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{{Short description|Co-founder of Misplaced Pages (born 1966)}} | |||
Jimmy Wales IS AN ANIMALFUCKER | |||
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{{pp-semi-blp|small=yes}}{{Infobox person | |||
| name = Jimmy Wales | |||
| image = Jimmy Wales in New York City March 2023 blurred cropped.jpg | |||
| caption = Wales in 2023 | |||
| birth_name = Jimmy Donal Wales | |||
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|8|7}} | |||
| birth_place = ], U.S. | |||
| other_names = Jimbo Wales (screen name)<ref name=Garside-2014-08-03>{{cite news |newspaper = The Observer |url = https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2014/aug/03/observer-profile-jimmy-wales-wikipedia |title = Jimmy Wales: digital champion of free speech |first = Juliette |last = Garside |date = August 3, 2014 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = July 10, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170710054015/https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2014/aug/03/observer-profile-jimmy-wales-wikipedia |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
| citizenship = {{Ubl|United States|United Kingdom}} | |||
| education = {{unbulleted list|] (])|] (])|]}} | |||
| occupation = {{hlist|]|]|] (formerly)}} | |||
| known_for = Co-founding ] | |||
| title = {{unbulleted list|President of ] (2004–present)|Chairman of ] (2003–2006)|Chairman emeritus of ] (2006–present)}} | |||
| successor = ] (as Chair of Wikimedia Foundation) | |||
| boards = {{unbulleted list|]|]|] (advisory board) (until September 2020)|] (advisory board)|] (until April 2017)<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2017/04/25/wikipedia-co-founder-jimmy-wales-exits-guardian-board-conflict/ |archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2017/04/25/wikipedia-co-founder-jimmy-wales-exits-guardian-board-conflict/ |archive-date = January 11, 2022 |url-access = subscription |url-status = live |title = Misplaced Pages co-founder Jimmy Wales exits Guardian board over conflict of interest with Wikitribune news site |last = Williams |first = Christopher |date = April 25, 2017 |newspaper = The Daily Telegraph |issn = 0307-1235 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>}} | |||
| spouse = {{ubl|{{marriage|Pamela Green|1986|1993|end=div}}|{{marriage|Christine Rohan|1997|2011|end=div}}|{{marriage|]|2012}}}} | |||
| children = 3 | |||
| website = {{Official website}} | |||
| module = {{Listen | |||
|embed = yes | |||
|title = Jimmy Wales' voice | |||
|filename = Jimmy Wales voice.ogg | |||
|type = speech | |||
|description = Recorded August 2014}} | |||
| signature = File:Jimmy Wales signature.svg | |||
}} | |||
'''Jimmy Donal Wales''' (born August 7, 1966), also known as '''Jimbo Wales''', is an American ], ], and former ]. He is a ] of the non-profit 💕, ], and the for-profit ] ] (formerly Wikia). He has worked on other online projects, including ], ], ], and ]. | |||
Wales was born in ], where he attended the ]. He earned ] and ] degrees in finance from ] and the ], respectively. In graduate school, Wales taught at two universities; he departed before completing a PhD to take a job in finance and later worked as the ] of ]. | |||
In 1996, Wales and two partners founded ], a ] known for featuring erotic photographs. Bomis provided the initial funding for the free ] encyclopedia ] (2000–2003). On January 15, 2001, with ] and others, Wales launched Misplaced Pages, a free ] encyclopedia that enjoyed rapid growth and popularity. As its public profile grew, Wales became its promoter and spokesman. Though he is historically credited as a co-founder, he has disputed this, declaring himself the sole founder. | |||
Wales serves on the ] Board of Trustees, the charity that he helped establish to operate Misplaced Pages, holding its board-appointed "community founder" seat. Wales gives an annual "State of the Wiki" address at the ] conference.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.theverge.com/2012/7/15/3160926/jimmy-wales-wikipedia-gender-gap-kate-middleton-wedding-dress |title = Jimmy Wales, Mary Gardiner address Misplaced Pages's gender gap at Wikimania conference |website = The Verge |date = July 15, 2012 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |author = Toor, Amar |archive-date = July 8, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170708195532/https://www.theverge.com/2012/7/15/3160926/jimmy-wales-wikipedia-gender-gap-kate-middleton-wedding-dress |url-status = live }}</ref> For his role in creating Misplaced Pages, '']'' named him one of "]" in 2006. | |||
== Early life and education == | |||
Wales was born in ], on August 7, 1966; however, his birth certificate lists his date of birth as August 8.<ref name="Rogoway" /> His father, Jimmy Sr.,<ref name="kazek" /> was a ] manager, while his mother, Doris Ann ({{nee|Dudley}}), and his grandmother, Erma, ran the House of Learning,<ref name="bookstopshere" /><ref name="eofa">{{cite encyclopedia |last = Wilson |first = Claire M. |title = Jimmy Wales |url = http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-2618 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |encyclopedia = ] |archive-date = December 20, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191220034549/http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-2618 |url-status = live }}</ref> a small private school in the tradition of the ]house, where Wales and his three siblings received their early education.<ref name="bookstopshere" /><ref name="reasonmag" /> | |||
As a child, Wales enjoyed reading.<ref name="Economist2008" /> When he was three, in 1968, his mother bought a '']'' from a door-to-door salesman. As he grew up and learned to read, it became an object of reverence, but Wales soon discovered that the ''World Book'' had shortcomings: No matter how much was in it, there were many more things that were not. ''World Book'' sent out stickers for owners to paste on the pages to update the encyclopedia, and Wales was careful to put the stickers to work, stating, "I joke that I started as a kid revising the encyclopedia by stickering the one my mother bought."<ref name="kazek" /><ref>{{Cite news |author = Walter Isaacson |url = https://www.thedailybeast.com/you-can-look-it-up-the-wikipedia-story |title = You Can Look It Up: The Misplaced Pages Story |work = The Daily Beast |date = October 19, 2014 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = June 13, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190613013448/https://www.thedailybeast.com/you-can-look-it-up-the-wikipedia-story |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
During an interview in 2005 with ], Wales described his childhood private school as a "]-influenced philosophy of education", where he "spent lots of hours poring over the '']'' and ''World Book Encyclopedias''".<ref name="qanda" /> There were only four other children in Wales's ], so the school combined the first- through fourth-grade students, and the fifth- through eighth-grade students.<!--<ref name=qanda/> --> As an adult, Wales was sharply critical of the government's treatment of the school, citing the "constant interference and bureaucracy and very sort of snobby inspectors from the state" as a formative influence on his political philosophy.<ref name="qanda" /> | |||
After eighth grade, Wales attended ],<ref name="Randolph" /><ref>Moore, Rebecca (January 7, 2013). " {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031005206/https://discover.randolphschool.net/blog/k12/2013/01/07/wales |date=October 31, 2018 }}", Randolph School. Retrieved August 12, 2014.</ref><ref>" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416035948/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01dc617 |date=April 16, 2015 }}". BBC Radio 4. March 18, 2012. Retrieved August 12, 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Todd Chambers' answer to what was jimmy wales' high school life like? |url = https://www.quora.com/Pictures-or-it-didnt-happen-what-was-jimmy-wales-high-school-life-like/answer/Todd-Rush-Chambers |publisher = Quora |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = August 10, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220810210538/https://www.quora.com/Pictures-or-it-didnt-happen-what-was-jimmy-wales-high-school-life-like/answer/Todd-Rush-Chambers |url-status = live }}</ref> a university-preparatory school in Huntsville, graduating at sixteen.<ref name="trend" /> He said that the school was expensive for his family, but that "education was always a passion in my household ... you know, the very traditional approach to knowledge and learning and establishing that as a base for a good life."<ref name="qanda" /> He received his bachelor's degree in finance from ] in 1986. He began his Auburn education when he was 16 years old.<ref name="eofa" /> He then entered the PhD finance program at the ] before leaving with a master's degree to enter the PhD finance program at ].<ref name="reasonmag" /><ref name="qanda" /><ref name="trend" /> At the University of Alabama, he played Internet fantasy games and developed his interest in the web.<ref name="eofa" /> He taught at both universities during his postgraduate studies but did not write the doctoral dissertation required for a PhD, something he ascribed to ].<ref name="reasonmag" /><ref name="qanda" /> | |||
== Career == | |||
=== Chicago Options Associates and Bomis === | |||
] photographed in summer 2000. Wales is third from the left in the back row, with Christine Rohan.]] | |||
In 1994, Wales took a job with ], a ] and ] trading firm in Chicago, Illinois.<ref name=qanda/><ref name="2.0"/><ref name=knowitall/> Wales has described himself as having been addicted to the Internet from an early stage, writing computer code during his leisure time. During his studies in Alabama, he had become an obsessive player of ] (MUDs)—a type of virtual ]—and thereby experienced the potential of computer networks to foster large-scale collaborative projects.<ref name=trend/><ref name="am 2006 p93" /> | |||
Inspired by the successful ] of ] in 1995, and having accumulated capital through "speculating on interest-rate and foreign-currency fluctuations",<ref name=bookstopshere/> Wales decided to leave the realm of financial trading and became an Internet entrepreneur.<ref name=trend/> In 1996, he and two partners founded ],<ref name=bookstopshere/><ref name="am 2006 p88"/> a web portal featuring ] ]s and, for a time, erotic photographs.<ref name=accessforall/> Wales described it as a "guy-oriented search engine" with a market similar to that of '']'' magazine;<ref name=reasonmag/><ref name=qanda/><ref name=wirednews>{{cite magazine |last = Hansen |first = Evan |title = Misplaced Pages Founder Edits Own Bio |magazine = ] |date = December 19, 2005 |url = https://www.wired.com/2005/12/wikipedia-founder-edits-own-bio/ |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = May 30, 2012 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20120530041136/http://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2005/12/69880 |url-status = live }}</ref> the Bomis venture did not ultimately turn out to be successful.<ref name=bookstopshere/><ref name=reasonmag/><ref name=roy/> | |||
=== Nupedia and the origins of Misplaced Pages === | |||
{{Main|Nupedia}} | |||
]'s logo]] | |||
Though Bomis had at the time struggled to make money, it provided Wales with the funding to pursue his greater passion, an online encyclopedia.<ref name=reasonmag/> While moderating an online discussion group devoted to the philosophy of ] in the early 1990s, Wales had encountered ], a skeptic of the philosophy.<ref name="Economist2008" /> The two had engaged in detailed debate on the subject on Wales' list and then on Sanger's, eventually meeting offline to continue the debate and becoming friends.<ref name="Economist2008"/> Years later, after deciding to pursue his encyclopedia project and seeking a credentialed academic to lead it,<ref name="am 2006 p93" /> Wales hired Sanger—who at that time was a doctoral student in philosophy at ]—to be its ], and in March 2000, Nupedia ("the 💕"), a ]ed, ] encyclopedia, was launched.<ref name=reasonmag/><ref name=qanda/> The intent behind Nupedia was to have expert-written entries on a variety of topics and to sell advertising alongside the entries to make a profit.<ref name="Economist2008"/> The project was characterized by an extensive peer-review process designed to make its articles of a quality comparable to that of professional encyclopedias.<ref name="Liane Gouthro" /> | |||
{{blockquote|quote=The idea was to have thousands of volunteers writing articles for an online encyclopedia in all languages. Initially, we found ourselves organizing the work in a very top-down, structured, academic, old-fashioned way. It was no fun for the volunteer writers because we had a lot of academic peer review committees who would criticize articles and give feedback. It was like handing in an essay at grad school, and basically intimidating to participate in.|||sign=Jimmy Wales on the Nupedia project '']'', January 31, 2007<ref name=NEWSCMARKS />}} | |||
In an October 2009 speech, Wales recollected attempting to write a Nupedia article on Nobel Prize-winning economist ], but being too intimidated to submit his first draft to the prestigious finance professors who were to peer review it. Wales characterized this as the moment he realized that the Nupedia model was not going to work.<ref name="YaleLecture">{{cite web |date = October 7, 2009 |title = The Future of Free Culture: Jimmy Wales, Founder of Misplaced Pages |url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X9Vu69Ajtlk |archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/X9Vu69Ajtlk |archive-date = December 21, 2021 |url-status = live |author = Yale University |via=YouTube |access-date = August 18, 2011 |time = 43:19 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> | |||
In January 2001, Sanger was introduced to the concept of a ] by ] enthusiast ] after explaining to Kovitz the slow pace of growth Nupedia endured as a result of its onerous submission process.<ref name="am 2006 p91" /> Kovitz suggested that adopting the wiki model would allow editors to contribute simultaneously and incrementally throughout the project, thus breaking Nupedia's bottleneck.<ref name="am 2006 p91" /> Sanger was excited about the idea, and after he proposed it to Wales, they created the first Nupedia wiki on January 10, 2001.<ref name="am 2006 p91" /> The wiki was initially intended as a collaborative project for the public to write articles that would then be reviewed for publication by Nupedia's expert volunteers. The majority of Nupedia's experts, however, wanted nothing to do with this project, fearing that mixing amateur content with professionally researched and edited material would compromise the integrity of Nupedia's information and damage the credibility of the encyclopedia.<ref name=signon/> Despite this the wiki project, dubbed "]" by Sanger,<ref name="Brian Bergstein" /> went live at a separate ] five days after its creation.<ref name=knowitall/><ref name=roy/> | |||
===Misplaced Pages=== | |||
{{Main|History of Misplaced Pages}} | |||
{{external media|width=210px|headerimage=]|float=right | |||
|video1 =, ], 2005<ref name="TED">{{cite web |title = Jimmy Wales: The birth of Misplaced Pages |publisher = ] |date = July 2005 |url = https://www.ted.com/talks/jimmy_wales_on_the_birth_of_wikipedia#t-650375 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |last1 = Wales |first1 = Jimmy |archive-date = May 7, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190507124958/https://www.ted.com/talks/jimmy_wales_on_the_birth_of_wikipedia#t-650375 |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
|video2 =, ], 2005<ref name="qanda"/> | |||
|video3=, ], 2015<ref name="Maas">{{cite web |title = Lecture Jimmy Wales: Understanding failure as a route to success |publisher = ] on YouTube |date = January 2015 |url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8pKIi3LuUBg |access-date = December 26, 2017 |via = YouTube |archive-date = August 10, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220810210612/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8pKIi3LuUBg |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
|video4=, '']'', 2023<ref name="LFP Wales">{{cite web |title=Jimmy Wales: Misplaced Pages - Lex Fridman Podcast #385 | date=June 18, 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=diJp4zoQPqo |via=YouTube |publisher=] |access-date=September 2, 2023 |archive-date=August 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811144408/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=diJp4zoQPqo |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
}} | |||
Originally, Bomis planned to make Misplaced Pages a profitable business.<ref name="Seth Finkelstein" /> Sanger initially saw Misplaced Pages primarily as a tool to aid Nupedia development. Wales feared that, at worst, it might produce "complete rubbish".<ref name="knowitall" /> To the surprise of Sanger and Wales, within a few days of launching, the number of articles on Misplaced Pages had outgrown that of ], and a small collective of editors had formed.<ref name="2.0" /><ref name="am 2006 p93" /> It was Jimmy Wales, along with other people, who came up with the broader idea of an open-source, collaborative encyclopedia that would accept contributions from ordinary people.<ref name="Sanger2005">{{cite book |last = Sanger |first = Larry |editor1-last = DiBona |editor1-first = Chris |editor2-last = Cooper |editor2-first = Danese |editor3-last = Stone |editor3-first = Mark |chapter = The Early History of Nupedia and Misplaced Pages: A Memoir |title = Open Sources 2.0: The Continuing Evolution |chapter-url = {{GBurl|id=q9GnNrq3e5EC|p=312}} |date = November 1, 2005 |publisher = O'Reilly Media, Inc. |isbn = 978-0-596-00802-4 |page = |quote = To be clear, the idea of an open source, collaborative/encyclopedia, open to contribution by ordinary people, was entirely Jimmy's, not mine, and the funding was entirely by Bomis. I was merely a grateful employee; I thought I was very lucky to have a job like that land in my lap. Of course, other people had had the idea... |url = https://archive.org/details/opensources20con0000unse/page/312 }}</ref> Initially, neither Sanger nor Wales knew what to expect from the Misplaced Pages initiative.<ref name=knowitall/><ref name="am 2006 p93" /> Many of the early contributors to the site were familiar with the model of the ], and, like Wales, many of them sympathized with the ].<ref name=signon/> | |||
Wales has said that he was initially so worried about the concept of open editing, where anyone can edit the encyclopedia, that he would awaken during the night and monitor what was being added.<ref name="utopia" /><ref>{{cite book |last1 = Tapscott |first1 = Don |last2 = Anthony D. |title = Wikinomics |page = 71 |year = 2008 |publisher = Penguin Group |isbn = 978-1-59184-231-6 |oclc = 263665459 }}</ref> Nonetheless, the cadre of early editors helped create a robust, self-regulating community that has proven conducive to the growth of the project.<ref name=reasonmag/> In a talk at ] in 2016, he recalled that he wrote the first words on Misplaced Pages: "]", a phrase computer programmers often use to test new software.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.businessinsider.com/wikipedias-first-words-hello-world-2016-3 |title = The first words on Misplaced Pages were a nerdy programmer in-joke |website = Business Insider |date = March 13, 2016 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |last = Carson |first= Biz |archive-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171226182140/http://www.businessinsider.com/wikipedias-first-words-hello-world-2016-3 |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
Sanger developed Misplaced Pages in its early phase and guided the project.<ref name="Brian Bergstein" /><ref name="Michael Singer" /> The broader idea he originally ascribes to other people, remarking in a 2005 memoir for '']'' that "the idea of an open-source, collaborative encyclopedia, open to contribution by ordinary people, was entirely Jimmy's, not mine, and the funding was entirely by Bomis. Of course, other people had had the idea", adding, "the actual development of this encyclopedia was the task he gave me to work on."<ref name=slashdot/> Sanger worked on and promoted both the Nupedia and Misplaced Pages projects until Bomis discontinued funding for his position in February 2002;<ref name=whyitmatters/> Sanger resigned as editor-in-chief of Nupedia and as "chief organizer" of Misplaced Pages on March{{nbsp}}1 of that year.<ref name=resignation/><ref name=digitaluniverse/> Early on, Bomis supplied the financial backing for Misplaced Pages,<ref name="Michael Singer" /><ref name=seattle/> and entertained the notion of placing advertisements on Misplaced Pages before costs were reduced with Sanger's departure and plans for a non-profit foundation were advanced instead.<ref name="Seth Finkelstein" /> | |||
====Controversy regarding Wales's status as co-founder==== | |||
{{Further|History of Misplaced Pages#Early roles of Wales and Sanger}} | |||
] at ], taken from her program ''Geek Entertainment TV''<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.geekentertainment.tv/2006/03/24/sxsw2006-jimmy-wales-uber-wikipedian/ |title = SXSW2006: Jimmy Wales, Uber Wikipedian |last1 = Slutsky |first1 = Irina |author-link1 = Irina Slutsky |last2 = Codel |first2 = Eddie |date = March 24, 2006 |publisher = Geek Entertainment TV |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121222041408/http://www.geekentertainment.tv/2006/03/24/sxsw2006-jimmy-wales-uber-wikipedian/ |archive-date = December 22, 2012 |url-status = dead }}</ref>]] | |||
Wales has said that he is the sole founder of Misplaced Pages,<ref name="Parmy Olson" /> and has publicly disputed Sanger's designation as a co-founder. Sanger and Wales were identified as co-founders at least as early as September 2001 by '']'' and as founders in Misplaced Pages's first press release in January 2002.<ref name="sanger-NYTimes" /><ref name="Misplaced Pages Press Release of 2002" /> In August of that year, Wales identified himself as "co-founder" of Misplaced Pages.<ref name="Yahoo!" /> Sanger assembled on his personal webpage an assortment of links that appear to confirm the status of Sanger and Wales as co-founders.<ref name="Brian Bergstein" /><ref name="SangerLinks" /> For example, Sanger and Wales are historically cited or described in early news citations and press releases as co-founders.<ref name="Brian Bergstein" /> Wales was quoted by '']'' as calling Sanger's statement "preposterous" in February 2006,<ref name="David Mehegan" /> and called "the whole debate" "silly" in an April 2009 interview.<ref name="William Paoletto" /> In 2013, Wales told ''The New York Times'' that the dispute is "the dumbest controversy in the history of the world".<ref>{{Cite news |last = Spence |first = Madeleine |date = August 1, 2021 |title = Larry Sanger: 'I wouldn't trust Misplaced Pages — and I helped to invent it' |newspaper = ] |url = https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/larry-sanger-i-wouldnt-trust-wikipedia-and-i-helped-to-invent-it-cflrhmdhx |access-date = August 1, 2021 |issn = 0140-0460 |archive-date = August 1, 2021 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20210801095207/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/larry-sanger-i-wouldnt-trust-wikipedia-and-i-helped-to-invent-it-cflrhmdhx |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
In late 2005, Wales edited his biographical entry on the ]. Writer ] drew attention to ] showing that in his edits to the page, Wales had removed references to Sanger as the co-founder of Misplaced Pages.<ref name=cadenhead/><ref name="Dan Mitchell" /> Sanger commented that "having seen edits like this, it does seem that Jimmy is attempting to rewrite history. But this is a futile process because, in our brave new world of transparent activity and maximum communication, the truth will out."<ref name=wirednews /><ref name="Rhys Blakely" /> Wales was also observed to have modified references to ] in a way that was characterized as downplaying the sexual nature of some of his former company's products.<ref name=knowitall/><ref name=wirednews/> Though Wales argued that his modifications were solely intended to improve the accuracy of the content,<ref name=wirednews/> he apologized for editing his biography, a practice generally discouraged on Misplaced Pages.<ref name="wirednews" /><ref name="Rhys Blakely" /> | |||
==== Role ==== | |||
