reporting directly to a senior Cabinet minister. Ministers outside Cabinet are also part of Cabinet committees and will regularly attend Cabinet meetings which concern their portfolios. Therefore, although operating outside of Cabinet directly, these ministers do not lack power and influence as they are still very much part of the decision making process.

Constitutional basis

Swearing-in of ministers by Governor-General Dame Cindy Kiro, 27 November 2023. Cabinet members are first appointed as executive councillors before receiving warrants for their ministerial portfolios.

Cabinet is not established by any statute or constitutional document but exists purely by long-established constitutional convention. This convention carries sufficient weight for many official declarations and regulations to refer to Cabinet; a government department—the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet—is responsible for supporting it. Although Cabinet lacks any direct legislative framework for its existence, the Cabinet Manual has become the official document which governs its functions, as well as on which its convention rests.

The structure of Cabinet has as its basis the formal institution known as the Executive Council, the body tasked with advising the governor-general in the exercise of their formal constitutional functions (the "Governor-General in Council"). Most ministers hold membership of both bodies, but some executive councillors, known as "ministers outside Cabinet", are not ranked as Cabinet members and do not normally attend. The convention of a cabinet meeting separately from the Executive Council began during Edward Stafford's first tenure as premier (1856–1861). Stafford, a long-time advocate of responsible government in New Zealand, believed the colonial government should have full control over all its affairs, without the intervention of the governor. Because the governor chaired the Executive Council, Stafford intentionally met with his ministers without the governor present, thus reducing the Council to its formal role.

Powers and functions

A meeting of Cabinet in 1972. At this time, Cabinet members were usually Pākehā and male; Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan (seated second-left from the centre) was the only female Cabinet minister.

The lack of formal legislation establishing Cabinet leaves the powers of its members only loosely defined. Cabinet generally directs and controls policy (releasing government policy statements), and is responsible to the House of Representatives, the elected component of Parliament. It also has significant influence over law-making, and all draft government bills must be submitted to the Cabinet Legislation Committee before they can be introduced to the House. Convention regarding Cabinet's authority has considerable force, and generally proves strong enough to bind its participants. Theoretically, each minister operates independently, having received a ministerial warrant over a certain field from the Crown. But the governor-general can dismiss a minister at any time, conventionally on the advice of the prime minister, so ministers are largely obliged to work within a certain framework.

Collective responsibility

Further information: Cabinet collective responsibility

Cabinet itself acts as the accepted forum for establishing this framework. Ministers will jointly discuss the policy which the government as a whole will pursue, and ministers who do not exercise their respective powers in a manner compatible with Cabinet's decision risk losing those powers. This has become known as the doctrine of Cabinet collective responsibility. Collective responsibility is grounded in three key principles. The first principle is unanimity, where members of Cabinet must publicly support decisions and defend them in public, regardless of any personal views on the matter. Secondly, the confidentiality limb means that all Cabinet discussions are to be kept confidential. This allows for open and explicit conversation, discussion and debate on the issues Cabinet chooses to look at. The final principle is confidence, where Cabinet and executive government must have the confidence of the House of Representatives. If there is no government, the governor-general has the ability to intervene to find a government that does have confidence.

Formally all ministers are equals and may not command or be commanded by a fellow minister. Constitutional practice does, however, dictate that the prime minister is primus inter pares, meaning 'first among equals'.

Problems arise when the prime minister breaches collective responsibility. Since ministerial appointments and dismissals are in practice in the hands of the prime minister, Cabinet can not directly initiate any action against a prime minister who openly disagrees with their government's policy. On the other hand, a prime minister who tries to act against concerted opposition from their Cabinet risks losing the confidence of their party colleagues. An example is former Prime Minister David Lange, who publicly spoke against a tax reform package which was sponsored by then-Finance Minister Roger Douglas and supported by Cabinet. Douglas was forced to resign, but when the Cabinet supported Douglas against Lange, the Prime Minister interpreted this as a vote of no-confidence in his leadership and stepped down.