In a 2004 interview with ''Slashdot'', Wales outlined his vision for Misplaced Pages: "Imagine a world in which every single person on the planet is given free access to the sum of all human knowledge. That's what we're doing."<ref name=roblimo /> Although his formal designation is board member and chairman emeritus of the Wikimedia Foundation, Wales's ] within the Misplaced Pages community has accorded him a status that has been characterized as ], ] and ].<ref name=wikipedia@nyt/><ref name=wikiworld/><ref name=egypt/> In two interviews with '']'' in 2014, Wales elaborated on his role on Misplaced Pages. In the first interview, he said that while he "has always rejected" the term "benevolent dictator", he does refer to himself as the "constitutional monarch". In the second, he elaborated on his "constitutional monarch" designation, saying that, like ] ], he has no real power.<ref name=Garside-2014-08-03/><ref>{{cite news |last = Cadwalladr |first = Carole |url = https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/feb/07/jimmy-wales-wikipedia-interview |title = Misplaced Pages's Jimmy Wales: 'It's true, I'm not a billionaire. So?' – interview |newspaper = ] |date = February 7, 2014 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = May 18, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190518034803/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/feb/07/jimmy-wales-wikipedia-interview |url-status = live }}</ref> He was also the closest the project had to a spokesperson in its early years.<ref name="Economist2008" /> The growth and prominence of Misplaced Pages made Wales an ].<ref name=arendse /> Although he had never traveled outside North America before the site's founding, his participation in the Misplaced Pages project has seen him flying internationally on a near-constant basis as its public face.<ref name="Economist2008" /><ref name=karasz /> | |||
When Larry Sanger left Misplaced Pages, Wales's approach was different from Sanger's.<ref name=Anderson2011/> Wales was fairly hands-off.<ref name=Anderson2011>{{cite book |last = Anderson |first = Jennifer Joline |page = 76 |title = Misplaced Pages: The Company and Its Founders |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3Ql0ic5dTmgC&pg=PA76 |edition = 1st |publisher = Abdo Group |year = 2011 |isbn = 978-1-61714-812-5 |access-date = February 24, 2016 |archive-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230216014625/https://books.google.com/books?id=3Ql0ic5dTmgC&pg=PA76 |url-status = live }}</ref> Despite involvement in other projects, Wales has denied intending to reduce his role within Misplaced Pages, telling ''The New York Times'' in 2008 that "Dialing down is not an option for me ... Not to be too dramatic about it, but, 'to create and distribute a 💕 of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language,' that's who I am. That's what I am doing. That's my life goal."<ref name=wikiworld/> In May 2010, the BBC reported that Wales had relinquished many of his technical privileges on ] (a Misplaced Pages sister project that hosts much of its multimedia content) after criticism by the project's volunteer community over what they saw as Wales's hasty and undemocratic approach to deleting sexually explicit images he believed "appeal solely to prurient interests".<ref name=bbc2010/> | |||
=== Wikimedia Foundation === | |||
] Board of Trustees at ]]] | |||
In mid-2003, Wales set up the ] (WMF), a non-profit organization founded in ], and later headquartered in San Francisco, California.<ref name=BBCTech/><ref name=cadelago/> All intellectual property rights and domain names about Misplaced Pages were moved to the new foundation,<ref name=telegraph/> whose purpose is to support the encyclopedia and its sister projects.<ref name="am 2006 p93" /> Wales has been a member of the Wikimedia Foundation's ] since it was formed and was its official chairman from 2003 through 2006.<ref name=WMFD/> Since 2006 he has been accorded the honorary title of chairman ] and holds the board-appointed "]" that was installed in 2008.<ref name=terdiman/><ref>{{Cite web |url = https://wikimediafoundation.org/Bylaws#ARTICLE_IV_-_THE_BOARD_OF_TRUSTEES |title = Wikimedia Foundation Bylaws |publisher= Wikimedia Foundation |date = August 5, 2008 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |quote = (F) Community Founder Trustee Position. The Board may appoint Jimmy Wales as Community Founder Trustee for a three-year term. The Board may reappoint Wales as Community Founder Trustee for successive three-year terms (without a term limit). In the event that Wales is not appointed as Community Founder Trustee, the position will remain vacant, and the Board shall not fill the vacancy. |archive-date = February 25, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170225172741/https://wikimediafoundation.org/Bylaws#ARTICLE_IV_-_THE_BOARD_OF_TRUSTEES |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url = https://wikimediafoundation.org/Board_of_Trustees#Structure |title = Board of Trustees |publisher= Wikimedia Foundation |access-date = December 26, 2017 |quote = Since 2008, the Board has seats for ten Trustees: one founder's seat (reserved for Jimmy Wales); two seats selected by the Wikimedia chapters and thematic organizations; three seats nominated by the Wikimedia community; and four seats appointed by the rest of the Board |archive-date = August 19, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170819202216/https://wikimediafoundation.org/Board_of_Trustees#Structure |url-status = live }}</ref> His work for the foundation, including his appearances to promote it at computer and educational conferences, has always been unpaid.<ref name=accessforall/> Wales has often joked that donating Misplaced Pages to the foundation was both the "dumbest and the smartest" thing he had done. On one hand, he estimated that Misplaced Pages was worth {{US$|3}}{{nbsp}}billion but on the other hand, he weighed his belief that the donation made its success possible.<ref name=NEWSCMARKS/><ref name=telegraph/><ref name=dw-world/><ref name=ioltechnology/> In 2020, Wales said that "I view my role as being very much like the ]: no real power, but the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn."<ref name=":1">{{Cite magazine |last = Garfield |first = Simon |date = October 20, 2020 |title = What We Know And Can Agree On: Misplaced Pages At 20 |url = https://www.esquire.com/uk/culture/a34412278/wikipedia-at-20/ |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201020200836/https://www.esquire.com/uk/culture/a34412278/wikipedia-at-20/ |archive-date = October 20, 2020 |access-date = February 16, 2021 |magazine = ]}}</ref> | |||
Wales's association with the foundation has led to controversy. In March 2008, Wales was accused by former Wikimedia Foundation employee Danny Wool of misusing the foundation's funds for recreational purposes.<ref name=moses/> Wool also stated that Wales had his Wikimedia credit card taken away in part because of his spending habits, a statement Wales denied.<ref name=moses/> Then-chairperson of the foundation ] and former foundation interim Executive Director Brad Patrick denied any wrongdoing by Wales or the foundation, saying that Wales accounted for every expense and that, for items for which he lacked receipts, he paid out of his pocket; in private, Devouard upbraided Wales for "constantly trying to rewrite the past".<ref name=ryan/> | |||
Later in March 2008, former ] ] Jeff Merkey said that Wales had edited Merkey's Misplaced Pages entry to make it more favorable in return for donations to the Wikimedia Foundation, an allegation Wales dismissed as "nonsense".<ref name="Moses2" /><ref name=bbcpaidediting/> In early 2016, Misplaced Pages editors perceived the WMF's ] project as a ] for Wales, whose business Wikia might benefit from having the WMF spend a lot of money on research in respect to search.<ref name=Mullin2016/> Wikia attempted to develop a search engine but it was closed in 2009.<ref name=Mullin2016>{{cite news |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160301082152/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/02/head-of-wikimedia-foundation-resigns-as-tensions-with-editors-mount/ |archive-date = March 1, 2016 |url = https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/02/head-of-wikimedia-foundation-resigns-as-tensions-with-editors-mount/ |title = Wikimedia Foundation director resigns after uproar over "Knowledge Engine" |last = Mullin |first = Joe |date = February 29, 2016 |website = ] |url-status = dead }}</ref> | |||
=== Wikia and later pursuits === | |||
In 2004, Wales and then-fellow member of the ] Board of Trustees Angela Beesley founded the for-profit company ].<ref name="2.0" /> Wikia is a ]{{mdash}}a collection of individual wikis on different subjects, all hosted on the same website. It hosts some of the largest wikis outside Misplaced Pages, including ] (devoted to '']'') and ] ('']'').<ref name=bjortomt/> Another service offered by Wikia was ], an open source search engine intended to challenge Google and introduce transparency and public dialogue about how it is created into the search engine's operations,<ref name="fastcompany" /> but the project was abandoned in March 2009.<ref name=updateonwikia/> Wales stepped down as Wikia CEO to be replaced by ] ], a former vice president and general manager at ], on June{{nbsp}}5, 2006.<ref name="CEO" /> Penchina declared Wikia to have reached profitability in September 2009.<ref name=lavallee/> In addition to his role at Wikia, Wales is a public speaker represented by the Harry Walker Agency.<ref name=harrywalker/><ref name=harrywalkerbio/> He has also participated in a ] campaign for the Swiss watchmaker ].<ref>{{cite news |last = Rębała |first = Monika |title = Król Encyklopedii |url = http://www.newsweek.pl/artykuly/krol-encyklopedii,70199,2 |access-date = July 5, 2011 |newspaper = Newsweek Polska |date = January 8, 2011 |language = pl |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110806081758/http://www.newsweek.pl/artykuly/krol-encyklopedii%2C70199%2C2 |archive-date = August 6, 2011 |url-status = dead }}</ref> | |||
On November 4, 2011, Wales delivered an hour-long address at ] in the United Kingdom to launch the 2011 Free Thinking Festival on ].<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124072626/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b016kgfd |date=November 24, 2020 }}, on ] November 4, 2011.</ref> His speech, which was entitled "The Future of the Internet", was largely devoted to Misplaced Pages. Twenty days later, on November 24, Wales appeared on the British topical debate television program '']''.<ref>{{cite news |title = This week's panel |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/question_time/9645839.stm |access-date = December 26, 2017 |work = ] |date = November 23, 2011 |archive-date = August 10, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220810210649/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/question_time/9645839.stm |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
In May 2012, it was reported that Wales was advising the UK government on how to make taxpayer-funded academic research available on the internet at no cost.<ref name="Advisor">{{cite news |title = Misplaced Pages founder to help in government's research scheme |last = Jha |first = Alok |url = https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/may/01/wikipedia-research-jimmy-wales-online |newspaper = The Guardian |date = May 1, 2012 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = January 14, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180114184428/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/may/01/wikipedia-research-jimmy-wales-online |url-status = live }}</ref> His role reportedly involved working as "an unpaid advisor on crowdsourcing and opening up policymaking", and advising the ] and the UK research councils on distributing research.<ref name="Advisor" /> | |||
In January 2014, it was announced that Wales had joined ] as co-chair of the mobile phone network.<ref name="telegraphJan14">{{cite news |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/jimmy-wales/10583554/Wikipedia-founder-Jimmy-Wales-backs-viral-mobile-network-The-Peoples-Operator.html |archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/jimmy-wales/10583554/Wikipedia-founder-Jimmy-Wales-backs-viral-mobile-network-The-Peoples-Operator.html |archive-date = January 11, 2022 |url-access = subscription |url-status = live |title = Misplaced Pages founder Jimmy Wales backs 'viral mobile network' The People's Operator |newspaper = ] |date = January 20, 2014 |access-date = December 26, 2017 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> On March 21, 2014, Wales spoke on a panel at a ] University conference held at ], along with ], Saudi Arabian women's rights activist ] and ] student ].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.cgiu.org/meetings/2014/agenda.asp?day=1 |title = CGI U 2014 Meeting Agenda |publisher = Clinton Global Initiative |date = March 21, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140323194545/http://www.cgiu.org/meetings/2014/agenda.asp?day=1 |archive-date = March 23, 2014 |access-date = March 23, 2014 |url-status = dead }}</ref> The topic of discussion was "the age of participation" and the ability of an increasingly large number of citizens to "express their own opinions, pursue their own educations, and launch their own enterprises." Wales exhorted young people to use social media to try to bring about societal change, and compared government suppression of the Internet to a human rights violation.<ref>{{cite news |last = Mak |first = Tim |url = http://washingtonexaminer.com/bill-clinton-defends-american-control-of-internet-domain-name-system/article/2546105 |title = Bill Clinton defends American control of Internet domain name system |newspaper = ] |date = March 22, 2014 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = July 25, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180725184045/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/bill-clinton-defends-american-control-of-internet-domain-name-system/article/2546105 |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
On May 26, 2014, Google appointed Wales to serve on a seven-member committee on privacy in response to '']'', which led to Google's being inundated with requests to remove websites from their search results. Wales said he wanted the committee to be viewed as "a ]" by lawmakers and for the committee to advise the lawmakers as well as Google.<ref>{{cite news |last = Fleischer |first = Lisa |url = https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2014/05/30/google-taps-wikipedias-wales-to-help-weigh-right-to-be-forgotten/ |title = Google Taps Misplaced Pages's Wales to Help Weigh "Right to Be Forgotten" |newspaper = ] |date = May 30, 2014 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = July 9, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170709234808/https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2014/05/30/google-taps-wikipedias-wales-to-help-weigh-right-to-be-forgotten/ |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
In 2017, Wales announced that he was launching an online publication called ], to fight fake news through a combination of professional journalists and volunteer contributors. Wales described it as "news by the people and for the people", and that it will be the "first time that professional journalists and citizen journalists will work side-by-side as equals writing stories as they happen, editing them live as they develop, and at all times backed by a community checking and rechecking all facts".<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/apr/25/wikipedia-founder-jimmy-wales-to-fight-fake-news-with-new-wikitribune-site |last = Hern |first = Alex |title = Misplaced Pages co-founder launches Wikitribune to eradicate fake news |newspaper = The Guardian |date = April 25, 2017 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = May 20, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170520003528/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/apr/25/wikipedia-founder-jimmy-wales-to-fight-fake-news-with-new-wikitribune-site |url-status = live }}</ref> In October 2019, Wales launched an ad-free social network, ].<ref>{{cite news |title = Misplaced Pages co-founder Jimmy Wales launches Twitter and Facebook rival |url = https://www.ft.com/content/9956ff9c-0622-11ea-a984-fbbacad9e7dd |access-date = November 16, 2019 |newspaper = ] |archive-date = November 17, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191117081307/https://www.ft.com/content/9956ff9c-0622-11ea-a984-fbbacad9e7dd |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title = Want an Ad-Free Social Network? Misplaced Pages's Co-Founder Made One |url = https://uk.pcmag.com/mastodon/123604/want-an-ad-free-social-network-wikipedias-co-founder-made-one |access-date = November 16, 2019 |magazine = ] |date = November 15, 2019 |archive-date = November 16, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191116010503/https://uk.pcmag.com/mastodon/123604/want-an-ad-free-social-network-wikipedias-co-founder-made-one |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
The Jimmy Wales Foundation for Freedom of Expression is a UK-based charity established by Wales to fight against ] in the field of ].<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Smith |first1 = Charlie |date = September 4, 2015 |title = Jimmy Wales on Censorship in China |website = HuffPost |url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/charlie-smith/jimmy-wales-on-censorship_b_8087400.html |access-date = March 8, 2017 |archive-date = March 22, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190322084555/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/charlie-smith/jimmy-wales-on-censorship_b_8087400.html |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="jpost">{{cite news |title = Jimmy Wales wants Misplaced Pages to change the world, again |work = The Jerusalem Post |url = http://www.jpost.com/Business-and-Innovation/Tech/Jimmy-Wales-wants-Misplaced Pages-to-change-the-world-again-403592 |access-date = March 8, 2017 |archive-date = October 12, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191012102843/https://www.jpost.com/Business-and-Innovation/Tech/Jimmy-Wales-wants-Misplaced Pages-to-change-the-world-again-403592 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date = October 21, 2016 |title = Misplaced Pages founder joins worldwide chorus in support of Zunar |work = Free Malaysia Today |url = http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2016/10/21/wikipedia-founder-joins-worldwide-chorus-in-support-of-zunar/ |access-date = March 8, 2017 |archive-date = August 11, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170811103736/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2016/10/21/wikipedia-founder-joins-worldwide-chorus-in-support-of-zunar/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> Wales founded the charity after receiving a prize from the leader of ], which he felt he could not accept given the strict censorship laws there, but claims he was not allowed to give back.<ref name="jpost" /> As of 2016, the charity's CEO is Orit Kopel.<ref>{{Cite news |last1 = Wales |first1 = Jimmy |last2 = Kopel |first2 = Orit |date = March 16, 2016 |title = Jimmy Wales: 'The world needs to ask: #whereisBassel?' |newspaper = The Guardian |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/shortcuts/2016/mar/16/jimmy-wales-the-world-needs-to-ask-whereisbassel |access-date = August 11, 2017 |issn = 0261-3077 |archive-date = September 18, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190918020326/https://www.theguardian.com/world/shortcuts/2016/mar/16/jimmy-wales-the-world-needs-to-ask-whereisbassel |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
== Political and economic views == | |||
=== Personal philosophy === | |||
] board meeting in June 2008]] | |||
Wales has previously referred to himself as an ],<ref name="fastcompany"/> referring to the philosophy of writer ] in the mid-20th century that emphasizes ], ], and ]. Wales first encountered the philosophy through reading Rand's novel '']'' during his undergraduate period<ref name=qanda/> and, in 1992, founded an electronic mailing list devoted to "Moderated Discussion of Objectivist Philosophy".<ref name="Economist2008"/><ref name=lrb/> Though he has stated that the philosophy "colours everything I do and think",<ref name="Economist2008"/> he has said, "I think I do a better job—than a lot of people who self-identify as Objectivists—of not pushing my point of view on other people."<ref name=zenmonkeys/> | |||
] Global Conferences'', ]]] | |||
When asked by ] about Rand's influence on him in his appearance on ]'s '']'' in September 2005, Wales cited ] and "the virtue of independence" as personally important. When asked if he could trace "the Ayn Rand connection" to a personal political philosophy at the time of the interview, Wales labeled himself a ], qualifying his remark by referring to the ] as "lunatics", and citing "freedom, liberty, basically individual rights, that idea of dealing with other people in a manner that is not initiating force against them" as his guiding principles.<ref name=qanda/> In a 2014 tweet, he expressed support for ].<ref>{{cite tweet|user=jimmy_wales|number=429505544265560064|access-date=December 29, 2023|date=February 1, 2014|title=I believe in the elimination of borders and free commerce as a route to peace. Barriers necessarily imply violence.}}</ref> | |||
An interview with Wales served as the cover feature of the June 2007 issue of the libertarian magazine '']''.<ref name=reasonmag/> In that profile, he described his political views as "center-right".<ref name="reasonmag" /> In a 2011 interview with '']'', he expressed sympathy with the ] and ] protesters, saying, "You don't have to be a ] to say it's not right to take money from everybody and give it to a few rich people. That's not free enterprise."<ref>{{cite news |last = Dugan |first = Emily |url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/jimmy-wales-the-internets-shy-evangelist-2374679.html |archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220609/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/jimmy-wales-the-internets-shy-evangelist-2374679.html |archive-date = June 9, 2022 |url-access = subscription |url-status = live |date = October 23, 2011 |title = Jimmy Wales: The internet's shy evangelist |newspaper = The Independent |access-date = December 26, 2017 }}</ref> ] in '']'' has described Wales as a "] sympathizer".<ref name="telegraphwhydidedmiliband">], " {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929000430/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/general-election-2015/politics-blog/11607869/Why-did-Ed-Miliband-refuse-the-help-of-Jimmy-Wales.html |date=September 29, 2018 }}", '']'' (London), May 15, 2015. Retrieved December 26, 2017.</ref> In 2015, he offered to help ] with the Labour Party's social media strategy, but Miliband turned him down.<ref name="telegraphwhydidedmiliband" /> In 2015, Wales signed up as the committee chair for Democrat ]'s ].<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/08/17/jimbo_wikipedia_wales_leads_lawrence_lessigs_presidential_push/ |title = Jimbo 'Misplaced Pages' Wales leads Lawrence Lessig's presidential push |website = The Register |date = August 17, 2015 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |author = Sharwood, Simon |archive-date = October 23, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171023133138/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/08/17/jimbo_wikipedia_wales_leads_lawrence_lessigs_presidential_push/ |url-status = live }}</ref> In 2016, Wales and eleven other business leaders signed on to an open letter to American voters urging them not to vote for ] in that year's ].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/news/2016/10/07/why-joseph-kopser-11-other-national-business.html |title = Why Joseph Kopser, 11 other national business leaders oppose Donald Trump |work = Austin Business Journal |date = October 7, 2016 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |author = Barr, Greg |archive-date = May 6, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170506100527/http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/news/2016/10/07/why-joseph-kopser-11-other-national-business.html |url-status = live }}</ref> In May 2017, Wales said on ] that he is a centrist and a ], and believes "that slow step-by-step change is better and more sustainable and allows us to test new things with a minimum of difficult disruption in society."<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.quora.com/Where-is-Jimmy-Wales-on-the-political-compass |title = Where is Jimmy Wales on the political compass? |publisher = Quora | access-date = September 2, 2018 |archive-date = August 10, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220810210625/https://www.quora.com/Where-is-Jimmy-Wales-on-the-political-compass |url-status = live }}</ref> In May 2022, Wales said that he did not identify with any particular political label.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last = Mangu-Ward |first = Katherine |date = April 28, 2022 |title = Misplaced Pages's Jimmy Wales Has Already Solved the Internet's Problems |url = https://reason.com/video/2022/04/28/wikipedias-jimmy-wales-has-already-solved-the-internets-problems/ |access-date = May 7, 2022 |magazine = ] |archive-date = May 6, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220506225342/https://reason.com/video/2022/04/28/wikipedias-jimmy-wales-has-already-solved-the-internets-problems/ |url-status = live }}</ref> In May 2024, in the run-up to the ], he was a joint signatory of a public letter of support for the UK Labour Party.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/05/28/uk-election-wikipedias-jimmy-wales-and-business-leaders-back-labour.html|title=More than 100 business leaders including Misplaced Pages's Jimmy Wales sign open letter backing Britain's center-left opposition|first=Jenni|last=Reid|date=May 28, 2024|website=CNBC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckvv8qwl4y4o|title=General election: 121 business chiefs sign letter backing Labour|date=May 27, 2024|website=BBC News}}</ref> | |||
=== Development and management of Misplaced Pages === | |||
]]] | |||
Wales cites ] economist ]'s essay, "]", which he read as an undergraduate,<ref name=knowitall/> as "central" to his thinking about "how to manage the Misplaced Pages project".<ref name=reasonmag/> Hayek argued that ]—that each individual only knows a small fraction of what is known collectively—and that as a result, decisions are best made by those with local knowledge, rather than by a central authority.<ref name=reasonmag/> Wales reconsidered Hayek's essay in the 1990s while reading about the ], which advocated for the collective development and free distribution of ]. He was particularly moved by "]", an essay which was later adapted into a ], by one of the founders of the movement, ], as it "opened eyes to the possibilities of ]."<ref name=knowitall/> | |||
From his background in finance, and working as a futures and options trader, Wales developed an interest in ] and the effect of incentives on human collaborative activity. He identifies this fascination as a significant basis for his developmental work on the Misplaced Pages project.<ref name=humanities/> He has rejected the notion that his role in promoting Misplaced Pages is ], which he defines as "sacrificing your own values for others", and he states that the idea that "participating in a benevolent effort to share information is somehow destroying your own values makes no sense to me".<ref name=karasz/> | |||
{{clearleft}} | |||
=== Testimony before Senate Homeland Security Committee === | |||
On December 11, 2007, Wales testified before the United States Senate ].<ref name="govinfo">{{cite web |title=S. Hrg. 110-894 - E-Government 2.0: Improving Innovation, Collaboration, and Access |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CHRG-110shrg40507/CHRG-110shrg40507 |website=GovInfo.gov |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |access-date=June 28, 2023 |date=December 11, 2007 |archive-date=June 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628215646/https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CHRG-110shrg40507/CHRG-110shrg40507 |url-status=live }}</ref> He also submitted written testimony to the Senate Committee entitled "E-Government 2.0: Improving Innovation, Collaboration and Access".{{r|govinfo|pp=85-90}} | |||
=== European Court of Justice Google ruling === | |||
On May 14, 2014, Wales strongly reacted to the ] (ECJ)'s ruling on the ]. He stated to the BBC that the ruling was "one of the most wide-sweeping internet censorship rulings that I've ever seen".<ref>{{cite news |last = Lee |first = Dave |url = https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-27407017 |title = Google ruling 'astonishing', says Misplaced Pages founder Wales |agency = BBC News |date = May 14, 2014 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = September 13, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170913132334/http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-27407017 |url-status = live }}</ref> In early June 2014, the ''TechCrunch'' media outlet interviewed Wales on the subject, as he had been invited by Google to join an advisory committee that the corporation had formed as an addition to the formal process that the ECJ requested from Google to manage such requests.<ref name="Nat">{{cite news |last = Lomas |first = Natasha |title = Jimmy Wales Blasts Europe's "Right To Be Forgotten" Ruling As A "Terrible Danger" |url = https://techcrunch.com/2014/06/07/wales-on-right-to-be-forgotten/?ncid=tcdaily |newspaper = TechCrunch |publisher = AOL Inc |access-date = June 9, 2014 |date = June 8, 2014 |archive-date = June 12, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140612002627/http://techcrunch.com/2014/06/07/wales-on-right-to-be-forgotten/?ncid=tcdaily |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
The May 2014 ECJ ruling required swift action from Google to implement a process that allowed people to directly contact the corporation about the removal of information that they believe is outdated or irrelevant. Google's ] stated that 30 percent of requests received by Google since the ruling was made were categorized as "other". Wales explained in email responses that he was contacted by Google on May 28, 2014, and "The remit of the committee is to hold public hearings and issue recommendations—not just to Google but to legislators and the public."<ref name="Nat"/> When asked about his view on the ECJ's "right to be forgotten" ruling, Wales replied: | |||
{{blockquote|quote=I think the decision will have no impact on people's ], because I don't regard truthful information in court records published by court order in a newspaper to be private information. If anything, the decision is likely to simply muddle the interesting philosophical questions and make it more difficult to make real progress on privacy issues. In the case of truthful, non-defamatory information obtained legally, I think there is no possibility of any defensible "right" to censor what other people are saying. It is important to avoid language like "data" because we aren't talking about "data"—we are talking about the suppression of knowledge.<ref name="Nat" />}} | |||
Wales then provided further explanation, drawing a comparison with Misplaced Pages: "You do not have a right to use the law to prevent Misplaced Pages editors from writing truthful information, nor do you have a right to use the law to prevent Google from publishing truthful information." Wales concluded with an indication of his ideal outcome: "A part of the outcome should be the very strong implementation of a right to free speech in Europe—essentially the language of the First Amendment in the U.S."<ref name="Nat" /> | |||
=== Other issues === | |||
] in ]]] | |||
The January/February 2006 issue of '']'' reported that Wales refused to comply with a request from the ] to ] "politically sensitive" Misplaced Pages articles—other corporate Internet companies, such as Google, ] and ], had already yielded to Chinese government pressure. Wales stated that he would rather see companies such as Google adhere to Misplaced Pages's policy of freedom of information.<ref>Maximum PC, 2006 holiday issue, p. 9, ], {{ISSN|1522-4279}}</ref> In 2010, Wales criticized whistle-blower website ] and its editor-in-chief ], saying that their publication of ] "could be enough to get someone killed"; furthermore, he expressed irritation at their use of the name "]":<ref>{{cite news |last = Reynolds |first = Lindor |url = https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h88Z4oCWBfdZ_KGxXLSowK3RYUNw?docId=CNG.bf57684dba4b5bc4d7503b36b06a8e30.941 |title = Misplaced Pages co-founder slams Wikileaks |agency = Agence France-Presse |access-date = September 28, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101001172837/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h88Z4oCWBfdZ_KGxXLSowK3RYUNw?docId=CNG.bf57684dba4b5bc4d7503b36b06a8e30.941 |archive-date = October 1, 2010 |url-status = dead }}</ref> "What they're doing is not really a wiki. The essence of wiki is a collaborative editing process".<ref>{{cite news |last = Burrell |first = Ian |title = Jimmy Wales: 'It's not about how many pages. It's about how good they are' |url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/jimmy-wales-its-not-about-how-many-pages-its-about-how-good-they-are-2164840.html |archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220609/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/jimmy-wales-its-not-about-how-many-pages-its-about-how-good-they-are-2164840.html |archive-date = June 9, 2022 |url-access = subscription |url-status = live |access-date = April 13, 2019 |newspaper = The Independent |date = December 20, 2010 }}</ref> | |||
In 2012, the ] of the UK was petitioned by Wales regarding his opposition to the extradition of ] to the US.<ref name=Ball>{{cite news |last = Ball |first = James |title = Misplaced Pages's founder calls for Richard O'Dwyer extradition to be stopped |url = https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/jun/24/wikipedia-founder-richard-odwyer-extradition-stopped |newspaper = The Guardian |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = July 10, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170710053531/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/jun/24/wikipedia-founder-richard-odwyer-extradition-stopped |url-status = live }}</ref> After an agreement was reached to avoid the extradition, Wales commented, "This is very exciting news, and I'm pleased to hear it ... What needs to happen next is a serious reconsideration of the U.K. extradition treaty that would allow this sort of nonsense in the first place."<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Davies |first1 = Lizzy |last2 = Ball |first2 = James |last3 = Bowcott |first3 = Owen |title = Misplaced Pages founder hails extradition deal with US and calls for law reform |url = https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/nov/28/wikipedia-extradiction-law-review-odwyer |newspaper = The Guardian |date = November 28, 2012 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171226235422/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/nov/28/wikipedia-extradiction-law-review-odwyer |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
In August 2013, Wales criticized UK Prime Minister ]'s plan for an Internet porn filter, saying that the idea was "ridiculous".<ref name="XBIZ">{{cite news |url = http://www.xbiz.com/news/169017/wikipedia-gives-porn-a-break |publisher = XBIZ |date = September 17, 2013 |first = Lila |last = Gray |title = Misplaced Pages Gives Porn a Break |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = December 27, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171227121852/http://www.xbiz.com/news/169017/wikipedia-gives-porn-a-break |url-status = live }}</ref> In November 2013, Wales also commented on the ], describing ] as "a hero" whom history would judge "very favourably"; additionally, Wales said the US public "would have never approved sweeping surveillance program ", had they been informed or asked about it.<ref>{{cite news |last = Gabbatt |first = Adam |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/25/edward-snowden-nsa-wikipedia-founder |title = Edward Snowden a 'hero' for NSA disclosures, Misplaced Pages founder says |date = November 25, 2013 |newspaper = ] |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = March 29, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140329125030/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/25/edward-snowden-nsa-wikipedia-founder |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
During the ] in 2014, in response to an email from a ] student claiming that Misplaced Pages has a "complete lack of any sort of attempt at neutrality regarding Gamergate", Wales allegedly wrote: "It is very difficult for me to buy into the notion that gamergate is 'really about ethics in journalism' when every single experience I have personally had with it involved pro-gg people insulting, threatening, ], etc." and that the movement "has been permanently tarnished and highjacked by a handful of people who are not what you would hope."<ref>{{Cite web |last = Van Winkle |first = Dan |date = December 19, 2014 |title = Misplaced Pages's Jimmy Wales Not Taking Gamergate's Crap |url = https://www.themarysue.com/jimmy-wales-not-taking-gamergate-crap/ |access-date = February 16, 2021 |website = ] |archive-date = March 3, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210303042151/https://www.themarysue.com/jimmy-wales-not-taking-gamergate-crap/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Wales defended his comments in response to backlash from supporters of Gamergate, saying that "it isn't about what I believe. Gg is famous for harassment. Stop and think about why."<ref>{{Cite web |last = Nissim |first = Mayer |date = December 20, 2014 |title = Jimmy Wales replies to GamerGate criticism |url = http://www.digitalspy.com/videogames/a617618/wikipedias-jimmy-wales-replies-to-gamergate-criticism/ |access-date = July 10, 2022 |publisher = Digital Spy |archive-date = July 10, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220710195142/https://www.digitalspy.com/videogames/a617618/wikipedias-jimmy-wales-replies-to-gamergate-criticism/ |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
In November 2019, Wales accused Twitter of giving preferential treatment to high-profile figures such as Trump and ] for not banning or blocking them for their controversial statements.<ref>{{Cite news |last = Randerson |first = James |date = November 26, 2019 |title = Jimmy Wales: Twitter should ban Trump |url = https://www.politico.eu/article/jimmy-wales-twitter-should-ban-trump/ |access-date = April 19, 2021 |newspaper = Politico |archive-date = April 19, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210419203535/https://www.politico.eu/article/jimmy-wales-twitter-should-ban-trump/ |url-status = live }}</ref> In May 2020, Wales criticized Trump for threatening to regulate social media companies.<ref>{{Cite news |last = Srikanth |first = Chandra R. |date = May 28, 2020 |title = Donald Trump is a lunatic: Misplaced Pages co-founder Jimmy Wales |newspaper = ] |url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/donald-trump-is-a-lunatic-wikipedia-co-founder-jimmy-wales/articleshow/76073253.cms |access-date = August 6, 2021 |archive-date = August 6, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210806232834/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/donald-trump-is-a-lunatic-wikipedia-co-founder-jimmy-wales/articleshow/76073253.cms |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
In September 2021, Wales said that Facebook and Twitter should combat ] and ] on their platforms by deploying volunteer moderators to monitor controversial posts.<ref>{{Cite news |last = Milmo |first = Dan |date = September 23, 2021 |title = Facebook and Twitter 'should use volunteer moderators' says Misplaced Pages founder |url = https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/sep/23/facebook-and-twitter-should-use-volunteer-moderators-says-jimmy-wales |access-date = September 23, 2021 |newspaper = The Guardian |archive-date = September 23, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210923191046/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/sep/23/facebook-and-twitter-should-use-volunteer-moderators-says-jimmy-wales |url-status = live }}</ref> In October 2021, Wales said that "Protecting strong ] is essential for protecting the human rights of millions of people around the world."<ref>{{Cite news |last = Butcher |first = Mike |date = October 21, 2021 |title = Watch Edward Snowden launch Global Encryption Day, live today |url = https://techcrunch.com/2021/10/21/watch-edward-snowden-launch-global-encryption-day-live-today/ |access-date = October 24, 2021 |newspaper = TechCrunch |archive-date = August 10, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220810210704/https://techcrunch.com/2021/10/21/watch-edward-snowden-launch-global-encryption-day-live-today/ |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
In May 2022, in response to ], Wales said that "I think he's got some good and bad ideas, based on his public statements", adding that "On the other hand, Twitter in five years' time could be much better than it is today, or Twitter could be dead in five years' time, depending on the decisions he makes."<ref>{{Cite web |last = Wood |first = Tom |date = May 17, 2022 |title = Misplaced Pages Founder Jimmy Wales Says Twitter 'Could Be Dead In Five Years' Under Elon Musk's Leadership |url = https://www.ladbible.com/news/wikipedia-founder-says-twitter-could-be-dead-in-five-years-20220516 |access-date = May 28, 2022 |publisher = ] |archive-date = May 28, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220528103747/https://www.ladbible.com/news/wikipedia-founder-says-twitter-could-be-dead-in-five-years-20220516 |url-status = live }}</ref> During the ], Wales stated on Misplaced Pages that the consensus in the mainstream media surrounding the ] seemed to have shifted from "this is highly unlikely, and only conspiracy theorists are pushing this narrative" to "this is one of the plausible hypotheses."<ref>{{Cite web |last = Ryan |first = Jackson |date = June 24, 2021 |title = Inside Misplaced Pages's endless war over the coronavirus lab leak theory |url = https://www.cnet.com/features/inside-wikipedias-endless-war-over-the-coronavirus-lab-leak-theory/ |access-date = June 27, 2021 |publisher = CNET |archive-date = June 27, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210627021622/https://www.cnet.com/features/inside-wikipedias-endless-war-over-the-coronavirus-lab-leak-theory/ |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
Wales has visited Israel over ten times. He has said that he is "a strong supporter of Israel". In 2015, he was awarded one of the ], an international award of $1{{nbsp}}million given yearly at ] (10 percent of the prize goes to doctoral students). Wales was chosen for spearheading what the prize committee called the "information revolution."<ref>{{Cite news |last = Sales |first = Ben |title = Misplaced Pages founder Jimmy Wales likes Israel but stays neutral |url = http://www.timesofisrael.com/wikipedia-founder-jimmy-wales-likes-israel-but-stays-neutral/ |access-date = November 21, 2021 |newspaper = ] |archive-date = November 21, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211121032918/https://www.timesofisrael.com/wikipedia-founder-jimmy-wales-likes-israel-but-stays-neutral/ |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
== Personal life == | |||
] | |||
Wales has been married three times. At the age of 20, he married Pamela Green,<ref name=Chozick-2013-06-30>{{cite news |last = Chozick |first = Amy |author-link = Amy Chozick |title = Jimmy Wales Is Not an Internet Billionaire |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/30/magazine/jimmy-wales-is-not-an-internet-billionaire.html |newspaper = ] |date = June 30, 2013 |access-date = October 31, 2018 |archive-date = June 30, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130630200950/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/30/magazine/jimmy-wales-is-not-an-internet-billionaire.html |url-status = live }}</ref> a co-worker at a grocery store in Alabama.<ref name=karasz/> They divorced in 1993.<ref name=eofa/> He met his second wife, Christine Rohan, through a friend in Chicago while she worked as a steel trader for ].<ref name=qanda/><ref name=trend/> They were married in ], in March 1997,<ref>{{cite book |title = Jimmy Wales and Misplaced Pages |url = https://archive.org/details/jimmywaleswikipe0000meye |url-access = registration |publisher = ] |author = Meyer, Susan |year = 2013 |page = |isbn = 978-1-4488-6912-1 }}</ref> and had a daughter before separating in 2008.<ref name=Chozick-2013-06-30/><ref name=qanda/><ref name=karasz/> Wales moved to ] in 1998, and after becoming disillusioned with the housing market there, moved in 2002 to ].<ref name=trend/><ref name=seattle/><ref name="Lewine" /> | |||
He had a brief relationship with ] columnist ] in 2008 that began after Marsden contacted Wales about her Misplaced Pages biography.<ref name=canadian/> After accusations that Wales's relationship constituted a ], he stated that there had been a relationship but that it was over and that it had not influenced any matters on Misplaced Pages,<ref name="Sydney Morning Herald"/><ref name=USATODAY/> a statement Marsden disputed.<ref name=agrell/> | |||
Wales married ] at ] in London on October 6, 2012.<ref>{{cite news |last = Donnelly |first = Laura |date = October 6, 2012 |title = Wiki wedding: Misplaced Pages founder Jimmy Wales marries Tony Blair's former aide |newspaper = ] |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/9591824/Wiki-wedding-Misplaced Pages-founder-Jimmy-Wales-marries-Tony-Blairs-former-aide.html |archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/9591824/Wiki-wedding-Misplaced Pages-founder-Jimmy-Wales-marries-Tony-Blairs-former-aide.html |archive-date = January 11, 2022 |url-access = subscription |url-status = live |access-date = December 26, 2017 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> Garvey is ]'s former ]; the couple met in ], Switzerland.<ref name=guardiangarvey/><ref>{{cite news |title = Jimmy Wales: Mr Misplaced Pages on today's blackout |first = Danny |last = Smallman |url = http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-24028957-mr-wikipedia-on-todays-blackout-moving-to-london-and-marrying-a-blair-babe.do |newspaper = ] |date = January 18, 2012 |access-date = January 19, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120120164932/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-24028957-mr-wikipedia-on-todays-blackout-moving-to-london-and-marrying-a-blair-babe.do |archive-date = January 20, 2012 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Wales has two daughters with Garvey in addition to his daughter with Rohan.<ref name=Garside-2014-08-03/><ref>{{Cite news |url = https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/a-life-in-the-day-jimmy-wales-d9nc39bbb |title = A life in the day: Jimmy Wales |last = Jaffé-Pearce |first = Michèle |date = March 12, 2017 |newspaper = ] |access-date = June 8, 2018 |issn = 0956-1382 |quote = He lives in west London with his third wife, Kate Garvey, a former aide to Tony Blair, and daughters Ada, 5, and Jemima, 3. Kira, 16, his daughter with his second wife, lives in Florida. |archive-date = June 12, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141744/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/a-life-in-the-day-jimmy-wales-d9nc39bbb |url-status = live }}</ref> Wales is an ]. In an interview with ], he said his philosophy is firmly rooted in ], and that he is a complete non-believer.<ref>{{cite news |title = Jimmy Wales |url = http://bigthink.com/videos/what-do-you-believe-25 |newspaper = Big Think |publisher = ] Media |access-date = December 26, 2017 |date = August 10, 2007 |quote = I'm a complete non-believer. |archive-date = November 11, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171111213839/http://bigthink.com/videos/what-do-you-believe-25 |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
Wales has lived in London since 2012,<ref name=hough>{{cite news |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/9137339/Jimmy-Wales-Misplaced Pages-chief-to-advise-Whitehall-on-policy.html |archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/9137339/Jimmy-Wales-Misplaced Pages-chief-to-advise-Whitehall-on-policy.html |archive-date = January 11, 2022 |url-access = subscription |url-status = live |title = Jimmy Wales: Misplaced Pages chief to advise Whitehall on policy |last = Hough |first = Stephen |date = March 11, 2012 |newspaper = ] |access-date = December 26, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and became a ] in 2019.<ref name=":0">{{cite tweet |number=1173693309115686913 |user=jimmy_wales |title=I just became a UK citizen, quite happy about that. It occurs to me that perhaps a few MPs should actually take the "Life in the UK" test and study the manual! |author=Jimmy Wales |date=September 16, 2019}}</ref> In 2021, on ] podcast, he revealed that he secretly lived in ], ], for one month after reading Ferriss's book '']''.<ref>{{Cite web |last = Jones |first = Stephen |date = September 6, 2021 |title = Misplaced Pages founder Jimmy Wales said he secretly lived in Argentina for a month after reading 'The 4-Hour Workweek' by Tim Ferriss |url = https://www.businessinsider.com/jimmy-wales-secretly-lived-argentina-tim-ferriss-4-hour-workweek-2021-9 |access-date = September 16, 2021 |website = ] |archive-date = September 16, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210916202318/https://www.businessinsider.com/jimmy-wales-secretly-lived-argentina-tim-ferriss-4-hour-workweek-2021-9 |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