Collective responsibility after MMP

Some political commentators, such as Professor Philip Joseph, have argued that it is a misnomer to deem the unanimity principle of collective responsibility a constitutional convention as such. Joseph views unanimity as merely a "rule of pragmatic politics", lacking a sufficient constitutional nature to be deemed a constitutional convention. He states that, unlike a convention, governments may waive, suspend or abandon political rules, as has happened since the introduction of the mixed-member proportional system (MMP) in 1993 (see § Electoral reform). One reform following the introduction of MMP allowed for junior parties in a coalition the ability to 'agree to disagree' with the majority in order to manage policy differences. Following the 2011 general election the National-led government released the following statement in regards to the role of minor parties in the context of collective responsibility:

Collective responsibility applies differently in the case of support party Ministers. Support party Ministers are only bound by collective responsibility in relation to their own respective portfolios (including any specific delegated responsibilities). When support party Ministers speak about the issues in their portfolios, they speak for the government and as part of the government. When the government takes decisions within their portfolios, they must support those decisions, regardless of their personal views and whether or not they were at the meeting concerned. When support party Ministers speak about matters outside their portfolios, they may speak as political party leaders or members of Parliament rather than as Ministers, and do not necessarily support the government position.

Ministers outside Cabinet retain individual ministerial responsibility for the actions of their department (in common with Cabinet ministers).

Electoral reform and Cabinet structure

See also: Electoral reform in New Zealand

The 1993 electoral referendum in New Zealand resulted in a number of structural changes to Cabinet. The change to the MMP system ultimately led to a larger number of political parties in Parliament, as under the proportional representation system any political party can enter Parliament if they received five percent of the party vote or won one electorate seat. The increased representation resulted in the need to form coalitions between parties, as no single party received a majority of votes and seats under MMP until 2020.

In order to govern in a coalition under MMP, it is likely that a major party will have to relinquish and offer Cabinet positions to members of a minority party. The aftermath of the first MMP election in 1996 highlighted the changes resulting from the new proportional parliament. New Zealand First received 13.4% of the party vote, giving them 17 total seats in the House of Representatives (in contrast to 8.5% in the 1993 general election, conducted under the plurality voting system). This ultimately resulted in the National–New Zealand First coalition as the National Party, who received 33.8% of the party vote, translating to 44 seats in the House, could not govern alone.

Negotiations forming the new government took nearly two months however the ultimate result being that New Zealand First were to have five ministers inside Cabinet and four outside. This translated to having 36.4% of representation in the new government. The Prime Minister following the 1996 election, Jim Bolger, was forced to tell his caucus during negotiations with New Zealand First, that he would not be able to satisfy all ambitions of the caucus, due to the forced inclusion of the minority party into the governmental framework, thus highlighting one of the challenges that came with MMP.

The result of MMP on Cabinet structure in New Zealand is also highlighted below under the § Members heading. In the coalition deal following the election New Zealand First leader Winston Peters was given the position of deputy prime minister, and New Zealand First were given a number of ministerial portfolios including foreign affairs, infrastructure, regional economic development, and internal affairs.

Meetings

Photograph taken before the first meeting of the Cabinet of the Sixth National Government of New Zealand, Beehive, 28 November 2023
See also: Secretary of the Cabinet (New Zealand)

Members of Cabinet meet on a regular basis, usually weekly on a Monday, to discuss the most important issues of government policy. Matters that must be submitted to Cabinet include new legislation, involving draft government bills; financial proposals and budget decisions; constitutional arrangements; public service changes; government responses to select committee recommendations; portfolio interests of ministers; appointments to government bodies; and international treaties.

The meetings are chaired by the prime minister or, in the prime minister's absence, the next most senior minister in attendance, usually the deputy prime minister. Ministers outside Cabinet may occasionally be invited for the discussion of particular items with which they have been closely involved. All Cabinet meetings are held behind closed doors, and the minutes are taken by the Cabinet secretary and kept confidential. However, usually shortly after the weekly meeting the prime minister holds a press conference to discuss important national issues.

The Cabinet secretary and their deputy are the only non-ministers who attend Cabinet meetings. They are not political appointments and their role at Cabinet meetings is to formulate and record the Cabinet's decisions and advise on procedure, not to offer policy advice. The secretary has a dual role as the clerk of the Executive Council where they provide a channel of communication and liaison between the Cabinet and the governor-general.

The Cabinet room, where the weekly meetings are normally held, and related offices are located at the top of the Beehive (the Executive Wing of Parliament Buildings).