== Publications == | |||
{{refbegin|30em}} | |||
* {{cite journal |last = Brooks |first = Robert |author2-given = Jon |author2-surname = Corson |author3-given = Jimmy Donal |author3-surname = Wales |year = 1994 |ssrn = 5735 |title = The Pricing of Index Options When the Underlying Assets All Follow a Lognormal Diffusion |journal = Advances in Futures and Options Research |volume = 7 }} | |||
* {{cite book |last = Wales |first = Jimmy |author2-given = Andrea |author2-surname = Weckerle |contribution = Foreword |title = Throwing Sheep in the Boardroom: How Online Social Networking Will Transform Your Life, Work and World |editor1-first = Matthew |editor1-last = Fraser |editor1-link = Matthew Fraser (journalist) |editor2-first = Soumitra |editor2-last = Dutta |editor2-link = Soumitra Dutta |publisher = ] |edition = 1st |date = December 31, 2008 |isbn = 978-0-470-74014-9 |oclc = 233939846 |url = https://archive.org/details/throwingsheepinb00fras |url-access = registration }} | |||
* {{cite news |first = Jimmy |last = Wales |author2-given = Andrea |author2-surname = Weckerle |title = Commentary: Create a tech-friendly U.S. government |agency = CNN |date = January 8, 2009 |url = http://edition.cnn.com/2009/TECH/01/07/wales.obama.cto/ |access-date = December 29, 2009 |archive-date = August 16, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110816141243/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/TECH/01/07/wales.obama.cto/ |url-status = live }} | |||
* {{cite book |last = Wales |first = Jimmy |author2-given = Andrea |author2-surname = Weckerle |contribution = Foreword |title = 33 Million People in the Room: How to Create, Influence, and Run a Successful Business with Social Networking |url = https://archive.org/details/33millionpeoplei0000powe |url-access = registration |editor1-first = Juliette |editor1-last = Powell |editor1-link = Juliette Powell |publisher = ] |edition = 1st |date = February 10, 2009 |isbn = 978-0-13-715435-7 |oclc = 244066502 }} | |||
* {{cite book |last = Wales |first = Jimmy |author2-given = Andrea |author2-surname = Weckerle |contribution = Foreword |title = Marketing to the Social Web: How Digital Customer Communities Build Your Business |editor1-first = Larry |editor1-last = Weber |editor1-link = Larry Weber |publisher = ] |edition = 2nd |date = March 3, 2009 |isbn = 978-0-470-41097-4 |oclc = 244060887 }} | |||
* {{cite book |last = Wales |first = Jimmy |contribution = Foreword |title = The Misplaced Pages Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia |editor1-first = Andrew |editor1-last = Lih |editor1-link = Andrew Lih |publisher = ] |edition = 1st |date = March 17, 2009 |isbn = 978-1-4013-0371-6 |oclc = 232977686 |title-link = The Misplaced Pages Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia }} | |||
* {{cite journal |last = Wales |first = Jimmy |author2-given = Andrea |author2-surname = Weckerle |date = March 30, 2009 |url = http://www.aef.com/industry/news/data/2009/9014 |title = Most Define User-Generated Content Too Narrowly |journal = ] |volume = 80 |access-date = May 4, 2009 |archive-date = July 18, 2012 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20120718092151/http://www.aef.com/industry/news/data/2009/9014 |url-status = dead }} | |||
* {{cite news |last = Wales |first = Jimmy |author2-given = Andrea |author2-surname = Weckerle |url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704107104574572101333074122 |title = Keep a Civil Cybertongue |date = December 28, 2009 |work = ] |access-date = August 8, 2017 |archive-date = May 19, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170519001651/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704107104574572101333074122 |url-status = live }} | |||
* {{cite journal |last1 = Mons |first1 = B. |author-link1 = Barend Mons |last2 = Ashburner |first2 = M. |author-link2 = Michael Ashburner |last3 = Chichester |first3 = C. |last4 = Van Mulligen |first4 = E. |last5 = Weeber |first5 = M. |last6 = Den Dunnen |first6 = J. |last7 = Van Ommen |first7 = G. J. |last8 = Musen |first8 = M. |last9 = Cockerill |first9 = M. |doi = 10.1186/gb-2008-9-5-r89|last10=Hermjakob|first10=H. |last11 = Mons |first11 = A. |last12 = Packer |first12 = A. |last13 = Pacheco |first13 = R. |last14 = Lewis |first14 = S. |author-link14 = Suzanna Lewis |last15 = Berkeley |first15 = A. |last16 = Melton |first16 = W. |last17 = Barris |first17 = N. |last18 = Wales |first18 = J. |author-link18 = Jimmy Wales |last19 = Meijssen |first19 = G.|last20=Moeller|first20=E.|author-link20=Erik Möller |last21 = Roes |first21 = P. |last22 = Borner |first22 = K. |last23 = Bairoch |first23 = A. |author-link23 = Amos Bairoch |title = Calling on a million minds for community annotation in WikiProteins |journal = ] |volume = 9 |issue = 5 |pages = R89 |year = 2008 |pmid = 18507872 |pmc = 2441475 |doi-access = free |issn = 1465-6906 }} | |||
{{refend}} | |||
== Distinctions == | |||
] Show]] | |||
], 2015]] | |||
] at the ], 2015]] | |||
* Wales is a former co-chair of the World Economic Forum on the Middle East 2008,<ref name="webforum" /> and a former board member of ].<ref name="socialtext" /> | |||
* He is a member of the ] at Harvard Law School,<ref name="qanda" /> the advisory board of the ],<ref name="mitcci" /> and the board of directors at ]<ref name="garlick" /> and ].<ref name="hunch" /> | |||
* In 2006, Wales was listed in the "Scientists & Thinkers" section of the ]<ref name="Anderson" /> and number 12 in '']'' "The Web Celebs 25".<ref name="forbes25" /> | |||
* Wales has also given a lecture in the Stuart Regen Visionary series at ] which "honors special individuals who have made major contributions to art and culture and are actively imagining a better future"<ref name="NewMuseum" /> and by the ] as one of the "Young Global Leaders" of 2007.<ref name="icommons" /> | |||
* The 2008 Global Brand Icon of the Year Award,<ref name="mattbaily" /> and on behalf of the Wikimedia project the ] award of Werkstatt Deutschland for ''A Mission of Enlightenment''.<ref name="intelligentlife" /> | |||
* The 2009 Nokia Foundation annual award,<ref name="nokiafoundation" /> the Business Process Award at the 7th Annual Innovation Awards and Summit by '']''.<ref name="innovation" /> | |||
* In April 2011, Wales served on the jury of the ],<ref name="tribeca" /> Wales has received a ],<ref name="infozine" /> the ] and the Leonardo European Corporate Learning Award<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.leonardo-award.eu/content/e677/e678/e682/e683/e820/index_eng.html |title = "Dare to Share": From Individual to Collective Knowledge |language = de |publisher = Leonardo-award.eu |date = September 21, 2011 |access-date = July 3, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131214093506/http://www.leonardo-award.eu/content/e677/e678/e682/e683/e820/index_eng.html |archive-date = December 14, 2013 |url-status = dead }}</ref> in 2011,<ref name="gd-prize">{{cite web |url = http://www.gdi.ch/en/Think-Tank/JIMMY-WALES-RECEIVES-THE-GOTTLIEB-DUTTWEILER-PRIZE |title = GD Prize 2011 |publisher = Gdi.ch |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171226234910/http://www.gdi.ch/en/Think-Tank/JIMMY-WALES-RECEIVES-THE-GOTTLIEB-DUTTWEILER-PRIZE |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>Isobel Leybold-Johnson. " {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717142614/https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/-knowledge-is-our-most-important-resource-/29339594 |date=July 17, 2017 }}". ] January 27, 2011. Retrieved December 26, 2017.</ref> the Monaco Media Prize.<ref name="barnett" /> Wales has also received honorary degrees from ],<ref name="knox" /> ],<ref name="amherst" /> ],<ref name="amherst" /><ref name="stevenson" /> Argentina's Universidad Empresarial Siglo 21,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.21.edu.ar/identidad21-publicacion-ampliada.html?id=51 |title = Jimmy Wales, founder of Misplaced Pages, distinguished by UES 21 |date = December 16, 2009 |publisher = ] |access-date = May 10, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110531171759/http://www.21.edu.ar/identidad21-publicacion-ampliada.html?id=51 |archive-date = May 31, 2011 |url-status = dead }}</ref> and Russia's ] University.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.mirea.ru/ |title = Moscow State Technical University Website |author = MIREA |date = June 16, 2011 |quote = Rector prof. RAN AS Whitefish J. Wales handed a diploma and the mantle of Honorary Doctor Bauman MIREA. |access-date = June 22, 2011 |author-link = MIREA |archive-date = February 26, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210226170244/https://www.mirea.ru/ |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
* On December 5, 2013, Wales was awarded the ] in Copenhagen, Denmark at a conference on "An Open World" to celebrate the 100th anniversary of ]'s atomic theory. His presentation on "Misplaced Pages, Democracy and the Internet" emphasized the need to expand Misplaced Pages into virtually all the languages of the world. The "]" initiative was beginning to prove successful in encouraging telecommunications companies to provide children in the developing world with free access to Misplaced Pages for educational purposes.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://bohr-conference2013.ku.dk/documents/programme_1.pdf/ |title = An Open World |publisher = University of Copenhagen |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131203050049/http://bohr-conference2013.ku.dk/documents/programme_1.pdf/ |archive-date = December 3, 2013 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.ku.dk/all_news/2013/2013.10/free_exchange_of_information_can_avert_technological_threats/ |title = Niels Bohr Conference: Free exchange of information can avert technological threats |publisher = University of Copenhagen |date = October 24, 2013 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = October 18, 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201018041730/https://news.ku.dk/all_news/2013/2013.10/free_exchange_of_information_can_avert_technological_threats/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Wales was inducted into the ] in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.cbsnews.com/news/aaron-swartz-among-inductees-to-internet-hall-of-fame/ |title = Aaron Swartz among inductees to Internet Hall of Fame |agency = CBS News |date = June 26, 2013 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |last = Ngak |first = Chenda |archive-date = August 22, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170822134818/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/aaron-swartz-among-inductees-to-internet-hall-of-fame/ |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
* In February 2014, Wales was named one of "25 Web Superstars" by '']''.<ref>{{cite news |last = Curtis |first = Sophie |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/internet/10665375/25-years-of-the-World-Wide-Web-25-Web-superstars.html |archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/internet/10665375/25-years-of-the-World-Wide-Web-25-Web-superstars.html |archive-date = January 11, 2022 |url-access = subscription |url-status = live |title = 25 years of the World Wide Web: 25 Web superstars |newspaper = ] |date = February 28, 2014 |access-date = December 26, 2017 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> On May 17, 2014, Wales was awarded a ] by the Faculty of Communication Sciences of the {{lang|it|]|italic=no}} (USI Lugano, Switzerland).<ref>{{cite web |url = http://newmine.blogspot.ch/2014/05/jimmy-wales-doctor-honoris-causa-in.html |title = Jimmy Wales doctor honoris causa in Communication Sciences |publisher = ELearning + ETourism (blog of Lorenzo Cantoni, dean of the Faculty) |date = May 17, 2014 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |last1 = Cantoni |first1 = Lorenzo |archive-date = June 29, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170629225204/http://newmine.blogspot.ch/2014/05/jimmy-wales-doctor-honoris-causa-in.html |url-status = live }}</ref> On June 25, 2014, Wales received an honorary degree of ] from Nobel laureate ] at ] in Scotland.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.stv.tv/scotland/280548-scotland-tonight-wikipedia-founder-jimmy-wales-honoured-in-glasgow/ |title = Scotland Tonight: Misplaced Pages founder honoured in Glasgow |work = ] |date = June 25, 2014 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140713090005/http://news.stv.tv/scotland/280548-scotland-tonight-wikipedia-founder-jimmy-wales-honoured-in-glasgow/ |archive-date = July 13, 2014 |url-status = dead }}</ref> On July 10, 2014, Wales received the UK ] "Special Award" for establishing Misplaced Pages. He was one of eight winners in various categories meant to honor organizations and individuals who use digital technology to improve the lives of others.<ref>{{cite news |last = Smolaks |first = Max |url = http://www.techweekeurope.co.uk/news/tech4good-awards-celebrate-digital-inclusion-148925 |title = Tech4Good Awards Celebrate Digital Inclusion |work = Tech Week Europe |date = July 11, 2014 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = October 22, 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201022033319/https://www.techweekeurope.co.uk/news/tech4good-awards-celebrate-digital-inclusion-148925 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.tech4goodawards.com/winners-2014/ |title = Tech4Good Awards 2014 Winners |publisher = Tech4Good Awards |date = July 10, 2014 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = September 18, 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200918093424/https://www.tech4goodawards.com/winners-2014/ |url-status = live }}</ref> In December 2014, Wales shared the inaugural $1{{nbsp}}million ] with ] inventor ].<ref>{{cite web |last = Shabandri |first = Muaz |date = December 8, 2014 |url = https://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20141208/ARTICLE/312089863/1002 |title = Web inventor, Wiki co-founder share $1m Knowledge Award |work = khaleejtimes.com |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171226235451/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20141208/ARTICLE/312089863/1002 |url-status = dead }}</ref> | |||
* In January 2015, ] awarded a Doctorate Honoris Causa to Wales.<ref>{{cite web |title = Maastricht University awards honorary doctorates to Frans Timmermans and Misplaced Pages founder Jimmy Wales |url = http://www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/web/Main1/SiteWide/SiteWide11/MaastrichtUniversityAwardsHonoraryDoctoratesToFransTimmermansAndWikipediaFounderJimmyWales.htm |publisher = ] |access-date = November 23, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224075637/http://www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/web/Main1/SiteWide/SiteWide11/MaastrichtUniversityAwardsHonoraryDoctoratesToFransTimmermansAndWikipediaFounderJimmyWales.htm |archive-date = December 24, 2014 |url-status = dead }}</ref> On April 25, 2015, Wales received the ] along with ] and ].<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.bonjovi.com/photos-from-the-36th-annual-common-wealth-awards/ |title = Photos from the 36th Annual Common Wealth Awards |work = bonjovi.com |date = March 20, 2015 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171226170436/https://www.bonjovi.com/photos-from-the-36th-annual-common-wealth-awards/ |archive-date = December 26, 2017 |url-status = dead }}</ref> On May 17, 2015, Wales received the ] of $1{{nbsp}}million in the "Present" category (others won that amount for "Past" and "Future" contributions to society).<ref>{{cite news |title = Dan David Foundation to award three prizes of $1 million to six world renowned laureates |url = http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Dan-David-Foundation-to-award-three-prizes-of-1-million-to-six-world-renowned-laureates-390602 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |work = Jerusalem Post |date = February 11, 2015 |ref = DanDavid |archive-date = June 29, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170629165703/http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Dan-David-Foundation-to-award-three-prizes-of-1-million-to-six-world-renowned-laureates-390602 |url-status = live }}</ref> He was awarded the prize for "launching the world's largest online encyclopedia".<ref>{{cite news |title = Misplaced Pages co-founder, genome project leader among recipients of Dan David Prize |work = Jerusalem Post |url = http://www.jpost.com/Business-and-Innovation/Wikipedia-co-founder-genome-project-leader-among-recipients-of-Dan-David-Prize-403363 |first = Niv |last = Elis |date = February 10, 2015 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = June 29, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170629175025/http://www.jpost.com/Business-and-Innovation/Wikipedia-co-founder-genome-project-leader-among-recipients-of-Dan-David-Prize-403363 |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
* In January 2016, Wales, along with ], became a non-executive director of the ].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/content/wikipedias-jimmy-wales-and-gail-rebuck-join-guardian-media-group-board |title = Misplaced Pages's Jimmy Wales and Gail Rebuck join Guardian Media Group board |website = Press Gazette |date = January 27, 2016 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |author = Ponsford, Dominic |archive-date = May 1, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160501154518/http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/content/wikipedias-jimmy-wales-and-gail-rebuck-join-guardian-media-group-board |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last = Sweney |first = Mark |date = January 27, 2016 |title = Baroness Rebuck and Jimmy Wales join Guardian Media Group board |url = http://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/jan/27/baroness-rebuck-jimmy-wales-guardian-media-group-board |access-date = April 3, 2022 |newspaper = The Guardian |archive-date = November 22, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211122084853/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/jan/27/baroness-rebuck-jimmy-wales-guardian-media-group-board |url-status = live }}</ref> On February 2, 2016, he received a Doctorate Honoris Causa from the ].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.lavenir.net/cnt/dmf20160202_00774112/eduardo-suplicy-paola-vigano-et-jimmy-wales-faits-docteurs-honoris-causa-de-l-ucl |title = Eduardo Suplicy, Paola Vigano et Jimmy Wales faits Docteurs honoris causa de l'UCL |newspaper = ] |date = February 2, 2016 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |author = Belga |author-link = Belga (news agency) |archive-date = June 29, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170629131133/http://www.lavenir.net/cnt/dmf20160202_00774112/eduardo-suplicy-paola-vigano-et-jimmy-wales-faits-docteurs-honoris-causa-de-l-ucl |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.rtbf.be/info/regions/detail_ucl-trois-penseurs-utopistes-pour-regler-les-problemes-belges?id=9203043 |title = UCL: Trois penseurs utopistes pour régler les problèmes belges? |publisher = ] |date = February 2, 2016 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |last = Schmitz |first= Bruno |archive-date = July 1, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170701203327/https://www.rtbf.be/info/regions/detail_ucl-trois-penseurs-utopistes-pour-regler-les-problemes-belges?id=9203043 |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
* In June 2016, during the opening ceremony on ], Wales was awarded honorary citizenship of ].<ref>{{cite news |title = Esino Lario, cittadinanza onoraria al "papà" di Misplaced Pages |trans-title = Esino Lario, honorary citizenship to the "father" of Misplaced Pages |newspaper = ] |language = Italian |date = June 24, 2016 |url = https://www.ilgiorno.it/lecco/cronaca/esinolario-cittadinanza-wikipedia-brexit-1.2286521 |access-date = November 22, 2022 |archive-date = November 22, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221122012644/https://www.ilgiorno.it/lecco/cronaca/esinolario-cittadinanza-wikipedia-brexit-1.2286521 |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
* In September 2017, he was awarded the ] of the ] "for facilitating the spread of information via his work creating and developing Misplaced Pages, the world's largest free online encyclopedia".<ref>{{cite web |title = From Misplaced Pages to Roman coins: British Academy recognises excellence in the humanities and social sciences |url = https://www.britac.ac.uk/news/wikipedia-roman-coins-british-academy-recognises-excellence-humanities-and-social-sciences |publisher = ] |date = September 27, 2017 |access-date = December 26, 2017 }}</ref> | |||
== See also == | |||
* ] | |||
{{clear}} | |||
==References== | |||
{{Reflist|refs= | |||
<ref name="Rogoway">{{cite web |last = Rogoway |first = Mike |date = July 27, 2007 |url = http://blog.oregonlive.com/siliconforest/2007/07/on_wikipedia_and_its_founders.html |title = Misplaced Pages & its founder disagree on his birth date |website = Silicon Forest |access-date = October 31, 2008 |archive-date = May 22, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110522151042/http://blog.oregonlive.com/siliconforest/2007/07/on_wikipedia_and_its_founders.html |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<!-- <ref name="WMF PR 2004-04-25">{{cite web |url = http://meta.wikimedia.org/search/?title=Wikimedia_press_releases%2F500%2C000_Wikipedia_articles&oldid=473206 |title = Misplaced Pages: 50 languages, ½ million articles |access-date = April 10, 2009 |date = April 25, 2004 |website = Wikimedia Foundation Press Release |publisher = ] |archive-date = May 4, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150504172406/http://meta.wikimedia.org/search/?title=Wikimedia_press_releases%2F500%2C000_Wikipedia_articles&oldid=473206 |url-status = live }}"''The Misplaced Pages project was founded in January 2001 by Internet entrepreneur Jimmy Wales and philosopher Larry Sanger,''" quoted from April 25, 2004, first-ever press release issued by the Wikimedia Foundation.<br /> •{{cite web |url = http://en.wikipedia.org/search/?title=Misplaced Pages%3APress_releases%2FJanuary_2003&oldid=93032067 |title = Misplaced Pages, the 💕, reaches its 100,000th article |access-date = April 10, 2009 |date = January 21, 2003 |website = Misplaced Pages Press Release |publisher = Misplaced Pages |archive-date = April 27, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190427165321/https://en.wikipedia.org/search/?title=Misplaced Pages%3APress_releases%2FJanuary_2003&oldid=93032067 |url-status = live }}</ref> --> | |||
<ref name="Economist2008">{{cite news |title = Brain scan: The free-knowledge fundamentalist |url = http://www.economist.com/science/tq/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11484062 |newspaper = The Economist |date = June 5, 2008 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = June 9, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080609025305/http://www.economist.com/science/tq/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11484062 |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Michael Singer">{{cite news |first = Michael |last = Singer |url = http://siliconvalley.internet.com/news/article.php/3531_956641 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20030316082912/http://siliconvalley.internet.com/news/article.php/3531_956641 |archive-date = March 16, 2003 |title = 💕 Project Celebrates Year One |work = ] |date = January 16, 2002 |access-date = February 27, 2008 |url-status = dead }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=terdiman>{{cite web |url = http://news.cnet.com/8301-13772_3-9932493-52.html?tag=nefd.top |archive-url = https://archive.today/20121208124359/http://news.cnet.com/8301-13772_3-9932493-52.html?tag=nefd.top |url-status = dead |archive-date = December 8, 2012 |title = Wikimedia Foundation restructures its board |publisher = ] |access-date = May 19, 2009 |date = April 30, 2008 |last = Terdiman |first = Daniel }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=Anderson>{{cite magazine |last = Anderson |first = Chris |date = April 30, 2006 |url = https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975813_1975844_1976488,00.html |title = Jimmy Wales: The (Proud) Amateur Who Created Misplaced Pages |magazine = Time |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = December 25, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181225091654/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975813_1975844_1976488,00.html%20 |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=kazek>{{cite web |last = Kazek |first = Kelly |url = http://valdostadailytimes.com/entertainment/cnhinspopculture_story_223174601.html |archive-url = https://archive.today/20080320205344/http://valdostadailytimes.com/entertainment/cnhinspopculture_story_223174601.html |archive-date = March 20, 2008 |title = Geek to chic: Misplaced Pages founder a celebrity |date = August 11, 2006 |website = The News Courier |quote = Doris Wales's husband, Jimmy, wasn't sure what she was thinking when she bought a World Book Encyclopedia set from a traveling salesman in 1968. }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="qanda">{{cite news |title = Q&A: Jimmy Wales, Misplaced Pages founder |author = Lamb, Brian |author-link = Brian Lamb |url = http://www.c-span.org/video/?188855-1%2Fqa-jimmy-wales |work = ] |date = September 25, 2005 |access-date = October 31, 2006 |archive-date = October 6, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102435/http://www.c-span.org/video/?188855-1%2Fqa-jimmy-wales |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Randolph">{{cite news |url = http://www.randolphschool.net/alumni/welcome/profiles.asp?newsid=432566 |title = Jimmy Wales '83 |access-date = October 31, 2008 |last = Brown |first = David |date = December 11, 2007 |work = Alumni Profiles |publisher = ] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100418000631/http://www.randolphschool.net/alumni/welcome/profiles.asp?newsid=432566 |archive-date = April 18, 2010 |url-status = dead }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=trend>{{cite news |last = Barnett |first = Cynthia |title = Wiki Mania |work = ] |volume = 48 |issue = 5 |page = 62 |date = September 2005 |url = http://www.floridatrend.com/issue/default.asp?a=5617&s=1&d=9/1/2005 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061017142949/http://www.floridatrend.com/issue/default.asp?a=5617&s=1&d=9%2F1%2F2005 |archive-date = October 17, 2006 |url-status = dead }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=bookstopshere>{{cite magazine |last = Pink |first = Daniel H. |title = The Book Stops Here |magazine = ] |volume = 13 |issue = 3 |date = March 13, 2005 |url = https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.03/wiki.html |access-date = October 31, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050304025027/http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.03/wiki.html |archive-date = March 4, 2005 |url-status = dead }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=accessforall>{{cite news |last = Brennen |first = Jensen |title = Access for All |work = ] |volume = 18 |issue = 18 |date = June 26, 2006 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="reasonmag">{{cite news |last = Mangu-Ward |first = Katherine |title = Misplaced Pages and beyond: Jimmy Wales's sprawling vision |work = ] |volume = 39 |issue = 2 |page = 21 |date = June 2007 |access-date = August 13, 2021 |url = https://reason.com/2007/05/30/wikipedia-and-beyond/ |archive-date = July 25, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210725210204/https://reason.com/2007/05/30/wikipedia-and-beyond/ |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=roy>{{cite journal |last = Rosenzweig |first = Roy |author-link = Roy Rosenzweig |title = Can History Be Open Source? Misplaced Pages and the Future of the Past |journal = ] |volume = 93 |issue = 1 |pages = 117–146 |date = June 2006 |url = http://chnm.gmu.edu/essays-on-history-new-media/essays/?essayid=42 |format = reprint |access-date = April 22, 2009 |doi = 10.2307/4486062 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100425130754/http://chnm.gmu.edu/essays-on-history-new-media/essays/?essayid=42 |archive-date = April 25, 2010 |url-status = dead |jstor = 4486062 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Liane Gouthro">{{cite news |first = Liane |last = Gouthro |title = Building the world's biggest encyclopedia |url = http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/03/14/nupedia.idg/ |work = ] |agency = CNN |date = March 14, 2000 |access-date = October 31, 2008 |archive-date = March 3, 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060303202446/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/03/14/nupedia.idg/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Brian Bergstein">{{cite news |first = Brian |last = Bergstein |author-link = Brian Bergstein |title = Sanger says he co-started Misplaced Pages |url = https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna17798723 |work = ] |agency = Associated Press |date = March 25, 2007 |access-date = March 26, 2007 |quote = The nascent Web encyclopedia Citizendium springs from Larry Sanger, a philosophy PhD who counts himself as a co-founder of Misplaced Pages, the site he now hopes to usurp. The claim does not seem particularly controversial—Sanger has long been cited as a co-founder. Yet the other founder, Jimmy Wales, is not happy about it. |archive-date = October 5, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131005002629/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/17798723/ |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="2.0">{{cite news |first = Tom |last = McNichol |title = Building a Wiki World |url = https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2007/03/01/8401010/ |work = ] |agency = ] |date = May 1, 2007 |access-date = October 31, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070302072909/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2007/03/01/8401010/ |archive-date = March 2, 2007 |url-status = dead }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=signon>{{cite news |last = Sidener |first = Jonathan |title = Everyone's encyclopedia |work = ] |date = December 6, 2004 |page = C1 |url = http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html |access-date = April 22, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090221005820/http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html |archive-date = February 21, 2009 |url-status = dead }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=utopia>{{cite news |last = Getz |first = Arlene |title = In Search of an Online Utopia |work = Newsweek |publisher = MSNBC |date = February 1, 2007 |url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16926950/site/newsweek/ |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070418204627/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16926950/site/newsweek/ |archive-date = April 18, 2007 |access-date = October 31, 2008 |url-status = dead }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=slashdot>{{cite news |last = Sanger |first = Larry |title = The Early History of Nupedia and Misplaced Pages: A Memoir |work = ] |url = http://features.slashdot.org/story/05/04/18/164213/the-early-history-of-nupedia-and-wikipedia-a-memoir |date = April 18, 2005 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = May 24, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150524114402/http://features.slashdot.org/story/05/04/18/164213/the-early-history-of-nupedia-and-wikipedia-a-memoir |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=whyitmatters>{{cite web |url = http://meta.wikimedia.org/search/?title=Wikipedia_and_why_it_matters&oldid=149626 |last = Sanger |first = Larry |date = January 18, 2002 |title = What Misplaced Pages is and why it matters |website = Meta-Wiki |publisher = ] |access-date = October 31, 2008 |archive-date = January 1, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210101024003/https://meta.wikimedia.org/search/?title=Wikipedia_and_why_it_matters&oldid=149626 |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=resignation>{{cite web |last = Sanger |first = Larry |url = http://meta.wikimedia.org/search/?title=My_resignation--Larry_Sanger&oldid=23899 |title = My resignation – Larry Sanger |website = Meta-Wiki |publisher = Wikimedia Foundation |date = March 5, 2007 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = February 26, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210226005328/https://meta.wikimedia.org/search/?title=My_resignation--Larry_Sanger&oldid=23899 |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=digitaluniverse>{{cite web |author-link = Daniel Terdiman |last = Terdiman |first = Daniel |date = January 6, 2006 |url = http://www.cnet.com/news/wikipedias-co-founder-eyes-a-digital-universe/ |title = Misplaced Pages's co-founder eyes a Digital Universe |publisher = ] |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = July 9, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170709145827/https://www.cnet.com/news/wikipedias-co-founder-eyes-a-digital-universe/ |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Seth Finkelstein">{{cite news |first = Seth |last = Finkelstein |url = https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/sep/25/wikipedia.internet |title = Misplaced Pages isn't about human potential, whatever Wales says |newspaper = The Guardian |date = September 25, 2008 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = December 26, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181226132800/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/sep/25/wikipedia.internet+ |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Parmy Olson">{{cite news |first = Parmy |last = Olson |title = A New Kid on the Wiki Block |url = https://www.forbes.com/2006/10/18/sanger-wikipedia-citizendium-face-cx_po_1018autofacescan02.html |work = Forbes |date = October 18, 2006 |access-date = March 28, 2009 |archive-date = December 6, 2012 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20121206005058/http://www.forbes.com/2006/10/18/sanger-wikipedia-citizendium-face-cx_po_1018autofacescan02.html |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="sanger-NYTimes">{{cite news |last = Meyers |first = Peter |title = Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You |work = The New York Times |date = September 20, 2001 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/20/technology/fact-driven-collegial-this-site-wants-you.html |access-date = August 8, 2015 |quote = I can start an article that will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come along and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph. |archive-date = April 15, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090415232001/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/20/technology/fact-driven-collegial-this-site-wants-you.html |url-status = live }} – Larry Sanger.</ref> | |||
<ref name="Misplaced Pages Press Release of 2002">{{cite news |title = 💕 Project, Misplaced Pages, Creates 20,000 Articles in a Year (Misplaced Pages 2002 Press release) |date = January 15, 2002 |publisher = Misplaced Pages |url = http://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Press_releases/January_2002 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = February 26, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210226222033/https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Press_releases/January_2002 |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Yahoo!">{{cite news |first = Jimmy |last = Wales |title = 3apes open content web directory |work = ] |publisher = ] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090408184006/http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/xodp/message/1720 |url = http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/xodp/message/1720 |date = August 6, 2002 |access-date = April 3, 2009 |archive-date = April 8, 2009 |url-status = dead |quote = I'm Jimmy Wales, co-founder of Nupedia and Misplaced Pages, the open content encyclopedias. }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="SangerLinks">{{cite web |url = http://www.larrysanger.org/roleinwp.html |title = My role in Misplaced Pages (links) |last = Sanger |first = Larry |publisher = larrysanger.org |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = March 12, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070312163901/http://www.larrysanger.org/roleinwp.html |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="David Mehegan">{{cite news |last = Mehegan |first = David |title = Bias, sabotage haunt Misplaced Pages's free world |work = ] |page = 4 |date = February 12, 2006 |url = http://boston.com/business/technology/articles/2006/02/12/bias_sabotage_haunt_wikipedias_free_world/?page=4 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = March 4, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062500/http://www.boston.com/business/technology/articles/2006/02/12/bias_sabotage_haunt_wikipedias_free_world/?page=4 |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="William Paoletto">{{cite news |first = William |last = Paoletto |url = http://www.bigoakinc.com/blog/interview-with-wikipedia-founder-jimmy-wales |title = Interview with Misplaced Pages Founder Jimmy Wales |publisher = Big Oak Blog |date = April 2, 2009 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = February 24, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210224171303/https://www.bigoakinc.com/blog/interview-with-wikipedia-founder-jimmy-wales/ |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=cadenhead>{{cite web |url = http://workbench.cadenhead.org/news/2828/wikipedia-founder-looks-out-number-1 |first = Rogers |last = Cadenhead |date = December 19, 2005 |access-date = October 31, 2008 |title = Misplaced Pages Founder Looks Out for Number 1 |publisher = cadenhead.org |archive-date = January 30, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210130192030/https://workbench.cadenhead.org/news/2828/wikipedia-founder-looks-out-number-1 |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Dan Mitchell">{{cite news |first = Dan |last = Mitchell |title = Insider Editing at Misplaced Pages |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/24/technology/insider-editing-at-wikipedia.html |newspaper = The New York Times |date = December 24, 2005 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = May 29, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150529192425/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/24/technology/insider-editing-at-wikipedia.html |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Rhys Blakely">{{cite news |first = Rhys |last = Blakely |date = December 20, 2005 |url = http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/business/industries/media/article2180198.ece |access-date = October 31, 2008 |title = Misplaced Pages founder edits himself |newspaper = The Times |archive-date = April 2, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150402162057/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/business/industries/media/article2180198.ece |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=knowitall>{{cite magazine |title = Know It All |first = Stacy |last = Schiff |author-link = Stacy Schiff |url = http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/07/31/060731fa_fact |magazine = The New Yorker |date = July 31, 2006 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = September 30, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140930011944/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/07/31/know-it-all |url-status = live }}<sup>'''''b'''''</sup> "Even Wales has been caught airbrushing his Misplaced Pages entry—eighteen times in the past year. He is particularly sensitive about references to the porn traffic on his Web portal. 'Adult content' or 'glamour photography' are the terms that he prefers, though, as one user pointed out on the site, they are perhaps not the most precise way to describe lesbian strip-poker threesomes. (In January, Wales agreed to a compromise: 'erotic photography')."</ref> | |||
<ref name=roblimo>{{cite news |last = Miller |first = Rob "Roblimo" |title = Misplaced Pages Founder Jimmy Wales Responds |publisher = ] |url = http://interviews.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=04%2F07%2F28%2F1351230 |date = July 28, 2004 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = November 8, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151108110204/http://interviews.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=04%2F07%2F28%2F1351230 |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=arendse>{{cite news |last = Arendse |first = Ilse |title = MySpace will fail |url = http://www.news24.com/World/News/MySpace-will-fail-20070420 |work = ] |date = April 20, 2007 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = July 2, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170702092223/http://www.news24.com/World/News/MySpace-will-fail-20070420 |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=wikiworld>{{Cite news |last = Cohen |first = Noam |date = March 17, 2008 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/17/technology/17wikipedia.html |title = Open-Source Troubles in Wiki World |work = The New York Times |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = October 29, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171029012643/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/17/technology/17wikipedia.html |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=egypt>{{cite news |url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121815517776622597 |title = Wikipedians Leave Cyberspace, Meet in Egypt |work = The Wall Street Journal |access-date = December 26, 2017 |last = Gleick |first = James |date = August 8, 2008 |archive-date = November 6, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181106180219/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121815517776622597 |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=BBCTech>{{cite news |last = Twist |first = Jo |date = November 5, 2005 |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4450052.stm |title = Open media to connect communities |work = BBC News |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = August 28, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170828133938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4450052.stm |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=cadelago>{{cite news |url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2008%2F08%2F23%2FMNIJ12ETP4.DTL&tsp=1 |title = Wikimedia pegs future on education, not profit |agency = ] |access-date = May 19, 2009 |last = Cadelago |first = Chris |date = August 24, 2008 |archive-date = March 6, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120306184115/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2008%2F08%2F23%2FMNIJ12ETP4.DTL&tsp=1 |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=telegraph>{{cite news |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/3399843/Wikipedia-founder-Jimmy-Wales-goes-bananas.html |archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/3399843/Wikipedia-founder-Jimmy-Wales-goes-bananas.html |archive-date = January 11, 2022 |url-access = subscription |url-status = live |title = Misplaced Pages founder Jimmy Wales goes bananas |newspaper = The Daily Telegraph |access-date = December 26, 2017 |date = November 7, 2008 |last = Neate |first = Rupert}}{{cbignore}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=WMFD>{{cite web |url = https://wikimediafoundation.org/search/?title=Board_of_Trustees&oldid=73 |title = Board of Trustees |publisher = wikimediafoundation.org |date = August 23, 2004 |author = Anthere |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = January 12, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180112201633/https://wikimediafoundation.org/search/?title=Board_of_Trustees&oldid=73 |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=NEWSCMARKS>{{cite journal |last = Marks |first = Paul |title = Interview with Jimmy Wales: Knowledge to the people |format = video |journal = New Scientist |url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19325896.300-interview-knowledge-to-the-people.html |volume = 193 |issue = 2589 |page = 44 |date = February 3, 2007 |access-date = October 31, 2008 |doi = 10.1016/S0262-4079(07)60293-0 |archive-date = December 21, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081221110615/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19325896.300-interview-knowledge-to-the-people.html |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=moses>{{cite news |last = Moses |first = Asher |date = March 5, 2008 |url = http://smh.com.au/news/biztech/wikipedia-head-accused-of-expenses-rort/2008/03/05/1204402516874.html |title = Misplaced Pages's Jimmy Wales accused of expenses rort |work = The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = October 18, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171018073100/http://www.smh.com.au/news/biztech/wikipedia-head-accused-of-expenses-rort/2008/03/05/1204402516874.html |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Moses2">{{cite news |url = http://www.smh.com.au/news/web/more-woes-for-wikipedias-jimmy-wales/2008/03/11/1205125874243.html |title = More woes for Misplaced Pages's Jimmy Wales |date = March 11, 2008 |newspaper = The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date = December 26, 2017 |first = Asher |last = Moses |archive-date = June 24, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180624203020/https://www.smh.com.au/news/web/more-woes-for-wikipedias-jimmy-wales/2008/03/11/1205125874243.html |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=bbcpaidediting>{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7291382.stm |title = Wiki boss 'edited for donation' |date = March 12, 2008 |agency = BBC News |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = November 9, 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201109001306/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7291382.stm |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=bjortomt>{{cite news |url = http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/whats_on/article2258521.ece |title = The arts online |newspaper = The Times |access-date = May 11, 2009 |last = Bjortomt |first = Olav |date = August 18, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080821221344/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/whats_on/article2258521.ece |archive-date = August 21, 2008 |url-status = dead }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="fastcompany">{{cite news |last = Deutschman |first = Alan |title = Why Is This Man Smiling? |url = http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/114/features-why-is-this-man-smiling.html |work = ] |date = March 2007 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |quote = "Wales revealed that Wikia, his for-profit Silicon Valley startup, was working on Search Wikia, which he touted as "the search engine that changes everything ... Just as Misplaced Pages revolutionized how we think about knowledge and the encyclopedia, we have a chance now to revolutionize how we think about search." |archive-date = July 26, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120726141209/http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/114/features-why-is-this-man-smiling.html |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=updateonwikia>Wales, Jimmy (March 31, 2009). " {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423113712/http://blog.jimmywales.com/index.php/archives/2009/03/31/update-on-wikia/ |date=April 23, 2009 }}". blog.jimmywales.com. Retrieved May 4, 2009.</ref> | |||
<ref name="CEO">{{cite news |title = Wikia taps eBay exec as CEO |work = ] |url = https://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2006/06/05/daily9.html |access-date = December 26, 2017 |date = June 5, 2006 |archive-date = November 8, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171108103001/https://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2006/06/05/daily9.html |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=lavallee>{{cite news |url = https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2009/09/09/wikia-hits-profit-target-early/ |title = Wikia Hits Profit Target Early |work = Digits |first = Andrew |last = LaVallee |date = September 9, 2009 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = November 26, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171126141814/https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2009/09/09/wikia-hits-profit-target-early/ |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=harrywalker>{{cite web |url = http://www.harrywalker.com/speakers/jimmy-wales/ |title = Jimmy Wales |publisher = harrywalker.com |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = March 5, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180305152108/http://www.harrywalker.com/speakers/jimmy-wales |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=harrywalkerbio>{{cite web |url = http://www.harrywalker.com/bios/Wales_Jimmy.pdf |publisher = harrywalker.com |access-date = September 25, 2009 |title = Jimmy Wales (full biography) |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110311033948/http://www.harrywalker.com/bios/Wales_Jimmy.pdf |archive-date = March 11, 2011 |url-status = dead }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=karasz>{{cite web |url = http://www.wmagazine.com/celebrities/2008/09/jimmy_wales |last = Lipsky-Karasz |first = Alisa |title = Mr. Know-It-All |date = September 2008 |website = ] |access-date = October 31, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081120085740/http://www.wmagazine.com/celebrities/2008/09/jimmy_wales |archive-date = November 20, 2008 |url-status = dead }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=ryan>{{cite news |first = Ryan |last = Kim |title = Allegations swirl around Misplaced Pages's Wales |url = http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Allegations-swirl-around-Misplaced Pages-s-Wales-3225462.php |work = San Francisco Chronicle |date = March 5, 2007 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = November 22, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171122061911/http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Allegations-swirl-around-Misplaced Pages-s-Wales-3225462.php |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=seattle>{{cite news |url = http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2003525473_btwikipedia15.html |last = Smith |first = Wes |title = He's the "God-King," but you can call him Jimbo |date = January 15, 2007 |work = ] |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = January 12, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120112033517/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2003525473_btwikipedia15.html |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Lewine">{{cite news |last = Lewine |first = Edward |url = https://mobile.nytimes.com/2007/11/18/magazine/18wwln-domains-t.html |title = The Encyclopedist's Lair |date = November 18, 2007 |work = The New York Times |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171226235012/https://mobile.nytimes.com/2007/11/18/magazine/18wwln-domains-t.html |url-status = live }}<sup>'''''C'''''</sup> "Greatest misconception about Misplaced Pages: We aren't democratic. Our readers edit the entries, but we're actually quite snobby. The core community appreciates when someone is knowledgeable, and thinks some people are idiots and shouldn't be writing."</ref> | |||