Members

See also: Ministers in the New Zealand Government

The prime minister assigns roles to ministers and ranks them in order to determine seniority. A minister's rank depends on factors such as "their length of service, the importance of their portfolio and their personal standing with the prime minister". The deputy prime minister is the second-highest ranked, after the prime minister. Under MMP, there are typically three categories of minister: ministers within the 'core' Cabinet, ministers outside Cabinet, and ministers from support parties (i.e. minor parties which have agreed to support a government party during confidence and supply votes). The size of Cabinet has grown over time. In the 1890s, for example, there were seven Cabinet ministers. The number of ministers within Cabinet increased in the period up until the 1970s, but has plateaued at 20 since 1972; this despite increases in the number of members of parliament. By contrast, the numbers of ministers outside Cabinet has grown, especially since the introduction of MMP.

Ministers are formally styled "The Honourable" (abbreviated to "The Hon."), except for the prime minister who is accorded the style "The Right Honourable" ("The Rt. Hon."). Previously, several senior ministers used "The Right Honourable" by virtue of membership of the Privy Council before appointments were discontinued in 2000. Currently, Winston Peters retains this style due to his appointment as a member of the Privy Council in 1998.

Current ministers

Current composition (Cabinet members only)

The current ministry has a Cabinet of 20 ministers: 14 from the National Party, three from ACT, and three from New Zealand First. There are eight ministers outside Cabinet: five from National, two from ACT, and one from New Zealand First. Additionally, two parliamentary under-secretaries assist ministers from a parliamentary standpoint.

The table below lists all ministers, as of 11 December 2024.

Parties
National
NZ First
ACT
Portfolios Image Incumbent Additional responsibilities Electorate
Cabinet Ministers
National Party Ministers
Prime Minister
Minister for National Security and Intelligence 		Christopher Luxon Minister Responsible for Ministerial Services Botany
Minister of Finance
Minister for the Public Service
Minister for Social Investment 		Nicola Willis Associate Minister of Climate Change List
Minister of Housing
Minister for Infrastructure
Minister Responsible for RMA Reform
Minister for Sport and Recreation 		Chris Bishop Leader of the House
Associate Minister of Finance 		Hutt South
Minister of Health
Minister for Pacific Peoples 		Shane Reti Whangārei
Minister for Energy
Minister of Local Government
Minister of Transport 		Simeon Brown Minister for Auckland
Deputy Leader of the House 		Pakuranga
Minister of Education
Minister for Immigration 		Erica Stanford Lead Coordination Minister for the Government’s Response to the Royal Commission’s Report into Historical Abuse in State Care and in the Care of Faith-based Institutions East Coast Bays
Minister for Arts, Culture and Heritage
Minister of Justice
Minister for Media and Communications
Minister for State Owned Enterprises
Minister for Treaty of Waitangi Negotiations 		Paul Goldsmith List
Minister for the Community and Voluntary Sector
Minister for Disability Issues
Minister for Social Development and Employment 		Louise Upston Minister for Child Poverty Reduction Taupō
Attorney-General
Minister of Defence
Minister for Digitising Government
Minister Responsible for the GCSB
Minister Responsible for the NZSIS
Minister for Science, Innovation and Technology
Minister for Space 		Judith Collins Lead Coordination Minister for the Government’s Response to the Royal Commission’s Report into the Terrorist Attack on the Christchurch Mosques Papakura
Minister of Corrections
Minister for Emergency Management and Recovery
Minister of Police 		Mark Mitchell Mark Mitchell Whangaparāoa
Minister of Agriculture
Minister of Forestry
Minister for Hunting and Fishing
Minister for Trade 		Todd McClay Todd McClay Associate Minister of Foreign Affairs Rotorua
Minister of Conservation
Minister for Māori Crown Relations: Te Arawhiti
Minister for Māori Development
Minister for Whānau Ora 		Tama Potaka Tama Potaka Associate Minister of Housing (Social Housing) Hamilton West
Minister for ACC
Minister for Mental Health
Minister of Tourism and Hospitality
Minister for Youth 		Matt Doocey Associate Minister of Health
Associate Minister of Transport 		Waimakariri
Minister of Climate Change
Minister of Revenue 		Simon Watts North Shore
ACT Ministers
Minister for Regulation David Seymour Associate Minister of Education (Partnership Schools)
Associate Minister of Finance
Associate Minister of Health (Pharmac)
Associate Minister of Justice (Treaty Principles Bill) 		Epsom
Minister of Internal Affairs
Minister for Workplace Relations and Safety 		Brooke van Velden Tāmaki
Minister for Courts Nicole McKee Associate Minister of Justice (Firearms) List
New Zealand First Ministers
Deputy Prime Minister
Minister of Foreign Affairs
Minister for Racing
Minister for Rail 		Winston Peters List
Minister for Oceans and Fisheries
Minister for Regional Development
Minister for Resources 		Shane Jones Associate Minister of Finance
Associate Minister for Energy 		List
Minister of Customs
Minister for Seniors 		Casey Costello Associate Minister of Health
Associate Minister for Immigration
Associate Minister for Police 		List
Ministers outside Cabinet
Minister for Economic Development
Minister for Ethnic Communities 		Melissa Lee Associate Minister for ACC List
Minister for the Environment
Minister for Tertiary Education and Skills 		Penny Simmonds Associate Minister for Social Development and Employment Invercargill
Minister for Building and Construction
Minister for Land Information
Minister for Veterans 		Chris Penk Associate Minister of Defence
Associate Minister of Immigration 		Kaipara ki Mahurangi
Minister of State for Trade
Minister for Women 		Nicola Grigg Associate Minister of Agriculture (Horticulture) Selwyn
Minister of Commerce and Consumer Affairs
Minister for Small Business and Manufacturing
Minister of Statistics 		Andrew Bayly Port Waikato
Minister for Biosecurity
Minister for Food Safety 		Andrew Hoggard Associate Minister of Agriculture (Animal Welfare, Skills)
Associate Minister for the Environment 		List
Minister for Children
Minister for the Prevention of Family and Sexual Violence 		Karen Chhour List
Minister for Rural Communities Mark Patterson Associate Minister of Agriculture
Associate Minister for Regional Development 		List
Parliamentary Under-Secretaries
Parliamentary Under-Secretary to the
Minister for Infrastructure and Minister for RMA Reform 		Simon Court List
Parliamentary Under-Secretary to the
Minister for Media and Communications and Minister for Oceans and Fisheries 		Jenny Marcroft List