<ref name=canadian>{{cite news |url = http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canadian-pundit-wikipedia-founder-in-messy-breakup-1.729627 |agency = The Canadian Press |publisher = ] |title = Canadian pundit, Misplaced Pages founder in messy breakup |date = March 2, 2008 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = March 4, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080304021035/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/british-columbia/story/2008/03/02/marsden-breakup.html |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Sydney Morning Herald">{{cite news |last = Moses |first = Asher |url = http://www.smh.com.au/news/web/ex-takes-her-revenge-on-mr-wiki/2008/03/04/1204402405901.html |title = Ex takes her revenge on Mr Misplaced Pages |work = The Sydney Morning Herald |date = March 4, 2008 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = July 2, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170702212549/http://www.smh.com.au/news/web/ex-takes-her-revenge-on-mr-wiki/2008/03/04/1204402405901.html |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=USATODAY>{{cite news |last = Bergstein |first = Brian |author-link = Brian Bergstein |date = March 5, 2008 |url = https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/webguide/internetlife/2008-03-04-wikipedia-wales_N.htm |title = Misplaced Pages's Wales defends breakup, expenses |work = USA Today |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = April 23, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170423154426/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/webguide/internetlife/2008-03-04-wikipedia-wales_N.htm |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=agrell>{{cite news |url = https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/ms-marsdens-cyberspace-breakup-tit-for-tat-for-t-shirt/article960036/ |last = Agrell |first = Siri |title = Ms. Marsden's cyberspace breakup: tit-for-tat-for-T-shirt |work = The Globe and Mail |date = March 4, 2008 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = August 2, 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200802181316/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/ms-marsdens-cyberspace-breakup-tit-for-tat-for-t-shirt/article960036/ |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=lrb>{{Cite news |last = Runciman |first = David |url = https://www.lrb.co.uk/v31/n10/david-runciman/like-boiling-a-frog |title = Like Boiling a Frog |journal = ] |pages = 14–16 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |date = May 28, 2009 |archive-date = October 11, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171011032733/https://www.lrb.co.uk/v31/n10/david-runciman/like-boiling-a-frog |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=zenmonkeys>{{cite web |last = Sirius |first = R.U. |url = http://www.10zenmonkeys.com/2007/01/29/wikipedia-jimmy-wales-rusirius-google-objectivism/ |title = Jimmy Wales Will Destroy Google |website = 10 Zen Monkeys |date = July 29, 2007 |access-date = October 31, 2008 |archive-date = February 14, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210214012054/http://www.10zenmonkeys.com/2007/01/29/wikipedia-jimmy-wales-rusirius-google-objectivism/ |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=humanities>{{cite journal |last = Cole |first = Bruce |author-link = Bruce Cole |title = Building a Community of Knowledge |journal = Humanities |date = March–April 2007 |volume = 28 |issue = 2 |pages = 6–14 |url = http://www.neh.gov/news/humanities/2007-03/Building_A_Community.htm |access-date = December 27, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100418152740/http://www.neh.gov/news/humanities/2007-03/Building_A_Community.htm |archive-date = April 18, 2010 |url-status = dead }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=socialtext>{{cite press release |title = Jimmy Wales Joins Socialtext Board of Directors; Misplaced Pages Founder to Advise Leader in Enterprise Wiki Solutions |publisher = SocialText |date = October 3, 2005 |url = https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20051003006052/en/Jimmy-Wales-Joins-Socialtext-Board-Directors-Misplaced Pages |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171226234937/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20051003006052/en/Jimmy-Wales-Joins-Socialtext-Board-Directors-Misplaced Pages |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=garlick>{{cite news |last = Garlick |first = Mia |title = Creative Commons Adds Two New Board Members |date = March 30, 2006 |publisher = ] |access-date = October 31, 2008 |url = https://creativecommons.org/press-releases/entry/5840 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081222104046/http://creativecommons.org/press-releases/entry/5840 |archive-date = December 22, 2008 |url-status = dead }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=knox>{{cite web |url = http://www.knox.edu/x12330.xml |title = Knox College Honorary Degrees |website = Knox College |access-date = October 31, 2008 |archive-date = September 2, 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060902200844/http://www.knox.edu/x12330.xml |url-status = dead }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=infozine>{{cite news |url = http://www.infozine.com/news/stories/op/storiesView/sid/14632 |title = EFF Honors Craigslist, Gigi Sohn, and Jimmy Wales with Pioneer Awards |date = April 28, 2006 |work = Kansas City infoZine News |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = May 18, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190518133242/http://www.infozine.com/news/stories/op/storiesView/sid/14632/ |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=mitcci>{{cite web |url = http://cci.mit.edu/people_advisoryboard.html |title = People: Advisory board |website = MIT Center for Collective Intelligence |access-date = August 8, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150721235929/http://cci.mit.edu/people_advisoryboard.html |archive-date = July 21, 2015 |url-status = dead }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=forbes25>{{cite news |url = https://www.forbes.com/2007/01/23/internet-fame-celebrity-tech-media-cx_de_06webceleb_0123intro.html |title = The Web Celeb 25 |first = David M. |last = Ewalt |date = January 23, 2007 |access-date = October 31, 2008 |work = Forbes |archive-date = June 29, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110629015424/http://www.forbes.com/2007/01/23/internet-fame-celebrity-tech-media-cx_de_06webceleb_0123intro.html |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=NewMuseum>{{cite web |title = Stuart Regen Visionaries Series: Jimmy Wales |url = http://www.newmuseum.org/events/438 |publisher = New Museum |access-date = April 6, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101222115648/http://newmuseum.org/events/438 |archive-date = December 22, 2010 |url-status = dead }} | |||
* {{cite web |title = Misplaced Pages founder James Wales at New Museum as 2010 Stuart Regen Visionary |url = http://www.flashartonline.com/interno.php?pagina=news_det&id=714&det=ok&title=Misplaced Pages-founder-James-Wales-at-New-Museum-as-2010-Stuart-Regen-Visionary |website = Flash Art |access-date = April 6, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110711005223/http://www.flashartonline.com/interno.php?pagina=news_det&id=714&det=ok&title=Misplaced Pages-founder-James-Wales-at-New-Museum-as-2010-Stuart-Regen-Visionary |archive-date = July 11, 2011 |url-status = dead }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=icommons>{{cite news |url = http://icommonssummit.org/speakers/2008/04/jimmy-wales.html |title = Speakers: Jimmy Wales |publisher = iCommonsSummit.org |year = 2008 |access-date = October 31, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080520112212/http://icommonssummit.org/speakers/2008/04/jimmy-wales.html |archive-date = May 20, 2008 |url-status = dead }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=webforum>{{cite web |url = http://www.weforum.org/en/events/ArchivedEvents/WorldEconomicForumontheMiddleEast2008/index.htm |title = World Economic Forum on the Middle East 2008 |publisher = World Economic Forum |access-date = May 12, 2009 |date = May 18–20, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090430031241/http://www.weforum.org/en/events/ArchivedEvents/WorldEconomicForumontheMiddleEast2008/index.htm |archive-date = April 30, 2009 |url-status = dead }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=mattbaily>{{cite news |url = http://www.mattbaily.ca/news/2008/09/14/corum-jimmy-wales-global-brand-icon-of-the-year-award/ |title = Corum announces Jimmy Wales as The Global Brand Icon of the Year Award |publisher = MattBaily.ca |date = September 14, 2008 |access-date = October 31, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081224214551/http://www.mattbaily.ca/news/2008/09/14/corum-jimmy-wales-global-brand-icon-of-the-year-award/ |archive-date = December 24, 2008 |url-status = dead }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=intelligentlife>{{cite web |url = http://www.moreintelligentlife.com/story/peter-gabriel |website = ] |publisher = ] |title = Peter Gabriel: Rocker, Human-Rights Advocate |access-date = October 20, 2009 |first = James |last = Woodall |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091010195005/http://moreintelligentlife.com/story/peter-gabriel |archive-date = October 10, 2009 |url-status = dead }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=innovation>{{cite news |url = http://www.economist.com/science/tq/displayStory.cfm?story_id=10676339 |title = The Economist Innovation Awards and Summit |newspaper = The Economist |date = October 30, 2008 |access-date = November 8, 2008 |archive-date = November 8, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081108033625/http://www.economist.com/science/tq/displayStory.cfm?story_id=10676339 |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=nokiafoundation>{{cite web |url = http://www.nokia.com/press/press-releases/showpressrelease?newsid=1352595 |title = Nokia Foundation awards the founder of Misplaced Pages |publisher = Nokia |date = November 4, 2009 |access-date = November 5, 2009 |archive-date = November 21, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091121102151/http://www.nokia.com/press/press-releases/showpressrelease?newsid=1352595 |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=barnett>{{cite news |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/6589487/Jimmy-Wales-interview-Misplaced Pages-is-focusing-on-accuracy.html |archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/6589487/Jimmy-Wales-interview-Misplaced Pages-is-focusing-on-accuracy.html |archive-date = January 11, 2022 |url-access = subscription |url-status = live |title = Jimmy Wales interview: Misplaced Pages is focusing on accuracy |date = November 17, 2009 |first = Emma |last = Barnett |newspaper = The Daily Telegraph |access-date = December 26, 2017 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=hunch>{{cite web |url = http://blog.jimmywales.com/2009/12/07/whats-new-for-me-hunch/ |title = What's new for me: Hunch |first = Jimmy |last = Wales |date = December 7, 2009 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |publisher = blog.jimmywales.com |archive-date = December 8, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091208231456/http://blog.jimmywales.com/2009/12/07/whats-new-for-me-hunch/ |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=amherst>" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715035804/https://www.amherst.edu/aboutamherst/news/news_releases/2010/04/node/191455 |date=July 15, 2014 }}", amherst.edu, April 20, 2010. Retrieved May 23, 2010.</ref> | |||
<ref name=wikipedia@nyt>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/info/wikipedia/ |first = Noam |last = Cohen |work = The New York Times |title = Misplaced Pages |access-date = January 19, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091124063423/http://www.nytimes.com/info/wikipedia/ |archive-date = November 24, 2009 |url-status = dead }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="am 2006 p88">{{harvp|Poe|2006|p=88}}: "In 1996, Wales and two partners founded a Web directory called Bomis. Wales focused on the bottom-up strategy using Web rings, and it worked. Bomis users built hundreds of rings—on cars, computers, sports, and especially 'babes' (e.g., the Anna Kournikova Web ring), effectively creating an index of the 'laddie' Web. Instead of helping all users find all content, Bomis found itself positioned as the Playboy of the Internet, helping guys find guy stuff."</ref> | |||
<ref name="am 2006 p91">{{harvp|Poe|2006|p=91}}: "The wiki quickly gained a devoted following within the software community. And there it remained until January 2001, when Sanger had dinner with an old friend named Ben Kovitz. Over tacos that night, Sanger explained his concerns about Nupedia's lack of progress, the root cause of which was its serial editorial system. Kovitz brought up the wiki and sketched out 'wiki magic,' the mysterious process by which communities with common interests work to improve wiki pages by incremental contributions. If it worked for the rambunctious hacker culture of programming, Kovitz said, it could work for any online collaborative project. The wiki could break the Nupedia bottleneck by permitting volunteers to work simultaneously all over the project. Wales and Sanger created the first Nupedia wiki on January 10, 2001. The initial purpose was to get the public to add entries that would then be "fed into the Nupedia process" of authorization."</ref> | |||
<ref name="am 2006 p93">{{harvp|Poe|2006|p=93}}: "Wales, though, was a businessman. He wanted to build a 💕, and Misplaced Pages offered a very rapid and economically efficient means to that end. The articles flooded in, many were good, and they cost him almost nothing. In 2003, Wales diminish his own authority by transferring Misplaced Pages and all of its assets to the nonprofit Wikimedia Foundation, whose sole purpose is to set general policy for Misplaced Pages and its allied projects. Wales's benign rule has allowed Misplaced Pages to do what it does best: grow. The numbers are staggering."</ref> | |||
<ref name=stevenson>{{cite web |url = http://stevensonnewsroom.org/2010/05/25/wales/ |title = Misplaced Pages Co-Founder Jimmy Wales Receives Honorary Degree from Stevenson University |publisher = Stevenson University |date = May 25, 2010 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://archive.today/20130705025724/http://stevensonnewsroom.org/2010/05/25/wales/ |archive-date = July 5, 2013 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=dw-world>{{cite web |url = http://www.dw.com/en/wikipedia-founder-great-ideas-come-from-different-places/a-2648396 |title = Misplaced Pages Founder: 'Great Ideas Come From Different Places' |publisher = ] |access-date = December 26, 2017 |date = June 28, 2007 |last1 = Welle (Www.Dw.Com) |first1 = Deutsche |archive-date = June 25, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180625022208/http://www.dw.com/en/wikipedia-founder-great-ideas-come-from-different-places/a-2648396 |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=ioltechnology>{{cite web |url = http://www.ioltechnology.co.za/article_page.php?iSectionId=2891&iArticleId=3807453 |title = Misplaced Pages rules |website = ] |access-date = May 30, 2010 |date = April 29, 2007 |last = Pillay |first = Terence |archive-url = https://archive.today/20130114043906/http://www.iol.co.za/scitech?iSectionId=2891&iArticleId=3807453 |archive-date = January 14, 2013 |url-status = dead }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=bbc2010>{{cite news |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10104946 |publisher = BBC News (British Broadcasting Corporation) |date = May 10, 2010 |access-date = March 15, 2010 |title = Wikimedia pornography row deepens as Wales cedes rights |archive-date = November 30, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101130150909/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10104946 |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=guardiangarvey>{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2011/feb/19/interview-jimmy-wales-wikipedia |title = The Saturday interview: Misplaced Pages's Jimmy Wales |first = Aida |last = Edemariam |newspaper = The Guardian |date = February 19, 2011 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |archive-date = December 16, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171216201201/https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2011/feb/19/interview-jimmy-wales-wikipedia |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=tribeca>{{cite news |url = https://blogs.wsj.com/metropolis/2011/04/18/tribeca-film-jury-includes-cast-of-actors-directors/ |newspaper = The Wall Street Journal |title = Tribeca Film Festival Names Actors, Directors to Its Jury |date = April 18, 2011 |access-date = December 26, 2017 |first = Aaron |last = Rutkoff |archive-date = May 19, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170519003637/https://blogs.wsj.com/metropolis/2011/04/18/tribeca-film-jury-includes-cast-of-actors-directors/ |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
}} | |||
== Bibliography == | |||
{{refbegin}} | |||
* {{cite journal |last = Poe |first = Marshall |author-link = Marshall Poe |title = The Hive |journal = The Atlantic Monthly |volume = 298 |issue = 2 |date = September 2006 |pages = 86–94 |url = https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia |access-date = February 29, 2008 |archive-date = July 4, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080704202107/http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia/ |url-status = live }} | |||
{{refend}} | |||
==Further reading== | |||
{{refbegin}} | |||
* "." '']'': ] interviewing Jimmy Wales. First aired on April 5, 2015. Rebroadcast on July 26, 2015. | |||
* {{cite web |url = https://www.ted.com/talks/jimmy_wales_on_the_birth_of_wikipedia |title = The birth of Misplaced Pages – Jimmy Wales recalls how he assembled "a ragtag band of volunteers," gave them tools for collaborating and created Misplaced Pages, the self-organizing, self-correcting, never-finished online encyclopedia |publisher = ] |date = July 2005 |last1 = Wales |first1 = Jimmy }} | |||
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109203631/http://www.onbeing.org/program/jimmy-wales-the-sum-of-all-human-knowledge/8916 |date=January 9, 2017 }}; Jimmy Wales – The Sum of All Human Knowledge (broadcast WAMU American University) September 11, 2016 | |||
* "", by Fred Guterl, ''Newsweek'', December 12, 2019. | |||
{{refend}} | |||
== External links == | |||
{{Sister project links|Jimmy Wales|v=no|wikt=no|b=no|voy=no|s=Author:Jimmy Donal Wales|d=Q181|m=Jimbo Wales}} | |||
* {{Official website}} | |||
* {{IMDb name}} | |||
* {{Charlie Rose guest|3804}} | |||
* {{C-SPAN|1015974}} | |||
* {{TED speaker}} | |||
* {{srlink|User:Jimbo Wales|Misplaced Pages userpage (User:Jimbo Wales)}} | |||
* | |||
* {{cite web |last = Roberts |first = Russ |title = Wales on Misplaced Pages |url = http://www.econtalk.org/archives/_featuring/jimmy_wales/ |website = ] |publisher = ] |author-link = Russ Roberts |date = March 9, 2009 }} | |||
* {{srlink|Misplaced Pages:Role of Jimmy Wales}}{{dash}} Wales's role in the ] as described by its editors<!-- please do not make this an internal link; see ] and this article's talk page for reasons --> | |||
* '''' – Excerpt from the 2014 book '']'' by ] | |||
* {{cite web |last1 = Wales |first1 = Jimmy |title = How Misplaced Pages Works |url = https://www.cato.org/multimedia/cato-daily-podcast/how-wikipedia-works |website = cato.org |publisher = ] |date = December 9, 2016 |quote = Jimmy Wales, founder of Misplaced Pages, discusses the site, how it's treated by governments, and how it's fueled by its users. }} | |||
{{Wikipediahistory}} | |||
{{Wikimedia Foundation}} | |||
{{Wikia topics}} | |||
{{Internet Hall of Fame|Innovators}} | |||
{{Authority control}} | |||
{{Portal bar|Biography|Business|Free and open-source software|Freedom of speech|Internet|United Kingdom|United States}} | |||
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Latest revision as of 05:04, 14 December 2024
Co-founder of Misplaced Pages (born 1966)
Jimmy Wales | |
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Wales in 2023 | |
Born | Jimmy Donal Wales (1966-08-07) August 7, 1966 (age 58) Huntsville, Alabama, U.S. |
Other names | Jimbo Wales (screen name) |
Citizenship |
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Education | |
Occupations | |
Known for | Co-founding Misplaced Pages |
Title |
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Successor | Florence Devouard (as Chair of Wikimedia Foundation) |
Board member of |
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Spouses |
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Children | 3 |
Jimmy Wales' voice Recorded August 2014 | |
Website | Official website |
Signature | |
Jimmy Donal Wales (born August 7, 1966), also known as Jimbo Wales, is an American Internet entrepreneur, webmaster, and former financial trader. He is a co-founder of the non-profit 💕, Misplaced Pages, and the for-profit wiki hosting service Fandom (formerly Wikia). He has worked on other online projects, including Bomis, Nupedia, WikiTribune, and WT Social.
Wales was born in Huntsville, Alabama, where he attended the Randolph School. He earned bachelor's and master's degrees in finance from Auburn University and the University of Alabama, respectively. In graduate school, Wales taught at two universities; he departed before completing a PhD to take a job in finance and later worked as the research director of Chicago Options Associates.
In 1996, Wales and two partners founded Bomis, a web portal known for featuring erotic photographs. Bomis provided the initial funding for the free peer-reviewed encyclopedia Nupedia (2000–2003). On January 15, 2001, with Larry Sanger and others, Wales launched Misplaced Pages, a free open-content encyclopedia that enjoyed rapid growth and popularity. As its public profile grew, Wales became its promoter and spokesman. Though he is historically credited as a co-founder, he has disputed this, declaring himself the sole founder.
Wales serves on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees, the charity that he helped establish to operate Misplaced Pages, holding its board-appointed "community founder" seat. Wales gives an annual "State of the Wiki" address at the Wikimania conference. For his role in creating Misplaced Pages, Time named him one of "The 100 Most Influential People in the World" in 2006.
Early life and education
Wales was born in Huntsville, Alabama, on August 7, 1966; however, his birth certificate lists his date of birth as August 8. His father, Jimmy Sr., was a grocery store manager, while his mother, Doris Ann (née Dudley), and his grandmother, Erma, ran the House of Learning, a small private school in the tradition of the one-room schoolhouse, where Wales and his three siblings received their early education.