Committees

A Cabinet committee comprises a subset of the larger Cabinet, consisting of a number of ministers who have responsibility in related areas of policy. Cabinet committees go into considerably more detail than can be achieved at regular Cabinet meetings, discussing issues which do not need the input of ministers holding unrelated portfolios. Committee terms of reference and membership are determined by the prime minister and the exact number and makeup of committees changes with the government. As of February 2023, there were 10 Cabinet committees:

  • Cabinet Appointments and Honours Committee (APH)
  • Cabinet Business Committee (CBC)
  • Cabinet Priorities Committee (CPC)
  • Cabinet Economic Development Committee (DEV)
  • Cabinet Environment, Energy and Climate Committee (ENV)
  • Cabinet External Relations and Security Committee (ERS)
  • Cabinet Government Administration and Expenditure Review Committee (GOV)
  • Cabinet Legislation Committee (LEG)
  • Cabinet Māori Crown Relations: Te Arawhiti Committee (MCR)
  • Cabinet Social Wellbeing Committee (SWC)

Cabinet committees will often discuss matters under delegated authority or directly referred to them by Cabinet, and then report back the results of their deliberation. This can sometimes become a powerful tool for advancing certain policies, as was demonstrated in the Lange government. Minister of Finance Roger Douglas and his allies succeeded in dominating the finance committee, enabling them to determine what it recommended to Cabinet. The official recommendation of the finance committee was much harder for his opponents to fight than his individual claims in Cabinet would be. Douglas was able to pass measures that, had Cabinet deliberated on them itself rather than pass them to committee, would have been defeated.

See also

Notes

  1. Translated as: "The Rūnanga (literally 'Council') of the Government of New Zealand"
  2. ^ Only members regularly attend Cabinet meetings, although ministers outside Cabinet and support party ministers can be invited to attend if an area of their portfolio is on the agenda. Thus all ministers listed below have a role in Cabinet's decision-making.
  3. See List of New Zealand governments § List of ministries.
  4. Unlike ministers, under-secretaries are not members of the Executive Council.

References

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