As a child, Wales enjoyed reading. When he was three, in 1968, his mother bought a World Book Encyclopedia from a door-to-door salesman. As he grew up and learned to read, it became an object of reverence, but Wales soon discovered that the World Book had shortcomings: No matter how much was in it, there were many more things that were not. World Book sent out stickers for owners to paste on the pages to update the encyclopedia, and Wales was careful to put the stickers to work, stating, "I joke that I started as a kid revising the encyclopedia by stickering the one my mother bought."
During an interview in 2005 with Brian Lamb, Wales described his childhood private school as a "Montessori-influenced philosophy of education", where he "spent lots of hours poring over the Britannica and World Book Encyclopedias". There were only four other children in Wales's grade, so the school combined the first- through fourth-grade students, and the fifth- through eighth-grade students. As an adult, Wales was sharply critical of the government's treatment of the school, citing the "constant interference and bureaucracy and very sort of snobby inspectors from the state" as a formative influence on his political philosophy.
After eighth grade, Wales attended Randolph School, a university-preparatory school in Huntsville, graduating at sixteen. He said that the school was expensive for his family, but that "education was always a passion in my household ... you know, the very traditional approach to knowledge and learning and establishing that as a base for a good life." He received his bachelor's degree in finance from Auburn University in 1986. He began his Auburn education when he was 16 years old. He then entered the PhD finance program at the University of Alabama before leaving with a master's degree to enter the PhD finance program at Indiana University Bloomington. At the University of Alabama, he played Internet fantasy games and developed his interest in the web. He taught at both universities during his postgraduate studies but did not write the doctoral dissertation required for a PhD, something he ascribed to boredom.
Career
Chicago Options Associates and Bomis
In 1994, Wales took a job with Chicago Options Associates, a futures and options trading firm in Chicago, Illinois. Wales has described himself as having been addicted to the Internet from an early stage, writing computer code during his leisure time. During his studies in Alabama, he had become an obsessive player of Multi-User Dungeons (MUDs)—a type of virtual role-playing game—and thereby experienced the potential of computer networks to foster large-scale collaborative projects.
Inspired by the successful initial public offering of Netscape in 1995, and having accumulated capital through "speculating on interest-rate and foreign-currency fluctuations", Wales decided to leave the realm of financial trading and became an Internet entrepreneur. In 1996, he and two partners founded Bomis, a web portal featuring user-generated webrings and, for a time, erotic photographs. Wales described it as a "guy-oriented search engine" with a market similar to that of Maxim magazine; the Bomis venture did not ultimately turn out to be successful.
Nupedia and the origins of Misplaced Pages
Main article: NupediaThough Bomis had at the time struggled to make money, it provided Wales with the funding to pursue his greater passion, an online encyclopedia. While moderating an online discussion group devoted to the philosophy of Objectivism in the early 1990s, Wales had encountered Larry Sanger, a skeptic of the philosophy. The two had engaged in detailed debate on the subject on Wales' list and then on Sanger's, eventually meeting offline to continue the debate and becoming friends. Years later, after deciding to pursue his encyclopedia project and seeking a credentialed academic to lead it, Wales hired Sanger—who at that time was a doctoral student in philosophy at Ohio State University—to be its editor-in-chief, and in March 2000, Nupedia ("the 💕"), a peer-reviewed, open-content encyclopedia, was launched. The intent behind Nupedia was to have expert-written entries on a variety of topics and to sell advertising alongside the entries to make a profit. The project was characterized by an extensive peer-review process designed to make its articles of a quality comparable to that of professional encyclopedias.
The idea was to have thousands of volunteers writing articles for an online encyclopedia in all languages. Initially, we found ourselves organizing the work in a very top-down, structured, academic, old-fashioned way. It was no fun for the volunteer writers because we had a lot of academic peer review committees who would criticize articles and give feedback. It was like handing in an essay at grad school, and basically intimidating to participate in.
— Jimmy Wales on the Nupedia project New Scientist, January 31, 2007
In an October 2009 speech, Wales recollected attempting to write a Nupedia article on Nobel Prize-winning economist Robert C. Merton, but being too intimidated to submit his first draft to the prestigious finance professors who were to peer review it. Wales characterized this as the moment he realized that the Nupedia model was not going to work.
In January 2001, Sanger was introduced to the concept of a wiki by extreme programming enthusiast Ben Kovitz after explaining to Kovitz the slow pace of growth Nupedia endured as a result of its onerous submission process. Kovitz suggested that adopting the wiki model would allow editors to contribute simultaneously and incrementally throughout the project, thus breaking Nupedia's bottleneck. Sanger was excited about the idea, and after he proposed it to Wales, they created the first Nupedia wiki on January 10, 2001. The wiki was initially intended as a collaborative project for the public to write articles that would then be reviewed for publication by Nupedia's expert volunteers. The majority of Nupedia's experts, however, wanted nothing to do with this project, fearing that mixing amateur content with professionally researched and edited material would compromise the integrity of Nupedia's information and damage the credibility of the encyclopedia. Despite this the wiki project, dubbed "Misplaced Pages" by Sanger, went live at a separate domain five days after its creation.
Misplaced Pages
Main article: History of Misplaced PagesExternal videos | |
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Jimmy Wales: The birth of Misplaced Pages, TED, 2005 | |
Q&A interview with Jimmy Wales, C-SPAN, 2005 | |
Lecture Jimmy Wales: Understanding failure as a route to success, Maastricht University, 2015 | |
Interview with Wales, Lex Fridman Podcast, 2023 |
Originally, Bomis planned to make Misplaced Pages a profitable business. Sanger initially saw Misplaced Pages primarily as a tool to aid Nupedia development. Wales feared that, at worst, it might produce "complete rubbish". To the surprise of Sanger and Wales, within a few days of launching, the number of articles on Misplaced Pages had outgrown that of Nupedia, and a small collective of editors had formed. It was Jimmy Wales, along with other people, who came up with the broader idea of an open-source, collaborative encyclopedia that would accept contributions from ordinary people. Initially, neither Sanger nor Wales knew what to expect from the Misplaced Pages initiative. Many of the early contributors to the site were familiar with the model of the free culture movement, and, like Wales, many of them sympathized with the open-source movement.
Wales has said that he was initially so worried about the concept of open editing, where anyone can edit the encyclopedia, that he would awaken during the night and monitor what was being added. Nonetheless, the cadre of early editors helped create a robust, self-regulating community that has proven conducive to the growth of the project. In a talk at SXSW in 2016, he recalled that he wrote the first words on Misplaced Pages: "Hello world", a phrase computer programmers often use to test new software.
Sanger developed Misplaced Pages in its early phase and guided the project. The broader idea he originally ascribes to other people, remarking in a 2005 memoir for Slashdot that "the idea of an open-source, collaborative encyclopedia, open to contribution by ordinary people, was entirely Jimmy's, not mine, and the funding was entirely by Bomis. Of course, other people had had the idea", adding, "the actual development of this encyclopedia was the task he gave me to work on." Sanger worked on and promoted both the Nupedia and Misplaced Pages projects until Bomis discontinued funding for his position in February 2002; Sanger resigned as editor-in-chief of Nupedia and as "chief organizer" of Misplaced Pages on March 1 of that year. Early on, Bomis supplied the financial backing for Misplaced Pages, and entertained the notion of placing advertisements on Misplaced Pages before costs were reduced with Sanger's departure and plans for a non-profit foundation were advanced instead.
Controversy regarding Wales's status as co-founder
Further information: History of Misplaced Pages § Early roles of Wales and SangerWales has said that he is the sole founder of Misplaced Pages, and has publicly disputed Sanger's designation as a co-founder. Sanger and Wales were identified as co-founders at least as early as September 2001 by The New York Times and as founders in Misplaced Pages's first press release in January 2002. In August of that year, Wales identified himself as "co-founder" of Misplaced Pages. Sanger assembled on his personal webpage an assortment of links that appear to confirm the status of Sanger and Wales as co-founders. For example, Sanger and Wales are historically cited or described in early news citations and press releases as co-founders. Wales was quoted by The Boston Globe as calling Sanger's statement "preposterous" in February 2006, and called "the whole debate" "silly" in an April 2009 interview. In 2013, Wales told The New York Times that the dispute is "the dumbest controversy in the history of the world".
In late 2005, Wales edited his biographical entry on the English Misplaced Pages. Writer Rogers Cadenhead drew attention to logs showing that in his edits to the page, Wales had removed references to Sanger as the co-founder of Misplaced Pages. Sanger commented that "having seen edits like this, it does seem that Jimmy is attempting to rewrite history. But this is a futile process because, in our brave new world of transparent activity and maximum communication, the truth will out." Wales was also observed to have modified references to Bomis in a way that was characterized as downplaying the sexual nature of some of his former company's products. Though Wales argued that his modifications were solely intended to improve the accuracy of the content, he apologized for editing his biography, a practice generally discouraged on Misplaced Pages.
Role
In a 2004 interview with Slashdot, Wales outlined his vision for Misplaced Pages: "Imagine a world in which every single person on the planet is given free access to the sum of all human knowledge. That's what we're doing." Although his formal designation is board member and chairman emeritus of the Wikimedia Foundation, Wales's social capital within the Misplaced Pages community has accorded him a status that has been characterized as benevolent dictator, constitutional monarch and spiritual leader. In two interviews with The Guardian in 2014, Wales elaborated on his role on Misplaced Pages. In the first interview, he said that while he "has always rejected" the term "benevolent dictator", he does refer to himself as the "constitutional monarch". In the second, he elaborated on his "constitutional monarch" designation, saying that, like Queen of the United Kingdom Elizabeth II, he has no real power. He was also the closest the project had to a spokesperson in its early years. The growth and prominence of Misplaced Pages made Wales an Internet celebrity. Although he had never traveled outside North America before the site's founding, his participation in the Misplaced Pages project has seen him flying internationally on a near-constant basis as its public face.
When Larry Sanger left Misplaced Pages, Wales's approach was different from Sanger's. Wales was fairly hands-off. Despite involvement in other projects, Wales has denied intending to reduce his role within Misplaced Pages, telling The New York Times in 2008 that "Dialing down is not an option for me ... Not to be too dramatic about it, but, 'to create and distribute a 💕 of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language,' that's who I am. That's what I am doing. That's my life goal." In May 2010, the BBC reported that Wales had relinquished many of his technical privileges on Wikimedia Commons (a Misplaced Pages sister project that hosts much of its multimedia content) after criticism by the project's volunteer community over what they saw as Wales's hasty and undemocratic approach to deleting sexually explicit images he believed "appeal solely to prurient interests".
Wikimedia Foundation
In mid-2003, Wales set up the Wikimedia Foundation (WMF), a non-profit organization founded in St. Petersburg, Florida, and later headquartered in San Francisco, California. All intellectual property rights and domain names about Misplaced Pages were moved to the new foundation, whose purpose is to support the encyclopedia and its sister projects. Wales has been a member of the Wikimedia Foundation's Board of Trustees since it was formed and was its official chairman from 2003 through 2006. Since 2006 he has been accorded the honorary title of chairman emeritus and holds the board-appointed "community founder's seat" that was installed in 2008. His work for the foundation, including his appearances to promote it at computer and educational conferences, has always been unpaid. Wales has often joked that donating Misplaced Pages to the foundation was both the "dumbest and the smartest" thing he had done. On one hand, he estimated that Misplaced Pages was worth US$3 billion but on the other hand, he weighed his belief that the donation made its success possible. In 2020, Wales said that "I view my role as being very much like the modern monarch of the UK: no real power, but the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn."
Wales's association with the foundation has led to controversy. In March 2008, Wales was accused by former Wikimedia Foundation employee Danny Wool of misusing the foundation's funds for recreational purposes. Wool also stated that Wales had his Wikimedia credit card taken away in part because of his spending habits, a statement Wales denied. Then-chairperson of the foundation Florence Devouard and former foundation interim Executive Director Brad Patrick denied any wrongdoing by Wales or the foundation, saying that Wales accounted for every expense and that, for items for which he lacked receipts, he paid out of his pocket; in private, Devouard upbraided Wales for "constantly trying to rewrite the past".
Later in March 2008, former Novell computer scientist Jeff Merkey said that Wales had edited Merkey's Misplaced Pages entry to make it more favorable in return for donations to the Wikimedia Foundation, an allegation Wales dismissed as "nonsense". In early 2016, Misplaced Pages editors perceived the WMF's Knowledge Engine project as a conflict of interest for Wales, whose business Wikia might benefit from having the WMF spend a lot of money on research in respect to search. Wikia attempted to develop a search engine but it was closed in 2009.
Wikia and later pursuits
In 2004, Wales and then-fellow member of the WMF Board of Trustees Angela Beesley founded the for-profit company Wikia. Wikia is a wiki farm—a collection of individual wikis on different subjects, all hosted on the same website. It hosts some of the largest wikis outside Misplaced Pages, including Memory Alpha (devoted to Star Trek) and Wookieepedia (Star Wars). Another service offered by Wikia was Wikia Search, an open source search engine intended to challenge Google and introduce transparency and public dialogue about how it is created into the search engine's operations, but the project was abandoned in March 2009. Wales stepped down as Wikia CEO to be replaced by angel investor Gil Penchina, a former vice president and general manager at eBay, on June 5, 2006. Penchina declared Wikia to have reached profitability in September 2009. In addition to his role at Wikia, Wales is a public speaker represented by the Harry Walker Agency. He has also participated in a celebrity endorsement campaign for the Swiss watchmaker Maurice Lacroix.
On November 4, 2011, Wales delivered an hour-long address at The Sage Gateshead in the United Kingdom to launch the 2011 Free Thinking Festival on BBC Radio Three. His speech, which was entitled "The Future of the Internet", was largely devoted to Misplaced Pages. Twenty days later, on November 24, Wales appeared on the British topical debate television program Question Time.
In May 2012, it was reported that Wales was advising the UK government on how to make taxpayer-funded academic research available on the internet at no cost. His role reportedly involved working as "an unpaid advisor on crowdsourcing and opening up policymaking", and advising the Department of Business, Innovation and Skills and the UK research councils on distributing research.
In January 2014, it was announced that Wales had joined The People's Operator as co-chair of the mobile phone network. On March 21, 2014, Wales spoke on a panel at a Clinton Global Initiative University conference held at Arizona State University, along with John McCain, Saudi Arabian women's rights activist Manal al-Sharif and Harvard University student Shree Bose. The topic of discussion was "the age of participation" and the ability of an increasingly large number of citizens to "express their own opinions, pursue their own educations, and launch their own enterprises." Wales exhorted young people to use social media to try to bring about societal change, and compared government suppression of the Internet to a human rights violation.
On May 26, 2014, Google appointed Wales to serve on a seven-member committee on privacy in response to Google v. Gonzalez, which led to Google's being inundated with requests to remove websites from their search results. Wales said he wanted the committee to be viewed as "a blue-ribbon panel" by lawmakers and for the committee to advise the lawmakers as well as Google.
In 2017, Wales announced that he was launching an online publication called WikiTribune, to fight fake news through a combination of professional journalists and volunteer contributors. Wales described it as "news by the people and for the people", and that it will be the "first time that professional journalists and citizen journalists will work side-by-side as equals writing stories as they happen, editing them live as they develop, and at all times backed by a community checking and rechecking all facts". In October 2019, Wales launched an ad-free social network, WT Social.
The Jimmy Wales Foundation for Freedom of Expression is a UK-based charity established by Wales to fight against human rights violations in the field of freedom of expression. Wales founded the charity after receiving a prize from the leader of Dubai, which he felt he could not accept given the strict censorship laws there, but claims he was not allowed to give back. As of 2016, the charity's CEO is Orit Kopel.
Political and economic views
Personal philosophy
Wales has previously referred to himself as an Objectivist, referring to the philosophy of writer Ayn Rand in the mid-20th century that emphasizes reason, individualism, and capitalism. Wales first encountered the philosophy through reading Rand's novel The Fountainhead during his undergraduate period and, in 1992, founded an electronic mailing list devoted to "Moderated Discussion of Objectivist Philosophy". Though he has stated that the philosophy "colours everything I do and think", he has said, "I think I do a better job—than a lot of people who self-identify as Objectivists—of not pushing my point of view on other people."
When asked by Brian Lamb about Rand's influence on him in his appearance on C-SPAN's Q&A in September 2005, Wales cited integrity and "the virtue of independence" as personally important. When asked if he could trace "the Ayn Rand connection" to a personal political philosophy at the time of the interview, Wales labeled himself a libertarian, qualifying his remark by referring to the Libertarian Party as "lunatics", and citing "freedom, liberty, basically individual rights, that idea of dealing with other people in a manner that is not initiating force against them" as his guiding principles. In a 2014 tweet, he expressed support for open borders.
An interview with Wales served as the cover feature of the June 2007 issue of the libertarian magazine Reason. In that profile, he described his political views as "center-right". In a 2011 interview with The Independent, he expressed sympathy with the Occupy Wall Street and Occupy London protesters, saying, "You don't have to be a socialist to say it's not right to take money from everybody and give it to a few rich people. That's not free enterprise." Dan Hodges in The Daily Telegraph has described Wales as a "Labour sympathizer". In 2015, he offered to help Ed Miliband with the Labour Party's social media strategy, but Miliband turned him down. In 2015, Wales signed up as the committee chair for Democrat Lawrence Lessig's 2016 presidential campaign. In 2016, Wales and eleven other business leaders signed on to an open letter to American voters urging them not to vote for Donald Trump in that year's presidential election. In May 2017, Wales said on Quora that he is a centrist and a gradualist, and believes "that slow step-by-step change is better and more sustainable and allows us to test new things with a minimum of difficult disruption in society." In May 2022, Wales said that he did not identify with any particular political label. In May 2024, in the run-up to the 2024 United Kingdom general election, he was a joint signatory of a public letter of support for the UK Labour Party.
Development and management of Misplaced Pages
Wales cites Austrian School economist Friedrich Hayek's essay, "The Use of Knowledge in Society", which he read as an undergraduate, as "central" to his thinking about "how to manage the Misplaced Pages project". Hayek argued that information is decentralized—that each individual only knows a small fraction of what is known collectively—and that as a result, decisions are best made by those with local knowledge, rather than by a central authority. Wales reconsidered Hayek's essay in the 1990s while reading about the open source movement, which advocated for the collective development and free distribution of software. He was particularly moved by "The Cathedral and the Bazaar", an essay which was later adapted into a book of the same name, by one of the founders of the movement, Eric S. Raymond, as it "opened eyes to the possibilities of mass collaboration."
From his background in finance, and working as a futures and options trader, Wales developed an interest in game theory and the effect of incentives on human collaborative activity. He identifies this fascination as a significant basis for his developmental work on the Misplaced Pages project. He has rejected the notion that his role in promoting Misplaced Pages is altruistic, which he defines as "sacrificing your own values for others", and he states that the idea that "participating in a benevolent effort to share information is somehow destroying your own values makes no sense to me".
Testimony before Senate Homeland Security Committee
On December 11, 2007, Wales testified before the United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. He also submitted written testimony to the Senate Committee entitled "E-Government 2.0: Improving Innovation, Collaboration and Access".
European Court of Justice Google ruling
On May 14, 2014, Wales strongly reacted to the European Court of Justice (ECJ)'s ruling on the right of individuals to request the removal of information from Google's search results. He stated to the BBC that the ruling was "one of the most wide-sweeping internet censorship rulings that I've ever seen". In early June 2014, the TechCrunch media outlet interviewed Wales on the subject, as he had been invited by Google to join an advisory committee that the corporation had formed as an addition to the formal process that the ECJ requested from Google to manage such requests.
The May 2014 ECJ ruling required swift action from Google to implement a process that allowed people to directly contact the corporation about the removal of information that they believe is outdated or irrelevant. Google's Larry Page stated that 30 percent of requests received by Google since the ruling was made were categorized as "other". Wales explained in email responses that he was contacted by Google on May 28, 2014, and "The remit of the committee is to hold public hearings and issue recommendations—not just to Google but to legislators and the public." When asked about his view on the ECJ's "right to be forgotten" ruling, Wales replied:
I think the decision will have no impact on people's right to privacy, because I don't regard truthful information in court records published by court order in a newspaper to be private information. If anything, the decision is likely to simply muddle the interesting philosophical questions and make it more difficult to make real progress on privacy issues. In the case of truthful, non-defamatory information obtained legally, I think there is no possibility of any defensible "right" to censor what other people are saying. It is important to avoid language like "data" because we aren't talking about "data"—we are talking about the suppression of knowledge.
Wales then provided further explanation, drawing a comparison with Misplaced Pages: "You do not have a right to use the law to prevent Misplaced Pages editors from writing truthful information, nor do you have a right to use the law to prevent Google from publishing truthful information." Wales concluded with an indication of his ideal outcome: "A part of the outcome should be the very strong implementation of a right to free speech in Europe—essentially the language of the First Amendment in the U.S."
Other issues
The January/February 2006 issue of Maximum PC reported that Wales refused to comply with a request from the People's Republic of China to censor "politically sensitive" Misplaced Pages articles—other corporate Internet companies, such as Google, Yahoo! and Microsoft, had already yielded to Chinese government pressure. Wales stated that he would rather see companies such as Google adhere to Misplaced Pages's policy of freedom of information. In 2010, Wales criticized whistle-blower website WikiLeaks and its editor-in-chief Julian Assange, saying that their publication of Afghan war documents "could be enough to get someone killed"; furthermore, he expressed irritation at their use of the name "wiki": "What they're doing is not really a wiki. The essence of wiki is a collaborative editing process".
In 2012, the Home Secretary of the UK was petitioned by Wales regarding his opposition to the extradition of Richard O'Dwyer to the US. After an agreement was reached to avoid the extradition, Wales commented, "This is very exciting news, and I'm pleased to hear it ... What needs to happen next is a serious reconsideration of the U.K. extradition treaty that would allow this sort of nonsense in the first place."
In August 2013, Wales criticized UK Prime Minister David Cameron's plan for an Internet porn filter, saying that the idea was "ridiculous". In November 2013, Wales also commented on the Snowden affair, describing Edward Snowden as "a hero" whom history would judge "very favourably"; additionally, Wales said the US public "would have never approved sweeping surveillance program ", had they been informed or asked about it.
During the Gamergate controversy in 2014, in response to an email from a computer science student claiming that Misplaced Pages has a "complete lack of any sort of attempt at neutrality regarding Gamergate", Wales allegedly wrote: "It is very difficult for me to buy into the notion that gamergate is 'really about ethics in journalism' when every single experience I have personally had with it involved pro-gg people insulting, threatening, doxxing, etc." and that the movement "has been permanently tarnished and highjacked by a handful of people who are not what you would hope." Wales defended his comments in response to backlash from supporters of Gamergate, saying that "it isn't about what I believe. Gg is famous for harassment. Stop and think about why."
In November 2019, Wales accused Twitter of giving preferential treatment to high-profile figures such as Trump and Elon Musk for not banning or blocking them for their controversial statements. In May 2020, Wales criticized Trump for threatening to regulate social media companies.
In September 2021, Wales said that Facebook and Twitter should combat misinformation and abuse on their platforms by deploying volunteer moderators to monitor controversial posts. In October 2021, Wales said that "Protecting strong encryption is essential for protecting the human rights of millions of people around the world."
In May 2022, in response to Elon Musk's proposed acquisition of Twitter, Wales said that "I think he's got some good and bad ideas, based on his public statements", adding that "On the other hand, Twitter in five years' time could be much better than it is today, or Twitter could be dead in five years' time, depending on the decisions he makes." During the COVID-19 pandemic, Wales stated on Misplaced Pages that the consensus in the mainstream media surrounding the lab leak theory seemed to have shifted from "this is highly unlikely, and only conspiracy theorists are pushing this narrative" to "this is one of the plausible hypotheses."
Wales has visited Israel over ten times. He has said that he is "a strong supporter of Israel". In 2015, he was awarded one of the Dan David Prizes, an international award of $1 million given yearly at Tel Aviv University (10 percent of the prize goes to doctoral students). Wales was chosen for spearheading what the prize committee called the "information revolution."
Personal life
Wales has been married three times. At the age of 20, he married Pamela Green, a co-worker at a grocery store in Alabama. They divorced in 1993. He met his second wife, Christine Rohan, through a friend in Chicago while she worked as a steel trader for Mitsubishi. They were married in Monroe County, Florida, in March 1997, and had a daughter before separating in 2008. Wales moved to San Diego in 1998, and after becoming disillusioned with the housing market there, moved in 2002 to St. Petersburg, Florida.
He had a brief relationship with Canadian conservative columnist Rachel Marsden in 2008 that began after Marsden contacted Wales about her Misplaced Pages biography. After accusations that Wales's relationship constituted a conflict of interest, he stated that there had been a relationship but that it was over and that it had not influenced any matters on Misplaced Pages, a statement Marsden disputed.
Wales married Kate Garvey at Wesley's Chapel in London on October 6, 2012. Garvey is Tony Blair's former diary secretary; the couple met in Davos, Switzerland. Wales has two daughters with Garvey in addition to his daughter with Rohan. Wales is an atheist. In an interview with Big Think, he said his philosophy is firmly rooted in reason, and that he is a complete non-believer.
Wales has lived in London since 2012, and became a British citizen in 2019. In 2021, on The Tim Ferriss Show podcast, he revealed that he secretly lived in Buenos Aires, Argentina, for one month after reading Ferriss's book The 4-Hour Workweek.
Publications
- Brooks, Robert; Corson, Jon; Wales, Jimmy Donal (1994). "The Pricing of Index Options When the Underlying Assets All Follow a Lognormal Diffusion". Advances in Futures and Options Research. 7. SSRN 5735.
- Wales, Jimmy; Weckerle, Andrea (December 31, 2008). "Foreword". In Fraser, Matthew; Dutta, Soumitra (eds.). Throwing Sheep in the Boardroom: How Online Social Networking Will Transform Your Life, Work and World (1st ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-74014-9. OCLC 233939846.
- Wales, Jimmy; Weckerle, Andrea (January 8, 2009). "Commentary: Create a tech-friendly U.S. government". CNN. Archived from the original on August 16, 2011. Retrieved December 29, 2009.
- Wales, Jimmy; Weckerle, Andrea (February 10, 2009). "Foreword". In Powell, Juliette (ed.). 33 Million People in the Room: How to Create, Influence, and Run a Successful Business with Social Networking (1st ed.). Financial Times Press. ISBN 978-0-13-715435-7. OCLC 244066502.
- Wales, Jimmy; Weckerle, Andrea (March 3, 2009). "Foreword". In Weber, Larry (ed.). Marketing to the Social Web: How Digital Customer Communities Build Your Business (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-41097-4. OCLC 244060887.
- Wales, Jimmy (March 17, 2009). "Foreword". In Lih, Andrew (ed.). The Misplaced Pages Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia (1st ed.). Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4013-0371-6. OCLC 232977686.
- Wales, Jimmy; Weckerle, Andrea (March 30, 2009). "Most Define User-Generated Content Too Narrowly". Advertising Age. 80. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved May 4, 2009.
- Wales, Jimmy; Weckerle, Andrea (December 28, 2009). "Keep a Civil Cybertongue". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on May 19, 2017. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
- Mons, B.; Ashburner, M.; Chichester, C.; Van Mulligen, E.; Weeber, M.; Den Dunnen, J.; Van Ommen, G. J.; Musen, M.; Cockerill, M.; Hermjakob, H.; Mons, A.; Packer, A.; Pacheco, R.; Lewis, S.; Berkeley, A.; Melton, W.; Barris, N.; Wales, J.; Meijssen, G.; Moeller, E.; Roes, P.; Borner, K.; Bairoch, A. (2008). "Calling on a million minds for community annotation in WikiProteins". Genome Biology. 9 (5): R89. doi:10.1186/gb-2008-9-5-r89. ISSN 1465-6906. PMC 2441475. PMID 18507872.
Distinctions
- Wales is a former co-chair of the World Economic Forum on the Middle East 2008, and a former board member of Socialtext.
- He is a member of the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard Law School, the advisory board of the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence, and the board of directors at Creative Commons and Hunch.com.
- In 2006, Wales was listed in the "Scientists & Thinkers" section of the TIME 100 and number 12 in Forbes "The Web Celebs 25".
- Wales has also given a lecture in the Stuart Regen Visionary series at New Museum which "honors special individuals who have made major contributions to art and culture and are actively imagining a better future" and by the World Economic Forum as one of the "Young Global Leaders" of 2007.
- The 2008 Global Brand Icon of the Year Award, and on behalf of the Wikimedia project the Quadriga award of Werkstatt Deutschland for A Mission of Enlightenment.
- The 2009 Nokia Foundation annual award, the Business Process Award at the 7th Annual Innovation Awards and Summit by The Economist.
- In April 2011, Wales served on the jury of the Tribeca Film Festival, Wales has received a Pioneer Award, the Gottlieb Duttweiler Prize and the Leonardo European Corporate Learning Award in 2011, the Monaco Media Prize. Wales has also received honorary degrees from Knox College, Amherst College, Stevenson University, Argentina's Universidad Empresarial Siglo 21, and Russia's MIREA University.
- On December 5, 2013, Wales was awarded the UNESCO Niels Bohr Medal in Copenhagen, Denmark at a conference on "An Open World" to celebrate the 100th anniversary of Niels Bohr's atomic theory. His presentation on "Misplaced Pages, Democracy and the Internet" emphasized the need to expand Misplaced Pages into virtually all the languages of the world. The "Misplaced Pages Zero" initiative was beginning to prove successful in encouraging telecommunications companies to provide children in the developing world with free access to Misplaced Pages for educational purposes. Wales was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame in 2013.
- In February 2014, Wales was named one of "25 Web Superstars" by The Daily Telegraph. On May 17, 2014, Wales was awarded a Doctorate Honoris Causa by the Faculty of Communication Sciences of the Università della Svizzera italiana (USI Lugano, Switzerland). On June 25, 2014, Wales received an honorary degree of Doctor of Letters from Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus at Glasgow Caledonian University in Scotland. On July 10, 2014, Wales received the UK Tech4Good Awards "Special Award" for establishing Misplaced Pages. He was one of eight winners in various categories meant to honor organizations and individuals who use digital technology to improve the lives of others. In December 2014, Wales shared the inaugural $1 million Mohammed bin Rashid Knowledge Award with World Wide Web inventor Sir Tim Berners-Lee.
- In January 2015, Maastricht University awarded a Doctorate Honoris Causa to Wales. On April 25, 2015, Wales received the Common Wealth Award of Distinguished Service along with Jon Bon Jovi and Edward Norton. On May 17, 2015, Wales received the Dan David Prize of $1 million in the "Present" category (others won that amount for "Past" and "Future" contributions to society). He was awarded the prize for "launching the world's largest online encyclopedia".
- In January 2016, Wales, along with Baroness Rebuck, became a non-executive director of the Guardian Media Group. On February 2, 2016, he received a Doctorate Honoris Causa from the Université Catholique de Louvain.
- In June 2016, during the opening ceremony on Wikimania 2016, Wales was awarded honorary citizenship of Esino Lario.
- In September 2017, he was awarded the President's Medal of the British Academy "for facilitating the spread of information via his work creating and developing Misplaced Pages, the world's largest free online encyclopedia".
See also
References
- ^ Garside, Juliette (August 3, 2014). "Jimmy Wales: digital champion of free speech". The Observer. Archived from the original on July 10, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
- Williams, Christopher (April 25, 2017). "Misplaced Pages co-founder Jimmy Wales exits Guardian board over conflict of interest with Wikitribune news site". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022.
- Toor, Amar (July 15, 2012). "Jimmy Wales, Mary Gardiner address Misplaced Pages's gender gap at Wikimania conference". The Verge. Archived from the original on July 8, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
- Rogoway, Mike (July 27, 2007). "Misplaced Pages & its founder disagree on his birth date". Silicon Forest. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
- ^ Kazek, Kelly (August 11, 2006). "Geek to chic: Misplaced Pages founder a celebrity". The News Courier. Archived from the original on March 20, 2008.
Doris Wales's husband, Jimmy, wasn't sure what she was thinking when she bought a World Book Encyclopedia set from a traveling salesman in 1968.
- ^ Pink, Daniel H. (March 13, 2005). "The Book Stops Here". Wired. Vol. 13, no. 3. Archived from the original on March 4, 2005. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
- ^ Wilson, Claire M. "Jimmy Wales". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Archived from the original on December 20, 2019. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
- ^ Mangu-Ward, Katherine (June 2007). "Misplaced Pages and beyond: Jimmy Wales's sprawling vision". Reason. Vol. 39, no. 2. p. 21. Archived from the original on July 25, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
- ^ "Brain scan: The free-knowledge fundamentalist". The Economist. June 5, 2008. Archived from the original on June 9, 2008. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
- Walter Isaacson (October 19, 2014). "You Can Look It Up: The Misplaced Pages Story". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on June 13, 2019. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
- ^ Lamb, Brian (September 25, 2005). "Q&A: Jimmy Wales, Misplaced Pages founder". C-SPAN. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 31, 2006.
- Brown, David (December 11, 2007). "Jimmy Wales '83". Alumni Profiles. Randolph School. Archived from the original on April 18, 2010. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
- Moore, Rebecca (January 7, 2013). "Jimmy Wales '83: 'Information evangelist' Archived October 31, 2018, at the Wayback Machine", Randolph School. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
- "Profile Archived April 16, 2015, at the Wayback Machine". BBC Radio 4. March 18, 2012. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
- "Todd Chambers' answer to [Pictures or it didn't happen] what was jimmy wales' high school life like?". Quora. Archived from the original on August 10, 2022. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
- ^ Barnett, Cynthia (September 2005). "Wiki Mania". Florida Trend. Vol. 48, no. 5. p. 62. Archived from the original on October 17, 2006.
- ^ McNichol, Tom (May 1, 2007). "Building a Wiki World". Business 2.0. CNN. Archived from the original on March 2, 2007. Retrieved October 31, 2007.
- ^ Schiff, Stacy (July 31, 2006). "Know It All". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on September 30, 2014. Retrieved December 26, 2017. "Even Wales has been caught airbrushing his Misplaced Pages entry—eighteen times in the past year. He is particularly sensitive about references to the porn traffic on his Web portal. 'Adult content' or 'glamour photography' are the terms that he prefers, though, as one user pointed out on the site, they are perhaps not the most precise way to describe lesbian strip-poker threesomes. (In January, Wales agreed to a compromise: 'erotic photography')."
- ^ Poe (2006), p. 93: "Wales, though, was a businessman. He wanted to build a 💕, and Misplaced Pages offered a very rapid and economically efficient means to that end. The articles flooded in, many were good, and they cost him almost nothing. In 2003, Wales diminish his own authority by transferring Misplaced Pages and all of its assets to the nonprofit Wikimedia Foundation, whose sole purpose is to set general policy for Misplaced Pages and its allied projects. Wales's benign rule has allowed Misplaced Pages to do what it does best: grow. The numbers are staggering."
- Poe (2006), p. 88: "In 1996, Wales and two partners founded a Web directory called Bomis. Wales focused on the bottom-up strategy using Web rings, and it worked. Bomis users built hundreds of rings—on cars, computers, sports, and especially 'babes' (e.g., the Anna Kournikova Web ring), effectively creating an index of the 'laddie' Web. Instead of helping all users find all content, Bomis found itself positioned as the Playboy of the Internet, helping guys find guy stuff."
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The nascent Web encyclopedia Citizendium springs from Larry Sanger, a philosophy PhD who counts himself as a co-founder of Misplaced Pages, the site he now hopes to usurp. The claim does not seem particularly controversial—Sanger has long been cited as a co-founder. Yet the other founder, Jimmy Wales, is not happy about it.
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To be clear, the idea of an open source, collaborative/encyclopedia, open to contribution by ordinary people, was entirely Jimmy's, not mine, and the funding was entirely by Bomis. I was merely a grateful employee; I thought I was very lucky to have a job like that land in my lap. Of course, other people had had the idea...
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I can start an article that will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come along and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph.
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(F) Community Founder Trustee Position. The Board may appoint Jimmy Wales as Community Founder Trustee for a three-year term. The Board may reappoint Wales as Community Founder Trustee for successive three-year terms (without a term limit). In the event that Wales is not appointed as Community Founder Trustee, the position will remain vacant, and the Board shall not fill the vacancy.
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Since 2008, the Board has seats for ten Trustees: one founder's seat (reserved for Jimmy Wales); two seats selected by the Wikimedia chapters and thematic organizations; three seats nominated by the Wikimedia community; and four seats appointed by the rest of the Board
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- ^ "Misplaced Pages Founder Jimmy Wales, Poet Mary Jo Salter, Nobel Laureate Paul Nurse Among Eight to Be Honored at Amherst Commencement Archived July 15, 2014, at the Wayback Machine", amherst.edu, April 20, 2010. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
- "Misplaced Pages Co-Founder Jimmy Wales Receives Honorary Degree from Stevenson University". Stevenson University. May 25, 2010. Archived from the original on July 5, 2013. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
- "Jimmy Wales, founder of Misplaced Pages, distinguished by UES 21". Universidad Empresarial Siglo 21. December 16, 2009. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved May 10, 2011.
- MIREA (June 16, 2011). "Moscow State Technical University Website". Archived from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved June 22, 2011.
Rector prof. RAN AS Whitefish J. Wales handed a diploma and the mantle of Honorary Doctor Bauman MIREA.
- "An Open World". University of Copenhagen. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
- "Niels Bohr Conference: Free exchange of information can avert technological threats". University of Copenhagen. October 24, 2013. Archived from the original on October 18, 2020. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
- Ngak, Chenda (June 26, 2013). "Aaron Swartz among inductees to Internet Hall of Fame". CBS News. Archived from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
- Curtis, Sophie (February 28, 2014). "25 years of the World Wide Web: 25 Web superstars". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
- Cantoni, Lorenzo (May 17, 2014). "Jimmy Wales doctor honoris causa in Communication Sciences". ELearning + ETourism (blog of Lorenzo Cantoni, dean of the Faculty). Archived from the original on June 29, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
- "Scotland Tonight: Misplaced Pages founder honoured in Glasgow". STV News. June 25, 2014. Archived from the original on July 13, 2014. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
- Smolaks, Max (July 11, 2014). "Tech4Good Awards Celebrate Digital Inclusion". Tech Week Europe. Archived from the original on October 22, 2020. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
- "Tech4Good Awards 2014 Winners". Tech4Good Awards. July 10, 2014. Archived from the original on September 18, 2020. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
- Shabandri, Muaz (December 8, 2014). "Web inventor, Wiki co-founder share $1m Knowledge Award". khaleejtimes.com. Archived from the original on December 26, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
- "Maastricht University awards honorary doctorates to Frans Timmermans and Misplaced Pages founder Jimmy Wales". Maastricht University. Archived from the original on December 24, 2014. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
- "Photos from the 36th Annual Common Wealth Awards". bonjovi.com. March 20, 2015. Archived from the original on December 26, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
- "Dan David Foundation to award three prizes of $1 million to six world renowned laureates". Jerusalem Post. February 11, 2015. Archived from the original on June 29, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
- Elis, Niv (February 10, 2015). "Misplaced Pages co-founder, genome project leader among recipients of Dan David Prize". Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on June 29, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
- Ponsford, Dominic (January 27, 2016). "Misplaced Pages's Jimmy Wales and Gail Rebuck join Guardian Media Group board". Press Gazette. Archived from the original on May 1, 2016. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
- Sweney, Mark (January 27, 2016). "Baroness Rebuck and Jimmy Wales join Guardian Media Group board". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 22, 2021. Retrieved April 3, 2022.
- Belga (February 2, 2016). "Eduardo Suplicy, Paola Vigano et Jimmy Wales faits Docteurs honoris causa de l'UCL". L'Avenir. Archived from the original on June 29, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
- Schmitz, Bruno (February 2, 2016). "UCL: Trois penseurs utopistes pour régler les problèmes belges?". RTBF. Archived from the original on July 1, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
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- "From Misplaced Pages to Roman coins: British Academy recognises excellence in the humanities and social sciences". British Academy. September 27, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
Bibliography
- Poe, Marshall (September 2006). "The Hive". The Atlantic Monthly. 298 (2): 86–94. Archived from the original on July 4, 2008. Retrieved February 29, 2008.
Further reading
- "Wikimania: Meet the Wikipedians. Those "persnickety," techy types who keep your favorite Internet information website brimming with data." 60 Minutes: Morley Safer interviewing Jimmy Wales. First aired on April 5, 2015. Rebroadcast on July 26, 2015.
- Wales, Jimmy (July 2005). "The birth of Misplaced Pages – Jimmy Wales recalls how he assembled "a ragtag band of volunteers," gave them tools for collaborating and created Misplaced Pages, the self-organizing, self-correcting, never-finished online encyclopedia". TED talks.
- On Being w/Krista Tippett Archived January 9, 2017, at the Wayback Machine; Jimmy Wales – The Sum of All Human Knowledge (broadcast WAMU American University) September 11, 2016
- "Misplaced Pages Founder Jimmy Wales is Taking on Facebook and the Dangers Lurking in the Rise of Artificial Intelligence", by Fred Guterl, Newsweek, December 12, 2019.
External links
- Official website
- Jimmy Wales at IMDb
- Jimmy Wales on Charlie Rose
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Jimmy Wales at TED
- Misplaced Pages userpage (User:Jimbo Wales)
- Wikia userpage (User:Jimbo Wales)
- Roberts, Russ (March 9, 2009). "Wales on Misplaced Pages". EconTalk. Library of Economics and Liberty.
- Misplaced Pages:Role of Jimmy Wales – Wales's role in the English Misplaced Pages as described by its editors
- You can look it up: The Misplaced Pages story (archived) – Excerpt from the 2014 book The Innovators by Walter Isaacson
- Wales, Jimmy (December 9, 2016). "How Misplaced Pages Works". cato.org. Cato Institute.
Jimmy Wales, founder of Misplaced Pages, discusses the site, how it's treated by governments, and how it's fueled by its users.
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